Transmission, Distribution & Storage
Contact Angle Measurement for Hydrogen/Brine/Sandstone System Using Captive-Bubble Method Relevant for Underground Hydrogen Storage
May 2021
Publication
Subsurface porous formations provide large capacities for underground hydrogen storage (UHS). Successful utilization of these porous reservoirs for UHS depends on accurate quantification of the hydrogen transport characteristics at continuum (macro) scale specially in contact with other reservoir fluids. Relative-permeability and capillary-pressure curves are among the macro-scale transport characteristics which play crucial roles in quantification Read More
Trapping, Hysteresis and Ostwald Ripening in Hydrogen Storage: A Pore-scale Imaging Study
Jan 2024
Publication
Green hydrogen produced from surplus electricity during peak production can be injected into subsurface reservoirs and retrieved during high-demand periods. In this study X-ray tomography was employed to examine hysteresis resulting from repeated hydrogen injection and withdrawal. An unsteady state experiment was performed to evaluate the distribution of hydrogen and brine after drainage and imbibition cycles: images of the pore-space confi Read More
Effect of Relative Permeability Hysteresis on Reservoir Simulation of Underground Hydrogen Storage in an Offshore Aquifer
Mar 2023
Publication
Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in porous media is proposed to balance seasonal fluctuations between demand and supply in an emerging hydrogen economy. Despite increasing focus on the topic worldwide the understanding of hydrogen flow in porous media is still not adequate. In particular relative permeability hys teresis and its impact on the storage performance require detailed investigations due to the cyclic nature of H2 injection and with Read More
Hydrogen Relative Permeability Hysteresis in Underground Storage
Aug 2022
Publication
Implementation of the hydrogen economy for emission reduction will require storage facilitiesand underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in porous media offers a readily available large-scale option. Lack ofstudies on multiphase hydrogen flow in porous media is one of the several barriers for accurate predictions ofUHS. This paper reports for the first time measurements of hysteresis in hydrogen-water relative permeabilityin a sandstone core un Read More
Seasonal Hydrogen Storage Decisions Under Constrained Electricity Distribution Capacity
Jun 2022
Publication
We consider a profit-maximizing renewable energy producer operating in a rural area with limited electricity distribution capacity to the grid. While maximizing profits the energy producer is responsible for the electricity supply of a local community that aims to be self-sufficient. Energy storage is required to deal with the energy productions' uncertain and intermittent character. A promising new solution is to use strategic hydrogen reserves. This pro Read More
Optimal Design of Hydrogen-based Storage with a Hybrid Renewable energy System Considering Economic and Environmental Uncertainties
Dec 2023
Publication
Hydrogen and electricity derived from renewable sources present feasible alternative energy options for the decarbonisation of the transportation and power sectors. This study presents the utilisation of hydrogen generated from solar and wind energy resources as a clean fuel for mobility and backup storage for stationary applications under economic and environmental uncertainties. This is achieved by developing a detailed technoeconomic model of an i Read More
An Analysis of the Competitiveness of Hydrogen Storage and Li-ion Batteries Based on Price Arbitrage in the Day-ahead Market
Jul 2022
Publication
Acceleration of the hydrogen economy is being observed on a global scale. It is considered to be a potential solution to the problems with high-carbon energy industry and transport systems. The potential of production cost-competitiveness and opportunities are currently being investigated to provide insights to policymakers researchers and industry. In this context this study makes a quantitative assessment of the competitiveness of hydrogen storage co Read More
Geomechanics of Hydrogen Storage in a Depleted Gas Field
Feb 2024
Publication
We perform a simulation study of hydrogen injection in a depleted gas reservoir to assess the geomechanical impact of hydrogen storage relative to other commonly injected gases (methane CO2). A key finding is that the differences in hydrogen density compressibility viscosity and thermal properties compared to the other gases result in significantly less thermal perturbation at reservoir level. The risks of fault reactivation and wellbore fractures due to th Read More
Preliminary Analysis of Refilling Cold-adsorbed Hydrogen Tanks
Sep 2023
Publication
