Applications & Pathways

Hydrogen valleys are encompassed within a defined geographical region with various technologies across the entire hydrogen value chain. The scope of this study is to analyze and assess the different hydrogen technologies for their application within the hydrogen valley context. Emphasizing on the coupling of renewable energy sources with electrolyzers to produce green hydrogen this study is focused on the most prominent electrolysis technologies incl Read More

The integration of electrolyzers and fuel cells can cause voltage fluctuations within microgrids if not properly scheduled. Therefore controlling voltage and reactive power becomes crucial to mitigate the impact of fluctuating voltage levels ensuring system stability and preventing damage to equipment. This paper therefore seeks to enhance voltage and reactive power control within reconfigurable microgrids in the presence of innovative power-to-hyd Read More

The combustion of hydrogen increases the water content of the combustion products affecting the aerodynamic performance of turbines using hydrogen as a fuel. This study aims to design a radial turbine using the differential evolution (DE) algorithm to improve its characteristics and optimize its aerodynamic performance through an orthogonal experiment and analysis of means (ANOM). The effects of varying water content in combustion products rang Read More

This study investigates hydrogen and hydrogen-methane mixtures as alternative fuels for industrial burners focusing on combustion dynamics flame stability and emissions. CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent utilized the RANS framework with the k-ε turbulence model and the mixture fraction/PDF approach. Supporting Python scripts and Cantera-based kinetic modeling employing the GRI-Mech 3.0 mechanism and Zeldovich pathways analyzed equivale Read More

This paper analyzes the hydrogen refueling process for heavy-duty vehicles according to the SAE J2601/2 protocol. Attention is paid to two key aspects of the protocol that affect the refueling process: treatment of the storage system from a thermodynamic and geometric point of view and the maximum deliverable flow rate of the station in the refueling process. The effect of the ratio of the inner diameter to the inner length of the total volume on the refuelin Read More

In the current context of increasing demand for clean transportation hydrogen usage in internal combustion engines (ICEs) represents a viable solution to abate all engine-out criteria pollutants and almost zeroing CO2 tailpipe emissions. Indeed the wider flammability limits thanks to the higher flame propagation speed and the lower minimum ignition energy compared with conventional fuels extend the stable combustion regime to leaner mixtures thus allo Read More

To expedite the development of the infrastructural expansion for hydrogen applications the research project “THEWA” was founded. Within this project the development of hydrogen-refueling stations is being advanced so that the hydrogen strategy for mobility in Germany can move forward. One development point of the project is to develop an evaluation model that recommends a concept for hydrogen-refueling stations for initial individual situations. In Read More

Renewable hydrogen is emerging as the key to a sustainable energy transition with multiple applications and uses. In the field of transport in addition to fuel cell vehicles it is necessary to develop an extensive network of hydrogen refueling stations (hereafter HRSs). The characteristics and properties of hydrogen make ensuring the safe operation of these facilities a crucial element for their successful deployment and implementation. This paper shows the o Read More

Hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) can cause a significant fraction of the hydrogen refueling cost. The main cost contributor is the currently used mechanical compressor. Electrochemical hydrogen compression (EHC) has recently been proposed as an alternative. However its optimal integration in an HRS has yet to be investigated. In this study we compare the performance of a gaseous HRS equipped with different compressors. First we develop dynamic mod Read More

Shipping corridors act as the arteries of the global economy. The maritime shipping sector is also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions accounting for 2.9% of the global total. The international nature of the shipping sector combined with issues surrounding the use of battery technology means that these emissions are considered difficult to eliminate. This work explores the transition to renewable fuels by examining the use of electrofuels (in the for Read More

The report addresses the environmental challenges faced by European sea ports and aims to provide guidance to smaller ports for improving their environmental performance while achieving sustainability goals through experiences gained by implementing noteworthy green initiatives in practice. Larger ports possess significant advantages in terms of financial resources risk tolerance and organisational capacity. They often have the means to inve Read More

Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRS) are a key infrastructure to the successful deployment of hydrogen mobility. Their cost-effectiveness will represent an increasingly crucial issue considering the foreseen growth of vehicle fleets from few captive fleets to large-scale penetration of hydrogen vehicles. In this context a detailed component-oriented cost model is important to assess HRS costs for different design concepts layout schemes and possible cus Read More

