Applications & Pathways

Hydrogen is considered the primary energy source of the future. The best use of hydrogen is in microgrids that have renewable energy sources (RES). These sources have a small impact on the environment when it comes to carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions and a power generation cost close to that of conventional power plants. Therefore it is important to study the impact on the environment and the power cost. The proposed microgrid comprises loads RESs Read More

Modelling simulation optimization and control strategies are used in this study to design a stand-alone solar PV/Fuel Cell/Battery/Generator hybrid power system to serve the electrical load of a commercial building. The main objective is to design an off grid energy system to meet the desired electric load of the commercial building with high renewable fraction low emissions and low cost of energy. The goal is to manage the energy consumption of the buil Read More

The increase in the overall global temperature and its subsequent impact on extreme weather events are the most critical consequences of human activity. In this scenario transportation plays a significant role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which are the main drivers of climate change. The decline of non-renewable energy sources coupled with the aim of reducing GHG emissions from fossil fuels has forced a shift towards a net-zero emissions econo Read More

The shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy systems represents a pivotal step toward the realization of a sustainable society. This study aims to analyze representative scientific literature on eco-sustainable energy production in the healthcare sector particularly in hospitals. Given hospitals’ substantial electricity consumption the adoption of renewable energy offers a reliable low-CO2 emission solution. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored t Read More

To reduce carbon emissions generation of electricity from combustion systems is being replaced by renewable resources. However the most abundant renewable sources – solar and wind – are not dispatchable vary diurnally and are subject to intermittency and produce electricity at times in excess of demand (excess production). To manage this variability and capture the excess renewable energy energy storage technologies are being develop Read More

The increasing demand for sustainable air mobility has led to the development of innovative aircraft designs necessitating a balance between environmental responsibility and profitability. However despite technological advancements there is still limited understanding of the maintenance implications for hydrogen systems in aviation. The aim of this study is to estimate the maintenance costs of replacing the hydrogen storage system in an aircraft as part of i Read More

This research conducted a probabilistic life-cycle assessment (pLCA) into the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions performance of nine combinations of truck size and powertrain technology for a recent past and a future (largely decarbonised) situation in Australia. This study finds that the relative and absolute life-cycle GHG emissions performance strongly depends on the vehicle class powertrain and year of assessment. Life-cycle emission factor distributio Read More

The development of clean hydrogen and photovoltaic (PV) systems is lagging behind the goals set in the Net Zero Emissions scenario of the International Energy Agency. For this reason efficient hydrogen production systems powered from renewable energy need to be deployed faster. This work presents an optimization procedure for a stand-alone fully PVpowered alkaline electrolysis system. The approach is based on the Particle Swarm Optimization Read More

In recent years several approaches and pathways have been discussed to decarbonise the transport sector; however any effort to reduce emissions might be complex due to specific socio-economic and technical characteristics of different regions. In Mexico the transport sector is the highest energy consumer representing 38.9% of the national final energy demand with gasoline and diesel representing 90% of the sector´s total fuel consumption. Energy Read More

Missions targeting the extreme and rugged environments on the moon and Mars have rich potential for a high science return although several risks exist in performing these exploration missions. The current generation of robots is unable to access these high-priority targets. We propose using teams of small hopping and rolling robots called SphereX that are several kilograms in mass and can be carried by a large rover or lander and tactically deployed Read More

Background: Synthetic fuels based on renewable hydrogen and CO2 are a currently highly discussed piece of the puzzle to defossilize the transport sector. In this regard CO2 can play a positive role in shaping a sustainable future. Large potentials are available as a product of biogas production however occurring in small scales and in thin spatial distributions. This work aims to evaluate suitable synthetic fuel products to be produced at farm sites.Methods: A th Read More

Micro-mobility plays an increasingly important role in the current energy transition thanks to its low energy consumption and reduced contribution to urban congestion. In this scenario fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles have several advantages over state-of-the-art battery electric vehicles such as increased driving ranges and reduced recharge times. In this paper we study the conversion of a commercial electric moped (Askoll eS3 ®) into a fuel cell hybrid el Read More

