Unveiling Cutting-edge Innovations Toward Green Vehicle Technology

Environmental concerns and the imperative to achieve net-zero carbon emissions have driven the exploration of efficient and sustainable advancements in automobile technologies. The automotive sector is undergoing a significant transformation, primarily propelled by the adoption of green fuel technologies. Among the most promising innovations are green vehicle technologies and the integration of non-conventional power sources, including advanced batteries (featuring high energy density), fuel cells (capable of long-range energy generation with water as the sole byproduct), and super-capacitors (characterized by rapid charge–discharge capabilities). This article examines the performance, efficiency, and adaptability of these power sources for electric vehicles (EVs), providing a comprehensive comparison of their functional capabilities. Additionally, it analyzes the integration of super-capacitors with batteries and fuel cells, emphasizing the potential of hybrid systems to enhance vehicle performance, optimize energy management, and extend operational range. The role of power converters in such systems is also discussed, underscoring their critical importance in ensuring efficient energy transfer and effective energy management.