Applications & Pathways

Growing interest in sustainable energy has gathered significant attention for alternative technologies with hydrogen-based solutions emerging as a crucial component in the transition to cleaner and more resilient energy systems. Following that hydrogenbased microgrids integrated with renewable energy sources including wind and solar have gained substantial attention as an upcoming pathway toward long-term energy sustainability. Hydrogen pro Read More

Source-load output uncertainty poses significant risks to the stable operation of Integrated Energy Systems (IESs). To ensure safe and stable system operation while optimizing the balance among robustness economic viability and low-carbon emissions this paper presents a two-stage robust optimal scheduling model for IESs. This model is supported by hydrogen-containing electric dual-energy conversion characteristics under source-load unc Read More

An experimental investigation is carried out to evaluate the effect of introducing hydrogen into natural gas flames on the combustion process (different temperature profiles flame locations and burning velocity) in glass melting furnaces. This work considers the fundamental changes in a non-premixed natural gas-oxygen flame (referred to as oxyfuel flame) with varying levels of hydrogen admixtures ranging from 0 to 100 vol%. To facilitate meaningful d Read More

Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) holds significant promise for renewable energy absorption and hydrogen utilization while also increasing the complexity of Integrated Energy System (IES) structures which presents challenges for optimal HCNG-IES operation. Energy inertia provides IES with potential operational flexibility. However existing HCNG-IES optimization technologies inadequately account for hydrogen and thermal inertia leavi Read More

This study newly develops a recursive-dynamic global energy model with an hourly temporal resolution for electricity and hydrogen balances aiming to assess the role of variable renewable energy (VRE) in a carbonneutral world. This model formulated as a large-scale linear programming model (with 500 million each of variables and constraints) calculates the energy supply for 100 regions by 2050. The detailed temporal reso lution enables the model to in Read More

This study addresses the optimization of urban integrated energy systems (UIESs) under uncertainty in peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading by introducing a two-stage robust optimization strategy. The strategy includes a UIES model with a photovoltaic (PV)–green roof hydrogen storage and cascading cold/heat energy subsystems. The first stage optimizes energy trading volume to maximize social welfare while the second stage maximizes operational pro Read More

Adverse climate change has forced a deeper reflection on the scale of pollution related to human activity including in the aviation industry. As a result fundamental questions have arisen about the characteristics of these pollutants the mechanisms of their formation and potential strategies for reducing them. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of key technical solutions to minimize the environmental impact of aircraft engines. The solu Read More

In the twenty-first century global energy consumption is rapidly increasing particularly in emerging nations hastening the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and emphasizing the vital need for sustainable and renewable energy sources. This study aims to analyze hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) that use solid waste to generate power focusing on difficulties linked to intermittent renewable sources using a techno-economic framework. Employing the HO Read More

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) have not received enough attention as a power source in the transportation sector. However with the development of the technology its advantages over other types of fuel cells such as fuel flexibility and high energy efficiency have made SOFC an interesting option. The present study aims at simulation and experimentally validation of the performance of a hydrogen-powered SOFC in an automotive application. A 6 kW SOF Read More

Hydrogen-powered aircraft as a cutting-edge exploration of clean-energy air transportation have more stringent requirements for lightweight hydrogen storage equipment due to the limitations of aircraft weight and volume. Composite hydrogen storage cylinders have become one of the preferred solutions for hydrogen storage systems in hydrogen-powered aircraft due to their light weight and high strength. However during the automated placement Read More

This paper mainly focuses on the optimal design of a grid-dependent and off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (RES). This system consists of Photovoltaic (PV) Wind Turbine (WT) as well as Fuel Cell (FC) with hydrogen gas tank for storing the energy in the chemical form. The optimal components sizes of the proposed hybrid generating system are achieved using a novel metaheuristic optimization technique. This optimization technique called Improved Read More

Cement industry due to the decomposition of CaCO3 and the production of clinker emits large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. This anthropogenic gas can be captured and through its synthesis with green hydrogen methanol and finally synthetic fuels are achieved. By using e-fuel Europe’s climate neutrality objectives could be achieved. However the energy transition still lacks a clear roadmap and decisions are strongly affected by the geopolitical situ Read More

BACKGROUND: Norway is facing the challenge of reducing transport emissions. High speed crafts(HSC) are the means of transport with highest emissions. Currently there is little literature or experienceof using hydrogen systems for HSC.OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the economic feasibility of fuel cell (FC) powered HSC vs diesel and biodieseltoday and in a future scenario based on real world operation profile.METHOD: Historical AIS position data from the route co Read More