The global transition to a clean and sustainable energy infrastructure does not stop at aviation. The European Commission defined a set of environmental goals for the “Flight Path 2050”: 75% CO2 reduction 90% NOx reduction and 65% perceived noise reduction. Hydrogen as an energy carrier fulfills these needs while it would also offer a tenable and flexible solution for intermittent large-scale energy storage for renewable energy networks. If hydrog Read More

Non-electrified regional railway lines with typically employed diesel-electric multiple units require alternative propulsion systems to meet increasingly strict emissions regulations. With the aim to identify an optimal alternative to conventional diesel traction this paper presents a model-based assessment of hydrogen-powered propulsion systems with an internal combustion engine or fuel cells as the prime mover combined with different energy storag Read More

Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) should control the energy management between two energy sources for fuel economy using the stored energy in a battery or generation of energy through a fuel cell system. The fuel economy for an FCV includes trip costs for hydrogen consumption and the lifetime of two energy sources. This paper proposes an implementable energy management control strategy for an FCV to reduce trip costs. The concept of the propose Read More

Immediate and widespread changes in energy generation and use are critical to safeguard our future on this planet. However while the necessity of renewable electricity generation is clear the aviation transport and mobility chemical and material sectors are challenging to fully electrify. The age-old Fischer-Tropsch process and natural gas industry could be the bridging solution needed to accelerate the energy revolution in these sectors – temp Read More

The use of drop-in capable alternative fuels in aircraft can support the European aviation sector to achieve its goals for sustainable development. They can be a transitional solution in the short and medium term as their use does not require any structural changes to the aircraft powertrain. However the production of alternative fuels is often energy-intensive and some feedstocks are associated with harmful effects on the environment. In addition Read More

Hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are critical for the popularity of hydrogen vehicles (fuel cell electric vehicles—FCEVs). However due to high installation investment and operating costs the proliferation of HRSs is difficult. This paper studies HRSs with on-site electrolytic production and hydrogen storage devices and proposes an optimization method to minimize the total costs including both installation investment and operating costs (OPT-ISL method). Mor Read More

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is known as one of the most promising energy sources for electric vehicles. A hydrogen system is required to provide hydrogen to the stack in time to meet the flow and pressure requirements according to the power requirements. In this study a 1-D model of a hydrogen system including the fuel cell stack was established. Two modes one with and one without a proportion integration differentiation (PID) c Read More

In this paper the broader perspective of green hydrogen (H2) supply and refueling systems for aircraft is provided as an enabling technology brick for more climate friendly H2-powered aviation. For this two H2 demand scenarios at exemplary airports are determined for 2050. Then general requirements for liquid hydrogen (LH2) refueling setups in an airport environment are derived and techno-economic models for LH2 storage liquefaction and transportati Read More

Power-to-X technologies that convert renewable electricity to chemically stored energy in “X” may provide a gaseous liquid or solid fuel that can be used in winter to provide both heat and electricity and thus replace fossil fuels that are currently used in many countries with cold winters. This contribution compares two options for power-to-X technologies for providing heat and electricity supply of buildings with high solar photovoltaic coverage at ti Read More

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can complement other electric vehicle technologies as a zeroemission technology and contribute to global efforts to achieve the emission reduction targets. This article spotlights the current deployment status of fuel cells in road transport. For this purpose data collection was performed by the Advanced Fuel Cells Technology Collaboration Programme. Moreover the available incentives for purchasing a fuel cell vehicle in different c Read More

Hydrogen is widely produced and used for our day-to-day needs. It has also the potential to be used as fuel for industry or can be used as an energy carrier for stationary power. Hydrogen can be produced by different processes like from fossil fuels (Steam methane reforming coal gasification cracking of natural gas); renewable resources (electrolysis wind etc.); nuclear energy (thermochemical water splitting). In this paper few processes have been discuss Read More

The paper presents three approaches for the sizing and control of a maritime hybrid power-plant equipped with proton exchange membrane fuel cells and batteries. The study focuses on three different power-plant configurations including the energy management strategy and the power-plant component sizing. The components sizing is performed following the definition of the energy management strategy using the sequential optimization approach. Thes Read More

Concerns about climate change air pollution and the depletion of oil resources have prompted authorities to enforce increasingly strict rules in the automotive sector. There are several benefits to implementing fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHV) in the transportation sector including the ability to assist in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels with hydrogen as energy carriers. This paper examines different control strategies for Read More