The effective storage of hydrogen is a critical challenge that needs to be overcome for it to become a widely used and clean energy source. Various methods exist for storing hydrogen including compression at high pressures liquefaction through extreme cooling (i.e. -253 °C) and storage with chemical compounds. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. MAST3RBoost (Maturing the Production Standards of Ultraporous Structures for High De Read More
The Case of Renewable Methane by and with Green Hydrogen as the Storage and Transport Medium for Intermittent Wind and Solar PV Energy
May 2024
Publication
Long-duration energy storage is the key challenge facing renewable energy transition in the future of well over 50% and up to 75% of primary energy supply with intermittent solar and wind electricity while up to 25% would come from biomass which requires traditional type storage. To this end chemical energy storage at grid scale in the form of fuel appears to be the ideal option for wind and solar power. Renewable hydrogen is a much-considered fuel al Read More
Optimization Operation Strategy for Comprehensive Energy System Considering Multi-Mode Hydrogen Transportation
Dec 2024
Publication
The transformation from a fossil fuel economy to a low-carbon economy has reshaped the way energy is transmitted. As most renewable energy is obtained in the form of electricity using green electricity to produce hydrogen is considered a promising energy carrier. However most studies have not considered the transportation mode of hydrogen. In order to encourage the utilization of renewable energy and hydrogen this paper proposes a comprehensive e Read More
Towards a Resilience Evaluation Framework for Hydrogen Supply Chains: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda
Dec 2024
Publication
Hydrogen energy is crucial for achieving net zero targets making the resilience of hydrogen supply chains (HSCs) increasingly important. Understanding current research on HSC resilience is key to enhancing it. Few studies summarise HSC resilience evaluation methods and link them to the general supply chain resilience and complex adaptive system (CAS) evaluation approaches. This study addresses this gap by systematically reviewing the literatur Read More
Underground Hydrogen Storage in Salt Caverns: Laboratory Experiments to Determine Integrity of Rock Salt and Wellbore Through Effective Permeability Measurements
Dec 2024
Publication
Underground hydrogen storage in salt caverns is a promising solution for short-term storage allowing multiple cycles per year. This study experimentally investigates the integrity of such caverns and their wellbores under operating conditions typical of German salt caverns. Specifically we measure the permeability of rock salt cement (API Class G and High Magnesium Resistant (HMR+)) rock salt-anhydrite composites cement-salt composites and Read More
A General Criterion for the Design and Operation of Flexible Hydrogen Storage in Power-to-X Processed
Dec 2024
Publication
This paper introduces a general criterion for the optimal design and operation of hydrogen storage tanks. Specifically the proposed procedure identifies the optimal delivery schedule that minimizes the capacity of material storage systems. Indeed many manufacturing processes need some buffer storage to administer mass flows appropriately according to the operating needs (one class above all: Power-to-X processes) and have one of their highest e Read More
The Potential of Polymers and Glass to Enhance Hydrogen Storage Capicity: A Mathematical Approach
Dec 2024
Publication
This manuscript contributes to understanding the role of hydrogen in different materials emphasizing polymers and composite materials to increase hydrogen storage capacity in those materials. Hydrogen storage is critical in advancing and optimizing sustainable energy solutions that are essential for improving their performance. Capillary arrays which offer increased surface area and optimized storage geometries present a promising avenue f Read More
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Hydrogen Containing Streams
Jul 2020
Publication
he use of hydrogen (H2) as a substitute for fossil fuel which accounts for the majority of the world’s energy is environmentally the most benign option for the reduction of CO2 emissions. his will require gigawatt-scale storage systems and as such H2 storage in porous rocks in the subsurface will be required. ccurate estimation of the thermodynamic and transport properties of H2 mixed with other gases found within the storage system is therefore essential for Read More
Optimal Design of Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure for Multi-sector End Uses at Regional Scale
Jul 2024
Publication
Hydrogen is a promising solution for the decarbonisation of several hard-to-abate end uses which are mainly in the industrial and transport sectors. The development of an extensive hydrogen delivery infrastructure is essential to effectively activate and deploy a hydrogen economy connecting production storage and demand. This work adopts a mixed-integer linear programming model to study the cost-optimal design of a future hydrogen infrastru Read More
