Publications

The surge in interest surrounding renewable energy stems from concerns regarding pollution and the finite supply ofnonrenewable resources. Solar PV and wind hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are increasingly recognized as practicaland cost-effective solutions particularly in remote areas. However the intermittent nature of solar and wind power presents achallenge. To address this incorporating a hydrogen source into the system has been proposed. This study focuses onmodelling and sizing a hybrid energy system tailored for remote areas accommodating both home and electric vehicle loads.The simulation is conducted for Siliguri West Bengal India with the goal of optimizing productivity minimizing expensesand considering economic factors using HOMER Pro software. The integration of green hydrogen-based power generationwith photovoltaic and wind HRES emerges as an effective solution. Solar power in particular showcases promisingopportunities for the electrolysis process and HRES systems. The presented work facilitates the modelling of a green hydrogen-based green energy system taking into account capacity cost and emission constraints. Various case studies are conducted toenhance system efficiency and reduce the costs of energy (COE). In this paper three cases of grid-connected and three cases ofoff-grid or grid-disconnected systems are considered for highlighting the benefits of hydrogen energy incorporation in bothtypes of systems. This research contributes to sustainable energy solutions advancing a greener and more efficient energylandscape especially in addressing the recent development in load combinations of home and electric vehicle loads in bothgrid-connected as well as grid-disconnected system.

Combustion of hydrogen-enriched natural gas is a valuable short-term strategy for reducing CO2 emissions from high temperature industrial heating. This paper presents several experiments on combustion characteristics and the formation of nitrogen oxides. The experiments included hydrogen contents up to 100% and fuel heat inputs up to 75 kW. Water-cooled lances were used to influence the furnace temperature. The analysis includes the distribution of furnace temperatures the composition of flue gas the cooling capacity of the lances under steady-state operating conditions and OH*-chemiluminescence imaging of the near burner region. The presented results demonstrate the dependence of furnace conditions and NOX formation on various factors such as different air inlet fluxes furnace temperature and fuel composition for constant heat inputs. Efficiency increased by up to 5.5% and significant changes in flame shaped along with a maximum increase in NOX emissions when comparing natural gas to hydrogen was measured at 167%.

Hydrogen is promoted as an alternative energy given the global energy shortage and environmental pollution. A scientific basiscan be provided for the safe use and emergency treatment of hydrogen based on hydrogen leakage and combustion behavior.This study examined the stagnation parameters of dynamic hydrogen leakage and flame propagation in turbulent jets undernormal temperatures and high pressure. Based on van der Waals’ equation of state for gas a theoretical model for completelypredicting stagnation parameters outlet gas velocity and flow rate changes in the process of high-pressure hydrogen leakagecould be proposed and the calculation result of this model was compared with the experimental result with an error within±10%. The progression and propagation of the flame in turbulent jets after ignition were recorded using the background-oriented schlieren image technology and the propagation speed of flame from the ignition position downward and upwardwas calculated. Moreover the influence of initial pressure nozzle diameter and ignition position on the flame propagationprocess and propagation speed was analyzed.

This paper took the actual bus transportation system as the object simulated the operating state of the system replaced all the current diesel engine buses with fuel cell buses using electrolysis-produced hydrogen and completed the existing timetable and routes. In the study the numbers of hydrogen production stations and hydrogen storage stations the maximum hydrogen storage capacity of the buses the supplementary hydrogen capacity of the buses and the hydrogen production capacity of the hydrogen storage stations were used as the optimal adjustment parameters for minimizing the ten-year construction and operating costs of the fuel cell bus transportation system by the artificial bee colony algorithm. Two hydrogen supply methods decentralized and centralized hydrogen production were analyzed. This paper used the actual bus timetable to simulate the operation of the buses including 14 transfer stations and 112 routes. The results showed that the use of centralized hydrogen production and partitioned hydrogen production transfer stations could indeed reduce the construction and operating costs of the fuel cell bus transportation system. Compared with the decentralized hydrogen production case the construction and operating costs could be reduced by 6.9% 12.3% and 14.5% with one two and three zones for centralized hydrogen production respectively.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) are a promising technology for reducing vehicle emissions and improving energy efficiency. Due to the ongoing evolution of this technology there is limited comprehensive research and documentation regarding the energy modeling of HFCVs. To address this gap the paper develops a simple HFCV energy consumption model using new fuel cell efficiency estimation methods. Our HFCV energy model leverages real-time vehicle speed acceleration and roadway grade data to determine instantaneous power exertion for the computation of hydrogen fuel consumption battery energy usage and overall energy consumption. The results suggest that the model’s forecasts align well with real-world data demonstrating average error rates of 0.0% and −0.1% for fuel cell energy and total energy consumption across all four cycles. However it is observed that the error rate for the UDDS drive cycle can be as high as 13.1%. Moreover the study confirms the reliability of the proposed model through validation with independent data. The findings indicate that the model precisely predicts energy consumption with an error rate of 6.7% for fuel cell estimation and 0.2% for total energy estimation compared to empirical data. Furthermore the model is compared to FASTSim which was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the difference between the two models is found to be around 2.5%. Additionally instantaneous battery state of charge (SOC) predictions from the model closely match observed instantaneous SOC measurements highlighting the model’s effectiveness in estimating real-time changes in the battery SOC. The study investigates the energy impact of various intersection controls to assess the applicability of the proposed energy model. The proposed HFCV energy model offers a practical versatile alternative leveraging simplicity without compromising accuracy. Its simplified structure reduces computational requirements making it ideal for real-time applications smartphone apps in-vehicle systems and transportation simulation tools while maintaining accuracy and addressing limitations of more complex models.