A process where power and biomass are converted to Fischer-Tropsch liquid fuels (PBtL) is compared to a conventional Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL) process concept. Based on detailed process models it is demonstrated that the carbon efficiency of a conventional Biomass to Liquid process can be increased from 38 to more than 90% by adding hydrogen from renewable energy sources. This means that the amount of fuel can be increased by a factor of 2.4 Read More

Nowadays the combustion of fossil fuels for transportation has a major negative impact on the environment. All nations are concerned with environmental safety and the regulation of pollution motivating researchers across the world to find an alternate transportation fuel. The transition of the transportation sector towards sustainability for environmental safety can be achieved by the manifestation and commercialization of clean hydrogen fuel. Hydro Read More

Hydrogen (H2 ) is currently a highly attractive fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs) owing to the prospects of potentially near-zero emissions. However the production emissions and cost of H2 fuel necessitate substantial improvements in ICE thermal efficiency. This work aims to investigate a potential implementation of H2 combustion in a highly efficient double compression-expansion engine (DCEE). DICI nonpremixed H2 combustion mode is us Read More

The volatility of renewable energy sources (RES) poses a growing problem for operation of electricity grids. In contrary the necessary decarbonisation of sectors such as heat supply and transport requires a rapid expansion of RES. Load management in the context of power-to-heat systems can help to simultaneously couple the electricity and heat sectors and stabilise the electricity grid thus enabling a higher share of RES. In addition power-to-hy Read More

This work is contributing towards reducing the emissions from stationary spark ignition engine single cylinder by adopting the state of the Art Technology Hydrogen fuel and H2O based Emulsion fuel in dual fuel mode. In addition comparing its combustion emissions and performance with conventional 100% Gasoline fuel. This research work has been done on 1-D AVL Boost Simulation Software by using the single cylinder engine model setup. The main Read More

The increase in greenhouse gas emissions as well as the risk of fossil fuel depletion has prompted a transition to electric transportation. The European Union aims to substantially reduce pollutant emissions by 2035 through the use of renewable energies. In aviation this transition is particularly challenging mainly due to the weight of onboard equipment. Traditional electric motors with radial magnetic flux have been replaced by axial magnetic flux motors wi Read More

To solve the challenge of decarbonizing the transport sector a broad variety of alternative fuels based on different concepts including Power-to-Gas and Power-to-Liquid and propulsion systems have been developed. The current research landscape is investigating either a selection of fuel options or a selection of criteria a comprehensive overview is missing so far. This study aims to close this gap by providing a holistic analysis of existing fuel and drivetrai Read More

The target of net-zero emissions set by the 2015 Paris Agreement has strongly commissioned the energy production sector to promote decarbonization renewable sources exploitation and systems efficiency. In this framework the utilization of hydrogen as a long-term energy carrier has great potential. This paper is concerned with the combustion characterization in a non-premixed gas turbine burner originally designed for natural gas when it is fed wi Read More

The construction of hydrogen refueling stations is an important part of the promotion of fuel cell vehicles. In this paper a multi-period hydrogen refueling station location model is presented that can be applied to the planning and construction of hydrogen infrastructures. Based on the hydrogen demand of fuel cell passenger cars and commercial vehicles the model calculates the hydrogen demand of each zone by a weighting method according to popula Read More

One of the major advantages of SOFCs is their high fuel flexibility. Next to natural gas and hydrogen which are today’s most common fuels for SOFC-systems and cell-/stack-testing respectively various other fuels are applicable as well. In the literature a number of promising results show that available fuels as propane butane ammonia gasoline diesel etc. can be applied. Here the performance of an anode supported cell operated in specialized single cell Read More

Energy consumption is essential for evaluating the competitiveness of fuel cell electric vehicles. A critical step in energy consumption measurement is measuring hydrogen consumption including the mass method the P/T method and the flowmeter method. The flowmeter method has always been a research focus because of its simple operation low cost and solid real-time performance. Current research has shown the accuracy of the flowme Read More

Hydrogen as a maritime fuel is one of the solutions that will assist the shipping sector in addressing the challenges regarding decarbonization taking into consideration the targets set for 2030 and 2050. The extensive utilization of hydrogen requires massive production of green hydrogen and the development of proper infrastructure to support a sustainable supply chain. An alternative solution is based on the on-board production of hydrogen where pro Read More