Recent Progress and Techno-economic Analysis of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers for Australian Renewable Energy Export - A Critical Review
Jan 2024
Publication
Hydrogen as a primary carbon-free energy carrier is confronted by challenges in storage and transportation. However liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) present a promising solution for storing and transporting hydrogen at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Unlike circular energy carriers such as methanol ammonia and synthetic natural gas LOHCs do not produce by-products during hydrogen recovery. LOHCs only act as hy Read More
CFD Simulations of Hydrogen Tank Fuelling: Sensitivity to Turbulence Model and Grid Resolution
Dec 2023
Publication
CFD modelling of compressed hydrogen fuelling provides information on the hydrogen and tank structure temperature dynamics required for onboard storage tank design and fuelling protocol development. This study compares five turbulence models to develop a strategy for costeffective CFD simulations of hydrogen fuelling while maintaining a simulation accuracy acceptable for engineering analysis: RANS models k-ε and RSM; hybrid models SAS and Read More
Technical and Economic Viability of Underground Hydrogen Storage
Nov 2023
Publication
Considering the mismatch between the renewable source availability and energy demand energy storage is increasingly vital for achieving a net-zero future. The daily/seasonal disparities produce a surplus of energy at specific moments. The question is how can this “excess” energy be stored? One promising solution is hydrogen. Conventional hydrogen storage relies on manufactured vessels. However scaling the technology requires larger volumes to s Read More
Energy Storage in Urban Areas: The Role of Energy Storage Facilities, a Review
Feb 2024
Publication
Positive Energy Districts can be defined as connected urban areas or energy-efficient and flexible buildings which emit zero greenhouse gases and manage surpluses of renewable energy production. Energy storage is crucial for providing flexibility and supporting renewable energy integration into the energy system. It can balance centralized and distributed energy generation while contributing to energy security. Energy storage can respond to supple Read More
Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) in Natural Storage Sites: A Perspective of Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring
Jan 2024
Publication
With the long-standing efforts of green transition in our society underground hydrogen storage (UHS) has emerged as a viable solution to buffering seasonal fluctuations of renewable energy supplies and demands. Like operations in hydrocarbon production and geological CO2 storage a successful UHS project requires a good understanding of subsurface formations while having different operational objectives and practical challenges. Similar to the situa Read More
Hydrogen Embrittlement Behaviors During SSRT Tests in Gaseous Hydrogen for Cold-word Type 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel and Iron-based Supperalloy A286 Used in Hydrogen Refueling Station
Feb 2024
Publication
To consider an appropriate evaluation method for hydrogen compatibility slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests were conducted on high strength piping materials cold-worked type 316 austenitic stainless steel (SUS316CW) and iron-based superalloy A286 used in hydrogen stations for two years.SUS316CW used at room temperature in 82 MPa gaseous hydrogen contained 7.8 mass ppm hydrogen. The SSRT test of SUS316CW was conducted in nitroge Read More
Design and Analysis of Hydrogen Storage Tank with Different Materials by Ansys
Dec 2019
Publication
Pressure vessels are used for large commercial and industrial applications such as softening filtration and storage. It is expected that high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels will be widely used in hydrogen-fuelled vehicles. Progressive failure properties the burst pressure and fatigue life should be taken into account in the design of composite pressure vessels. In this work the model and analysis of hydrogen storage vessels along with complete structural and t Read More
Determining Onshore or Offshore Hydrogen Storage for Large Offshore Wind Parks: The North Sea Wind Power Hub Case
Aug 2024
Publication
The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources leads to daily and seasonal mismatches between supply and demand and the curtailment of wind power. Hydrogen produced from surplus wind power offers an attractive solution to these challenges. In this paper we consider a large offshore wind park and analyze the need for hydrogen storage at the onshore and offshore sides of a large transportation pipeline that connects the wind park to the Read More