Growing expectations are being placed on green hydrogen-based steel for decarbonising the global steel industry. However the scale of the expected demand is dispersed across numerous case studies resulting in a fragmented picture. This study examines 28 existing scenarios to provide a cohesive view of future global demand. In the short term the demand for green hydrogen-based steel is expected to be limited constituting 2% of current total stee Read More

The increasing global residential energy demand causes carbon emissions and ecological impacts necessitating cleaner efficient solutions. This study presents an innovative hybrid energy system integrating wind power and gas turbines for a four-story 16-unit residential building. The system generates electricity heating cooling and hydrogen using a Proton Exchange Membrane electrolyzer and a compression chiller. Integrating the electrolyzer e Read More

The renewable hydrogen economy is recognized as an integral solution for decarbonizing energy sectors. However high costs have hindered widespread deployment. One promising way of reducing the costs is optimization. Optimization generally involves finding the configuration of the renewable generation and hydrogen system components that maximizes return on investment. Previous studies have included many aspects into their optimisations incl Read More

The decarbonization of the building stock in this paper focusing the single-family house sector in Germany is essential to achieve the climate goals. In fact as the largest part of the building stock it represents more than 65 % of the entire German residential building stock. Current strategies and regulations have demonstrated low impact on carbon emission reduction due to poor renovation rates particularly in the single-family house typology. The present Read More

Ammonia is a versatile energy carrier without carbon emissions that can be used for power generation. In this article a techno-economic analysis has been done to predict the levelized cost of electricity production using gas turbines with clean fuel in Iran. In the technical discussion the analysis of different scenarios of ammonia and hydrogen fuel composition ratio was done and by keeping the turbine inlet temperature to the same gas turbine as the Read More

In the context of renewable energy systems microgrids (MG) are a solution to enhance the reliability of power systems. In the last few years there has been a growing use of energy storage systems (ESSs) such as hydrogen and battery storage systems because of their environmentally-friendly nature as power converter devices. However their short lifespan represents a major challenge to their commercialization on a large scale. To address this issue the Read More

The energy hub (EH) concept is an efficient way to integrate various energy carriers. Inaddition demand response programmes (DRPs) are complementary to improving anEH's efficiency and increase energy system flexibility. The hydrogen storage system as agreen energy carrier has an essential role in balancing supply and demand preciselysimilar to other storage systems. A hybrid robust‐stochastic approach is applied herein toaddress fluctuations in wind Read More

Ammonia is a particularly promising hydrogen carrier due to its relatively low cost high energy density its liquid storage and to its production from renewable sources. Thus in recent years great attention is devoted to this fuel for realizing next generation refueling stations according to a carbon-free energy economy. In this paper a distributed onsite refueling station (200 kg/day of hydrogen filling 700-bar HFCEVs (Hybrid Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles) with Read More

Currently green hydrogen generated through renewable energy sources stands out as one of the best substitutes for fossil fuels in mitigating pollutant emissions and consequent global warming. Particularly the utilization of hydrogen in spark ignition engines has undergone extensive study in recent years. Many aspects have been analyzed: the conversion of gasoline engines to hydrogen operation the combustion duration the heat transfer and in ge Read More

Faced with a global consensus on net-zero emissions the use of clean fuels to entirely or substantially replace traditional fuels has emerged as the industry’s primary development direction. Alcohol–hydrogen fuels primarily based on methanol are a renewable and sustainable energy source. This research focuses on energy sustainability and presents a boiler fuel blending system that uses methanol–hydrogen combinations. This system uses the boiler’s wast Read More

In response to the issues of insufficient flexibility in the operation of hydrogen storage and hydrogen production equipment with poor economic viability when operated independently in the park firstly a comprehensive energy system model for hydrogen storage and power generation which considering the multi-operational conditions of alkaline electrolyzers (ELE) is constructed. This model is integrated into the comprehensive en ergy system of the park a Read More

Decarbonizing long-haul heavy-duty transport in Europe focuses on batteryelectric trucks with high-power chargers or electric road systems and fuel-cell-electric vehicles with hydrogen refueling stations. We present a comparative life cycle assessment and total cost of ownership analysis of these technologies for 20% of Germany’s heavy-duty long-haul transport alongside internal combustion engine vehicles. The results show that fuel cell vehicles with o Read More