Under the guidance of energy-saving and emission reduction goals a lowcarbon economic operation method for integrated energy systems (IES) has been proposed. This strategy aims to enhance energy utilization efficiency bolster equipment operational flexibility and significantly cut down on carbon emissions from the IES. Firstly a thorough exploration of the two-stage operational framework of Power-to-Gas (P2G) technology is conducted. Electrolyzers Read More

Civil aviation provides an essential transportation network that connects the world and supports global economic growth. To maintain these benefits while meeting environmental goals next-generation aircraft must have drastically reduced climate impacts. Hydrogen-powered aircraft have the potential to fly existing routes with no carbon emissions and reduce or eliminate other emissions. This paper is a comprehensive guide to hydrogen-powered airc Read More

This study addresses the challenge of decarbonizing highly energy-intensive Industrial Port Areas (IPA) focusing on emissions from various sources like ship traffic warehouses buildings cargo handling equipment and hardto-abate industry typically hosted in port areas. The analysis and proposal of technological solutions and their optimal integration in the context of IPA is a topic of growing scientific interest with considerable social and economic implicatio Read More

There is growing interest in using hydrogen (H2) as a marine fuel. Fire and explosion risks depend on hydrogen release and dispersion characteristics. Based on a validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model this study performed hydrogen release and dispersion analysis on an under-deck compressed H2 storage system for a Live-Fish Carrier. A realistic under-deck H2 storage room was modelled based on the ship’s main dimensions and operational Read More

Aviation is of crucial importance for the transportation sector and fundamental for the economy as it facilitates trade and private travel. Nonetheless this sector is responsible for a great amount of global carbon dioxide emissions exceeding 920 million tonnes annually. Alternative energy fuels (AEFs) can be considered as a promising solution to tackle this issue with the potential to lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels in t Read More

Integrated hydrogen energy systems (IHESs) have attracted extensive attention in miti-gating climate problems. As a kind of large-scale hydrogen storage device undergroundhydrogen storage (UHS) can be introduced into IHES to balance the seasonal energy mis-match while bringing challenges to optimal operation of IHES due to the complex geolog-ical structure and uncertain hydrodynamics. To address this problem a deep deterministicpolicy grad Read More

The recent targets by different countries to stop the sales or registrations of internal combustion engines (ICE) have led to the further development of battery and fuel cell technologies to provide power for different applications. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using an integrated Lithium-Ion battery and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the prime mover for a case study of a 800 kW ferry with a total length of 50.8 m Read More

In this study the Bald Eagle Search Algorithm performed hydrogen consumption and battery cycle optimization of a fuel cell electric vehicle. To save time and cost the digital vehicle model created in Matlab/Simulink and validated with real-world driving data is the main platform of the optimization study. The digital vehicle model was run with the minimum and maximum battery charge states determined by the Bald Eagle Search Algorithm and hydrogen cons Read More

The hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) is proposed as a robust and viable solution to decarbonise the heavy-duty on- and off-road as well as the light-duty automotive sectors of the transportation markets and is therefore the subject of rapidly growing research interest. With the potential for engine performance improvement by controlling the internal mixture formation and avoiding combustion anomalies hydrogen direct injection (H2DI) is a Read More

The most practical way of storing hydrogen gas for fuel cell vehicles is to use a composite overwrapped pressure vessel. Depending on the driving distance range and power requirement of the vehicles there can be various operational pressure and volume capacity of the tanks ranging from passenger vehicles to heavy-duty trucks. The current commercial hydrogen storage method for vehicles involves storing compressed hydrogen gas in high-pressure tan Read More

Aviation is a major contributor to transportation carbon emissions but aims to reduce its carbon footprint. Sustainable and environmentally friendly green hydrogen fuel is essential for decarbonization of this industry. Using the extremely low temperature of liquid hydrogen in aviation sector unlocks the opportunity for cryoelectric aircraft concept which exploits the advantageous properties of superconductors onboard. A significant barrier for gre Read More

The type IV hydrogen storage tank with a polymer liner is a promising storage solution for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The polymer liner reduces the weight and improves the storage density of tanks. However hydrogen commonly permeates through the liner especially at high pressure. If there is rapid decompression damage may occur due to the internal hydrogen concentration as the concentration inside creates the pressure difference. Thus Read More

CO2 emission reduction of sectors such as aviation maritime shipping road haulage and chemical production is challenging but necessary. Although these sectors will most likely continue to rely on carbonaceous energy carriers they are expected to gradually shift away from fossil fuels. In order to do so the prominent option is to utilize alternative carbon sources—like biomass and CO2 originating from carbon capture—for the production of non-fossil c Read More