Computational Predictions of Hydrogen-assisted Fatigue Crack Growth
May 2024
Publication
A new model is presented to predict hydrogen-assisted fatigue. The model combines a phase field description of fracture and fatigue stress-assisted hydrogen diffusion and a toughness degradation formulation with cyclic and hydrogen contributions. Hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth predictions exhibit an excellent agreement with experiments over all the scenarios considered spanning multiple load ratios H2 pressures and loading frequen Read More
Hydrogen Balloon Transportation: A Cheap and Efficiency Mode to Transport Hydrogen
Nov 2023
Publication
The chances of a global hydrogen economy becoming a reality have increased significantly since the COVID pandemic and the war in Ukraine and for net zero carbon emissions. However intercontinental hydrogen transport is still a major issue. This study suggests transporting hydrogen as a gas at atmospheric pressure in balloons using the natural flow of wind to carry the balloon to its destination. We investigate the average wind speeds atmospheric pre Read More
Recent Developments in Materials for Physical Hydrogen Storage: A Review
Jan 2024
Publication
The depletion of reliable energy sources and the environmental and climatic repercussions of polluting energy sources have become global challenges. Hence many countries have adopted various renewable energy sources including hydrogen. Hydrogen is a future energy carrier in the global energy system and has the potential to produce zero carbon emissions. For the non-fossil energy sources hydrogen and electricity are considered the dominant e Read More
Optimizing Underground Hydrogen Storage in Aquifers: The Impact of Cushion Gas Type
Aug 2023
Publication
This study investigated the impact of cushion gas type and presence on the performance of underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in an offshore North Sea aquifer. Using numerical simulation the relationship between cushion gas type and UHS performance was comprehensively evaluated providing valuable insights for designing an efficient UHS project delivery. Results indicated that cushion gas type can significantly impact the process's recovery effici Read More
Hydrogen Storage Solutions for Residential Heating: A Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis with Scale-up Potential
Jul 2024
Publication
The study presents a thermodynamic and economic assessment of different hydrogen storage solutions for heating purposes powered by PV panels of a 10-apartment residential building in Milan and it focuses on compressed hydrogen liquid hydrogen and metal hydride. The technical assessment involves using Python to code thermodynamic models to address technical and thermodynamic performances. The economic analysis evaluates the CAPEX the Read More
Benchmark of J55 and X56 Steels on Cracking and Corrosion Effects Under Hydrogen Salt Cavern Boundary Conditions
Feb 2024
Publication
Salt caverns have great potential to store relevant amounts of hydrogen as part of the energy transition. However the durability and suitability of commonly used steels for piping in hydrogen salt caverns is still under research. In this work aging effects focusing on corrosion and cracking patterns of casing steel API 5CT J55 and “H2ready” pipeline steel API 5L X56 were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrosco Read More
Outlook and Challenges for Hydrogen Storage in Nanoporous Materials
Feb 2016
Publication
Darren P. Broom,
Colin Webb,
Katherine Hurst,
P. A. Parilla,
Thomas Gennett,
C. M. Brown,
Renju Zacharia,
E. Tylianakis,
E. Klontzas,
George E. Froudakis,
Th. A. Steriotis,
Pantelis N. Trikalitis,
Donald L. Anton,
B. Hardy,
David A. Tamburello,
Claudio Corgnale,
B. A. van Hassel,
D. Cossement,
Richard Chahine and
Michael Hirscher
Considerable progress has been made recently in the use of nanoporous materials for hydrogen storage. In this article the current status of the field and future challenges are discussed ranging from important open fundamental questions such as the density and volume of the adsorbed phase and its relationship to overall storage capacity to the development of new functional materials and complete storage system design. With regard to funda Read More
Oxygen-rich Microporous Carbons with Exceptional Hydrogen Storage Capacity
Oct 2021
Publication
Porous carbons have been extensively investigated for hydrogen storage but to date appear to have an upper limit to their storage capacity. Here in an effort to circumvent this upper limit we explore the potential of oxygen-rich activated carbons. We describe cellulose acetate-derived carbons that combine high surface area (3800 m2 g−1 ) and pore volume (1.8 cm3 g−1 ) that arise almost entirely (>90%) from micropores with an oxygen-rich nature. The Read More
Hydrogen Diffusion into Water and Cushion Gases - Relevance for Hydrogen Geo-storage
Dec 2024
Publication