In the context of “dual carbon” in order to promote the consumption of renewable energy and improve energy utilization efficiency a low-carbon economic dispatch model of an integrated energy system containing carbon capture power plants and multiple utilization of hydrogen energy is proposed. First introduce liquid storage tanks to transform traditional carbon capture power plants and at the same time build a multi-functional hydrogen utilizati Read More

This study experimentally investigates the effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and thermal characteristics of impinging non-premixed jet flames for low-heating values gases (LHVGs). We evaluate the flame morphology and stability using a concentric non-premixed combustor with an impingement plate. OH radicals are visualized using the OH* chemiluminescence and OH-planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF) system. Emission characteristics Read More

The reliance on fossil fuels for electricity production in insular regions creates critical environmental economic and logistical challenges particularly for ecologically fragile islands. Transitioning to renewable energy is essential to mitigate these impacts enhance energy security and preserve unique ecosystems. This systematic review addresses key research questions: what practical strategies have proven effective in reducing fossil fuel depe Read More

Energy scheduling for hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is of critical importance to their safe and stable operation. However traditional approaches predominantly rule-based often lack the dynamic adaptability and stability necessary to address the complexities of changing operational environments. To overcome these limitations this paper proposes a novel energy scheduling framework that integrates the Model Predictive Control (MPC) with a De Read More

Hydrogen (H2) admixing in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) technology engines is touted to enhance indicated efficiency (ITE>50%) optimize combustion and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However many pending issues remain regarding engine durability nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions and blending limits. These issues are addressed by employing a novel performance-oriented model which simulates under 3 min combustion physics w Read More

This paper investigates the challenges and solutions associated with integrating a hydrogen-generating nuclear-renewable integrated energy system (NR-IES) under a transactive energy framework. The proposed system directs excess nuclear power to hydrogen production during periods of low grid demand while utilizing renewables to maintain grid stability. Using digital real-time simulation (DRTS) in the Typhoon HIL 404 model the dynamic interactions bet Read More

Hydrogen is gaining traction as a key energy carrier due to its clean combustion high energy content and versatility. As the world shifts towards sustainable energy hydrogen demand is rapidly increasing. This paper introduces a novel hybrid time series modeling approach designed and developed to accurately predict hydrogen demand by mixing linear and nonlinear models and accounting for the impact of non-recurring events and dynamic energy mar Read More

Aviation is one of the most important industries in the current global scenario but it has a significant impact on climate change due to the large quantities of carbon dioxide emitted daily from the use of fossil kerosene-based fuels (jet fuels). Although technological advancements in aircraft design have enhanced efficiency and reduced emissions over the years the rapid growth of the aviation industry presents challenges in meeting the environmental target Read More

Background: This study applied levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) and environmental cost accounting techniques to evaluate the feasibility of producing green hydrogen (GH2) via alkaline electrolysis for use in a bus fleet in Fortaleza Brazil. Methods: A GH2 plant with a 3 MW wind tower was considered in this financial project. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the economic viability of the project considering the influence of production volum Read More

This study evaluates the effects of adding a hydrogen gaseous mixture (HGM) to primary fuel in a single cylinder research engine (SCRE). Storage and transportation of high-purity hydrogen limit the application of this gas. With the development of fuel reforming methods using hydrogenenriched mixtures in spark-ignited internal combustion engines is a convenient option to fossil fuels. Ethanol and gasoline were used as primary fuel by direct injection ( Read More

The iron and steel industry (ISI) plays a significant role in carbon emissions contributing approximately 15% of the nation’s total emissions in China. Transitioning to low-carbon practices is crucial for achieving the country’s carbon neutrality goals. This paper reviews the current state of China’s ISI and assesses the feasibility of various decarbonization technologies including hydrogen utilization biomass substitution zero-carbon electricity Carbon Read More

Hydrogen-Integrated energy systems (HIESs) are pivotal in driving the transition to a low-carbon energy structure in China. This paper proposes a low-carbon economic scheduling strategy to improve the operational efficiency and reduce the carbon emissions of HIESs. The approach begins with the implementation of a stepwise carbon trading framework to limit the carbon output of the system. This is followed by the development of a joint operational model Read More

Green hydrogen is a cornerstone in the global quest for a carbon-neutral future offering transformative potential for decarbonizing transportation. This study investigates its role by assessing the feasibility of a large-scale hydrogen refueling station in Germany focusing on integrating renewable energy sources. A hydrogen demand model with a 10-min time resolution to refuel 30 trucks and 20 vans (1019 kg/day) is combined with a techno-economic optimiz Read More