As a subdivision of the hydrogen energy application field ship-borne hydrogen fuel cell systems have certain differences from vehicle or other application scenarios in terms of their structural type safety environmental adaptability and test verification. The connection method of the ship-borne hydrogen storage cylinder (SHSC) is very important for the hydrogen fuel cell ship and the structural parameters of the SHSC are particularly important in the hydro Read More

To meet the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) goal of decarbonising the shipping sector by 2050 zero-emission ship propulsion systems should be developed to replace conventional fossil fuel-based ones. In this study we propose a zero-emission hybrid hydrogen-wind-powered propulsion system to be retrofitted to a benchmark merchant ship with a conventional propulsion system. The ship and its propulsion systems are modelled using an in-ho Read More

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) represent the short-term solution to reduce fossil carbon emissions from aviation. The Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) was globally adopted to foster and make SAFs production economically competitive. Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (FTSPK) produced from forest residue is a promising CORSIA-eligible fuel. FT conversion pathway permits the integration of ca Read More

Recently major problems related to fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have arisen in the transportation sector. Therefore developing transportation modes powered by alternative fuels has become one of the main targets for car manufacturers and governments around the world. This study aimed to investigate the economic prospects of using hydrogen fuel cell technology in taxi fleets in Westbank. For this purpose a model that could Read More

To combat climate change decarbonization measures are undertaken across the whole energy sector. Industry and transportation sectors are seen as difficult sectors to decarbonize with green hydrogen being proposed as a solution to achieve decarbonization in these sectors. While many methods of introducing hydrogen to these sectors are present in literature few systemlevel works study the specific impacts of large-scale introduction has on power and Read More

Future liquid hydrogen-powered aircraft requires the design and optimization of a large number of systems and subsystems with cryogenic tanks being one of the largest and most critical. Considering previous space applications these tanks are usually stiffened by internal members such as stringers frames and stiffeners resulting in a complex geometry that leads to an eventual reduction in weight. Cryogenic tanks experience a variety of mechanical and t Read More

Hydrogen is seen as a key energy carrier to reduce CO2 emissions. Two main production options for hydrogen with low CO2 intensity are water electrolysis and natural gas reforming with Carbon Capture and Storage known as green and blue hydrogen. Northern Norway has a surplus of renewable energy and natural gas availability from the Barents Sea which can be used to produce hydrogen. However exports are challenging due to the large distances Read More

This study introduces a novel hybrid solar–biomass cogeneration power plant that efficiently produces heat electricity carbon dioxide and hydrogen using concentrated solar power and syngas from cotton stalk biomass. Detailed exergy-based thermodynamic economic and environmental analyses demonstrate that the optimized system achieves an exergy efficiency of 48.67% and an exergoeconomic factor of 80.65% and produces 51.5 MW of electricity Read More

Modern energy conversion technologies with low or no emissions are needed to achieve sustainable development goals. This research examines the thermodynamic and exergy-economic features of a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A cutting-edge integrated energy system uses high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells an organic Rankine cycle a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer and a multi-effect d Read More

This paper proposes a systematic optimization framework to jointly determine the optimal location and sizing decisions of renewables and hydrogen storage in a power network to achieve the transition to low-carbon networks efficiently. We obtain these strategic decisions based on the multi-period alternating current optimal power flow (AC MOPF) problem that jointly analyzes power network renewable and hydrogen storage interactions at the operation Read More

This review focuses on the energy structure of iron and steel production and a feasible development path for carbon reduction. The process path and feasible development direction of carbon emission reduction in the iron and steel industry have been analyzed from the perspective of the carbon–electricity–hydrogen ternary relationship. Frontier technologies such as “hydrogen replacing carbon” are being developed worldwide. Combining the high effi Read More

Global warming’s major cause is the emission of greenhouse-effect gases (GHG) especially carbon dioxide (CO2) whose main source is the combustion of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels serve as the primary energy source in many industries including shipping which is the focus of this study. One of the measures proposed to tackle GHG emissions is the development of green shipping corridors - carbon-free shipping routes that require the transition to alter Read More

This study proposes a country-based life-cycle assessment (LCA) of several conversion pathways related 10 to both on grid-connected Power-to-X (PtX) fuels and advanced biofuel production for maritime transport 11 in Europe. We estimate the biomass resource availability (both agricultural and forest residues and 12 second-generation energy crops from abandoned cropland) electricity mix and a future-oriented 13 prospective LCA to assess how future Read More