Hydrogen (H2) has been recognized as a promising solution to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. H2 is considered a green energy carrier for energy storage transport and usage and it can be produced from renewable energy resources (such as solar hydropower and wind energy). However H2 is a highly diffusive compound compared to other natural gases raising concerns about the possibility of H2 loss in geo-storage (e.g. in underground geologic Read More
Optimizing Post-production Alternate Hydrogen Supply Chain Pathways - An Integrated TEA and LCA Approach
Dec 2024
Publication
This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic assessment (TEA) of alternative hydrogen supply chain (HSC) pathways with a focus on the conditioning transportation and reconditioning stages. The pathways assessed include compressed hydrogen liquefied hydrogen and ammonia as a hydrogen carrier. A distinctive feature of this study is its consideration of a broad range of operational capacities and transportation distances facility econo Read More
Design, Analysis, and Testing of a Type V Composite Pressure Vessel for Hydrogen Storage
Dec 2024
Publication
Hydrogen as a zero-emission fuel produces only water when used in fuel cells making it a vital contributor to reducing greenhouse gas emissions across industries like transportation energy and manufacturing. Efficient hydrogen storage requires lightweight high-strength vessels capable of withstanding high pressures to ensure the safe and reliable delivery of clean energy for various applications. Type V composite pressure vessels (CPVs) have emerg Read More
Novel Model Reference-based Hybrid Decoupling Control of Multiport-isolated DC-DC Converter for Hydrogen Energy Storage System Integration
Dec 2024
Publication
Hydrogen energy storage systems (HESS) are increasingly recognised for their role in sustainable energy ap plications though their performance depends on efficient power electronic converter (PEC) interfaces. In this paper a multiport-isolated DC-DC converter characterised by enhanced power density reduced component count and minimal conversion stages is implemented for HESS applications. However the high-frequency multiwinding transformer in t Read More
Lifecycle Management of Hydrogen Pipelines: Design, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation Strategies for Canada’s Clean Energy Transition
Jan 2025
Publication
This paper examines the crucial elements of pipeline-based hydrogen transportation highlighting the particular difficulties and technical developments required to guarantee the sustainable effective and safe supply of hydrogen. This study lists the essential phases of hydrogen pipeline management from design to repair as the relevance of hydrogen infrastructure in the worldwide energy transition continues to rise. It discusses the upkeep monitorin Read More
Hydrogen Supply Chain for Future Hydrogen-fuelled Railway in the UK: Transport Sector Focused
Aug 2024
Publication
Though being attractive on railway decarbonisation for regional lines excessive cost caused by immature hydrogen supply chain is one of the significant hurdles for promoting hydrogen traction to rolling stocks. Therefore we conduct bespoke research on the UK’s hydrogen supply chain for railway concentrating on hydrogen transportation. Firstly a map for the planned hydrogen production plants and potential hydrogen lines is developed wit Read More
Evaluation of the Impact of Gaseous Hydrogen on Pipeline Steels Utilizing Hollow Specimen Technique and μCT
Feb 2024
Publication
The high potential of hydrogen as a key factor on the pathway towards a climate neutral economy leads to rising demand in technical applications where gaseous hydrogen is used. For several metals hydrogen-metal interactions could cause a degradation of the material properties. This is especially valid for low carbon and highstrength structural steels as they are commonly used in natural gas pipelines and analyzed in this work. This work provides an Read More
Hydrogen in Natural Gas Grids: Prospects and Recommendations About Gas Flow Meters
Aug 2024
Publication
To inject green hydrogen (H2) into the existing natural gas (NG) infrastructure is one way to decarbonize the European energy system. However asset readiness is necessary to be successful. Preliminary analysis and experimental results about the compatibility of hydrogen and natural gas mixtures (H2NG) with the actual gas grids make the scientific community confident about the feasibility. Nevertheless specific technical questions need more resear Read More
Integrated Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Grid Power Savings and Green Hydrogen Utilization
Aug 2024
Publication
This study explores the integration and optimization of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and hydrogen energy storage systems (HESSs) within an energy management system (EMS) using Kangwon National University’s Samcheok campus as a case study. This research focuses on designing BESSs and HESSs with specific technical specifications such as energy capacities and power ratings and their integration into the EMS. By employing MATLAB- Read More