This study examines the steps to lower air emissions in South Korea’s domestic shipping sector. It highlights the significant contributions of the sector to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions emphasizing its impact on environmental sustainability and climate change mitigation. By looking at the current shipping energy use and emissions the research identifies ways to reduce the environmental impact of domestic shipping. Data was collected fro Read More

To improve the energy utilization rate and realize the low-carbon emission of a park integrated energy system (PIES) this paper proposes an optimal operation strategy for multiple PIESs. Firstly the electrical power cooperative trading framework of multiple PIESs is constructed. Secondly the hydrogen blending mechanism and carbon capture system and power-to-gas system joint operation model are introduced to establish the model of each PI Read More

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector is known to be an important contribution to climate change mitigation. Some parts of the transport sector are particularly difficult to decarbonize; this includes the heavy-duty vehicle sector which is considered one of the “hardto-abate” sectors of the economy. Transitioning from diesel trucks to hydrogen fuel cell trucks has been identified as a potential way to decarbonize the sector. Howev Read More

Electrofuels fuels produced from electricity water and carbon or nitrogen are of interest as substitutes for fossil fuels in all energy and chemical sectors. This paper focuses on electrofuels for transportation where some can be used in existing vehicle/vessel/aircraft fleets and fueling infrastructure. The aim of this study is to review publications on electrofuels and summarize costs and environmental performance. A special case denoted as bio-electrofuels in Read More

The introduction of gaseous hydrogen (H2) into the intake air of a heavy-duty diesel engine results in H2-diesel dual-fuel (HDDF) combustion which offers a near-term pathway to reduce CO2 emissions in heavy-duty longhaul trucking. Since H2 introduction impacts oxygen availability combustion characteristics and emissions simultaneously it is imperative to appropriately optimize and control the input parameters including intake air pressure diesel injecti Read More

This paper presents a quantitative study on electric-thermal collaborative system for hydrogen-powered train reutilising the waste heat from fuel cell system for Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC). Firstly a hybrid train simulator is developed to simulate the train’s motion state. Heat generation from fuel cell is estimated using a fuel cell model while a detailed thermodynamic model for railway passenger coach is established to predict the heat dem Read More

The aim of this article is to examine existing technologies for the use of electrical energy and to develop proposals for their improvement on maritime vessels. As a criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of alternative energy sources on ships factors such as greenhouse gas emissions levels production and transportation characteristics onboard storage conditions and technoeconomic indicators have been proposed. The analysis of fuel types reveals t Read More

The marine industry being the backbone of world trade is under tremendous pressure to reduce its environmental impact mainly driven by reliance on fossil fuels and significant greenhouse gas emissions. This paper looks at hydrogen as a transformative energy vector for maritime logistics. It delves into the methods of hydrogen production innovative propulsion technologies and the environmental advantages of adopting hydrogen. The analysis exten Read More

Ports are critical hubs in the global supply chain yet they face mounting challenges in achieving carbon neutrality. Port Integrated Multi-Energy Systems (PIMESs) offer a comprehensive solution by integrating renewable energy sources such as wind photovoltaic (PV) hydrogen and energy storage with traditional energy systems. This study examines the implementation of a real-word PIMES showcasing its effectiveness in reducing energy consum Read More

This paper examines the changes in the performance level and pollutant emissions of a combustion chamber for turbofan engines. Two different fuels are compared: a conventional liquid fuel of the JET-A (kerosene) class and a hydrogen-based gaseous fuel. A turbofan engine delivering a 70 kN thrust at cruise conditions and 375 kN thrust at takeoff is considered. The comparison is carried out by investigating the combustion pattern with different bounda Read More

The burgeoning adoption of photovoltaic and wind energy has limitations of volatility and intermittency which hinder their application. Electro-hydrogen coupling energy storage systems emerge as a promising solution to address this issue. This technology combines renewable energy power generation with hydrogen production through water electrolysis and hydrogen fuel cell power generation effectively enabling the consumption and peak load man Read More

Environmental concerns and the imperative to achieve net-zero carbon emissions have driven the exploration of efficient and sustainable advancements in automobile technologies. The automotive sector is undergoing a significant transformation primarily propelled by the adoption of green fuel technologies. Among the most promising innovations are green vehicle technologies and the integration of non-conventional power sources including advanced Read More