A promising energy carrier and storage solution for integrating renewable energies into the power grid currently being investigated is hydrogen produced via electrolysis. It already serves various purposes but it might also enable the development of hydrogen-based electricity storage systems made up of electrolyzers hydrogen storage systems and generators (fuel cells or engines). The adoption of hydrogen-based technologies is strictly linked to th Read More

Zero-carbon-dioxide-emitting hydrogen-powered aircraft have in recent decades come back on the stage as promising protagonists in the fght against global warming. The main cause for the reduced performance of liquid hydrogen aircraft lays in the fuel storage which demands the use of voluminous and heavy tanks. Literature on the topic shows that the optimal fuel storage solution depends on the aircraft range category but most studies disagree on wh Read More

The signing of the Paris Agreement in 2016 established the goals of countries around the world for the transition from traditional fossil energy to sustainable energy in the 21st century. Reduce carbon emissions using new sustainable energy sources while safeguarding the energy needs of social development. The advantages of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles such as no carbon emissions long battery life and short hydrogenation time make them the developmen Read More

Retrofitting regional turboprop aircraft with hydrogen (H2)-electric powertrains using fuel cell systems (FCSs) has gained interest in the last decade. This type of powertrain eliminates CO2 NOx and fine particle emissions during flight as FCSs only emit water. In this context the “Hydrogen Aircraft Powertrain and Storage Systems” (HAPSS) project targets the development of a H2-electric propulsion system for retrofitting Dash 8- 300 series aircraft. The purp Read More

Indonesia faces mounting challenges from climate change and environmental degradation underscoring the need for sustainable transportation solutions. This study evaluates factors influencing the adoption of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (HFCV) using Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) approaches. Eight key factors were analyzed: safety operational and mainte Read More

This paper presents an improved Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) designed to optimize energy management for the hybrid hydrogen fuel power setups in multirotor drones. The proposed strategy aims to reduce hydrogen consumption and enhance the performance of the system consisting of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and lithium batteries. Multirotor drones experience rapid power fluctuations due to their agile Read More

This paper aims at investigating clean hydrogen production from the large size (14 GW) hydroelectric power plant of Itaipu located on the border between Paraguay and Brazil the two countries that own and manage the plant. The hydrogen produced by a water electrolysis process is converted into ammonia through the well-known Haber-Bosch process. Hydraulic energy is employed to produce H2 and N2 respectively from a large-scale electrolysis syst Read More

The rapid growth of the global population and industrial activities has significantly increased greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions with projections indicating a temperature rise of 3–6 ◦C by 2050. Urgent action is needed to limit global warming to 1.5 ◦C above pre-industrial levels. Hydrogen with its high energy density and compatibility with renewable energy systems presents a promising clean energy solution to mitigate GHGs emissions. Yet its widespre Read More

The use of highly efficient cogeneration systems fueled by pure hydrogen such as Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) in the residential sector is one of the new frontiers for achieving the net zero greenhouse gas emissions tran sitions. The lack of experimental studies in this area prompted the authors to propose the present paper. It refers to hydrogen-fueled SOFC 1 kW-sized integrated into the plant system of a single-family villa configurated as a nearly Zero Read More

The paper discusses some of the requirements drivers and resulting technological paths for manufacturers to develop hydrogen combustion engines for use in two types of market application – onroad heavy- and light-duty. One of the main requirements is legislative certainty and this has now been afforded – at least in the major market of Europe – by the European Union’s recent adoption into law of tailpipe emissions limits specifically designed to encoura Read More

This paper evaluates the potential impacts of introducing low-carbon intensity hydrogen technologies in two oil refineries with different complexity levels emphasizing the role of hydrogen production in reducing CO2 emissions. The novelty of this work lies in three key aspects: Comprehensive system analysis of refinery complexity using real site data integration of low-carbon Hydrogen technologies long-term and short-term strategies. Two Colombian refi Read More

Hydrogen (H2) offers a green medium for storing the excess from renewables production instead of dumping it thus being crucial to decarbonisation efforts. Hydrogen also offers a storage medium for the grid’s cheap electricity to be used during grid peak demand or grid power cutoffs. Funded by the Scottish Government’s Emerging Energy Technologies this paper presents the design and performance analysis of a hydrogen uninterruptible power suppl Read More