Towards a Resilience Evaluation Framework for Hydrogen Supply Chains: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda

Hydrogen energy is crucial for achieving net zero targets, making the resilience of hydrogen supply chains (HSCs) increasingly important. Understanding current research on HSC resilience is key to enhancing it. Few studies summarise HSC resilience evaluation methods and link them to the general supply chain resilience and complex adaptive system (CAS) evaluation approaches. This study addresses this gap by systematically reviewing the literature on HSC resilience evaluations, defining HSC resilience, and conducting content analysis. It proposes a conceptual framework integrating technical, operational, and organisational perspectives. Each perspective is further subdivided based on the course of events, resulting in a system-based HSC resilience evaluation frame work with three layers of analysis. By linking HSC indicators with CAS theory and supply chain performance metrics, the study offers novel insights into HSC resilience evaluations, identifies research gaps, provides prac tical guidance for practitioners, and outlines future research directions for advancing HSC resilience understanding.