The European Union expects that hydrogen will play a vital role in future energy systems. Fuel cell electric vehicles currently present a key development path for electrification of the transport sector which requires infrastructure investments of hydrogen refueling stations preferably powered by renewables such as solar and wind energy. The economic feasibility of refueling stations depends on geographical locations. This study introduces a model to identify t Read More

At the present stage of electric power industry development special attention is being paid to the development and research of new efficient energy sources. The use of hydrogen fuel cells is promising for remote autonomous power supply systems. The authors of the paper have developed the structure and determined the optimal composition of a hybrid generation system based on hydrogen fuel cells and battery storage and have conducted studies Read More

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a promising device in the fields of power generation energy storage aerospace and public transportation. The hydrogen recirculation ejector with the advantages of low cost high durability and no parasitic power is the key component of PEMFC systems. However it is challenging to design a hydrogen recirculation ejector to cover the wide operating conditions of PEMFC systems. In order to Read More

Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) are considered for use in renewable residential DC microgrids. This architecture is shown as a technically feasible solution to deal with the stochasticity of renewable energy sources however the complexity of its design and management increases inexorably. To address this problem this paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based energy management system (EMS) for use in grid-connected residential DC microgrids with Read More

The power management strategy (PMS) is intimately linked to the fuel economy in the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). In this paper a hybrid power management scheme is proposed; it consists of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference method (ANFIS) and the equivalent consumption minimization technique (ECMS). Artificial intelligence (AI) is a key development for managing power among various energy sources. The hybrid power supply is an eco-acc Read More

This paper presents a greedy energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) for a stand-alone microgrid powered by photovoltaic (PV) arrays and equipped with batteries and a power-to-hydrogen-to-power (P2H2P) system. The proposed strategy consists of a day-ahead plan and an intra-day dispatch method. In the planning stage the sequence of plan is to determine the power of each storage device for a certain period which Read More

The issue of depleting fossil fuels has emphasized the use of renewable energy. Multigeneration systems fueled by renewables such as geothermal biomass solar etc. have proven to be cutting-edge technologies for the production of different valuable by-products. This study proposes a multigeneration system using a geothermal source of energy. The main outputs include power space heating cooling fresh and hot water dry air and hydrogen. The syste Read More

This paper explores the effect of having a nuclear baseload in a 100% carbon-free electricity system The study analyses numerous 8 scenarios based on different penetrations of conventional nuclear wind and solar PV power different levels of overgeneration 9 and different combinations between medium and long duration energy stores (hydrogen and compressed air respectively) to 10 determine the configuration that achieves the lowest total cost of el Read More

Solid oxide fuel cells are an emerging energy conversion technology suitable for high-temperature power generation with proper auxiliary heat. Combining SOFCs and polygeneration has produced practical applications for modern energy system designs. Even though many researchers have reviewed these systems’ technologies opportunities and challenges reviews regarding the optimal strategy for designing and operating the systems are limited. P Read More

Fuel transition can decarbonize shipping and help meet IMO 2050 goals. In this paper HFO with CCS LNG with CCS bio-methanol biodiesel hydrogen ammonia and electricity were studied using empirical ship design models from a fleet-level perspective and at the Tank-ToWake level to assist operators technology developers and policy makers. The cargo attainment rate CAR (i.e. cargo that must be displaced due to the low-C propulsion system) the ES (i.e. T Read More

As a non-profit UNIDO project funded 100% by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources International Center for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET) has been implementing pilot demonstration projects providing applied R&D funding; organizing workshops education and training activities in Turkey and other developing countries to show potential benefits of “hydrogen and fuel cell systems”. It is important to leap-frog developing countries to Read More

The free-piston engine is a type of none-crank engine that could be operated under variable compression ratio and this provides it flexible fuel applicability and low engine emission potential. In this work several 1-D engine models including conventional gasoline engines free-piston gasoline engines and free-piston hydrogen engines have been established. Both engine performance and emission performance under engine speeds between 5–11 Hz and Read More

This paper reviews the background to New Energy Vehicles (NEV) policies in China and the key scientific and market challenges that need to be addressed to accelerate fuel cells (FCs) in the rapidly developing NEV market. The global significance of the Chinese market key players core FC technologies and future research priorities are discussed.