Techno-economic Assessment of Liquid Carrier Methods for Intercontinental Shipping of Hydrogen: A Case Study
Nov 2024
Publication
As global economies seek to transition to low-carbon energy systems to achieve net zero targets hydrogen has potential to play a key role to decarbonise sectors that are unsuited to electrification or where long-term energy storage is required. Hydrogen can also assist in enabling decentralized renewable power generation to satisfy higher electricity demand to match the scale-up of electrified technologies. In this context suitable transport storage a Read More
The Impact of Impurity Gases on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of Pipeline Steel in High-Pressure H2 Environments
May 2024
Publication
The use of hydrogen-blended natural gas presents an efficacious pathway toward the rapid large-scale implementation of hydrogen energy with pipeline transportation being the principal method of conveyance. However pipeline materials are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement in high-pressure hydrogen environments. Natural gas contains various impurity gases that can either exacerbate or mitigate sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement. In this stu Read More
A Review of Influence of Hydrogen on Fracture Toughness and Mechanical Properties of Gas Transmission Pipeline Steels
Jan 2025
Publication
The existing gas transmission pipeline network can be a convenient and cost-effective way to transport hydrogen. However hydrogen can cause hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of the steels used in pipeline construction. HE is typically manifested as a reduction in fracture toughness and ductility. To ensure structural integrity it is thus important to understand the fracture toughness of pipeline steels in hydrogen gas at pipeline pressures. This paper re Read More
Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Conspicuous Material Challenge - Comprehensive Review and Future Directions
May 2024
Publication
Hydrogen is considered a clean and efficient energy carrier crucial for shapingthe net-zero future. Large-scale production transportation storage and use of greenhydrogen are expected to be undertaken in the coming decades. As the smallest element inthe universe however hydrogen can adsorb on diffuse into and interact with many metallicmaterials degrading their mechanical properties. This multifaceted phenomenon isgenerically categorized as hydr Read More
Wind–Photovoltaic–Electrolyzer-Underground Hydrogen Storage System for Cost-Effective Seasonal Energy Storage
Nov 2024
Publication
Photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy generation result in low greenhouse gas footprints and can supply electricity to the grid or generate hydrogen for various applications including seasonal energy storage. Designing integrated wind–PV–electrolyzer underground hydrogen storage (UHS) projects is complex due to the interactions between components. Additionally the capacities of PV and wind relative to the electrolyzer capacity and fluctuating electricity pri Read More
Sustainable Hydrogen Generation and Storage - A Review
Aug 2023
Publication
In 21st century the energy demand has grown incredibly due to globalization human population explosion and growing megacities. This energy demand is being mostly fulfilled by fossil-based sources which are non-renewable and a major cause of global warming. Energy from these fossil-based sources is cheaper however challenges exist in terms of climate change. This makes renewable energy sources more promising and viable for the future. Hy Read More
Hydrogen Storage with Gravel and Pipes in Lakes and Reservoirs
Sep 2024
Publication
Climate change is projected to have substantial economic social and environmental impacts worldwide. Currently the leading solutions for hydrogen storage are in salt caverns and depleted natural gas reservoirs. However the required geological formations are limited to certain regions. To increase alternatives for hydrogen storage this paper proposes storing hydrogen in pipes filled with gravel in lakes hydropower and pumped hydro storage reservoirs. Hydr Read More
Evaluation and Outlook for Australian Renewable Energy Export via Circular Liquid Hydrogen Carriers
Oct 2023
Publication
To combat global temperature rise we need affordable clean and renewable energy that does not add carbon to the atmosphere. Hydrogen is a promising option because it can be used as a carbon-free energy source. However storing and transporting pure hydrogen in liquid or gaseous forms is challenging. To overcome the limitations associated with conventional compressed and liquefied hydrogen or physio-chemical adsorbents for bulk storage and tra Read More
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