Low carbon hydrogen is essential to achieve the Government’s Clean Energy Superpower and Growth Missions. It will be a crucial enabler of a low carbon and renewables-based energy system and will help to deliver new clean energy industries which can support good jobs in our industrial heartlands and coastal communities. Hydrogen presents significant growth and economic opportunities across the UK by enhancing our energy security providing flexible cleaner energy for our power system and helping to decarbonise vital UK industries. Hydrogen has a critical role in helping to achieve our Clean Energy Superpower Mission. It can provide flexible low carbon power generation meaning we can use hydrogen to produce electricity during extended periods of low renewable output. Hydrogen can also provide interseasonal energy storage through conversion of electricity into hydrogen and then back into electricity at times of need using a combination of hydrogen production storage and hydrogen to power. To advance our Clean Energy and Growth Missions hydrogen also has a unique role in transitioning crucial UK industries away from oil and gas and towards a clean homegrown source of fuel. Hydrogen can decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors like chemicals and heavy transport complementing our wider electrification efforts and accelerating our progress to net zero. Using our strong domestic expertise and favourable geology geography and infrastructure backing UK hydrogen can unlock significant economic opportunities and new low carbon jobs of the future. Government has an ambitious range of policies in place to incentivise and support industry to invest in low carbon hydrogen. The recent Hydrogen Skills Workforce Assessment an industry-led study undertaken by the Hydrogen Skills Alliance estimated that the UK hydrogen economy could support 29000 direct jobs and 64500 indirect jobs by 2030. Since establishing in Summer 2024 this Government has already made significant progress in delivering the UK hydrogen economy. This includes confirming support for the 11 successful Hydrogen Allocation Round 1 projects announcing up to £21.7 billion of available funding to launch the UK’s new carbon capture utilisation and storage industry and publishing our hydrogen to power consultation response with an aim to establish a new hydrogen to power business model. We have also launched three new bodies – the National Energy System Operator Great British Energy and the National Wealth Fund – which will help to deliver a world-class energy system including for low carbon hydrogen. This December 2024 Hydrogen Strategy Update to the Market sets out the key milestones achieved by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero in 2024 to deliver the hydrogen economy and an ambitious forward look at our next steps and upcoming opportunities. To achieve net zero and create a thriving and resilient energy landscape we are already working at considerable pace to deliver a world-leading UK hydrogen sector.

The transformation from a fossil fuel economy to a low-carbon economy has reshaped the way energy is transmitted. As most renewable energy is obtained in the form of electricity using green electricity to produce hydrogen is considered a promising energy carrier. However most studies have not considered the transportation mode of hydrogen. In order to encourage the utilization of renewable energy and hydrogen this paper proposes a comprehensive energy system optimization operation strategy considering multi-mode hydrogen transport. Firstly to address the shortcomings in the optimization operation of existing systems regarding hydrogen transport modeling is conducted for multi-mode hydrogen transportation through hydrogen tube trailers and pipelines. This model reflects the impact of multi-mode hydrogen delivery channels on hydrogen utilization which helps promote the consumption of new energy in electrolysis cells to meet application demands. Based on this the constraints of electrolyzers combined heat and power units hydrogen fuel cells and energy storage systems in integrated energy systems (IESs) are further considered. With the objective of minimizing the daily operational cost of the comprehensive energy system an optimization model for the operation considering multi-mode hydrogen transport is constructed. Lastly based on simulation examples the impact of multi-mode hydrogen transportation on the operational cost of the system is analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the proposed optimization strategy can reduce the operational cost of the comprehensive energy system. Hydrogen tube trailers and pipelines will have a significant impact on operational costs. Properly allocating the quantity of hydrogen tube trailers and pipelines is beneficial for reducing the operational costs of the system. Reasonable arrangement of hydrogen transportation channels is conducive to further promoting the green and economic operation of the system.

The urgent need to tackle climate change drives the research on new technologies to help the transition of energy systems. Hydrogen is under significant consideration by many countries as a means to reach zero-carbon goals. Turkey has also started to develop hydrogen projects. In this study the role of hydrogen in Turkey’s energy system is assessed through energy modeling using the cost optimization analytical tool Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS). The potential effects of hydrogen blending into the natural gas network in the Turkish energy system have been displayed by scenario development. The hydrogen is produced via electrolysis using renewable electricity. As a result by using hydrogen a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions was observed; however the accumulated capital investment value increased. Furthermore it was shown that hydrogen has the potential to reduce Turkey’s energy import dependency by decreasing natural gas demand.

Offshore energy system integration is particularly important for realising a rapid and cost-effective low-carbon energy transition in the North Sea region. Effective implementation of strategies that require collaboration be tween countries developers and operators must be underpinned by robust and comprehensive modelling results. Intra-system interactions and diversity of sectors needed to facilitate the energy transition must be adequately captured within whole-system models. Historically consideration of the offshore energy environment within macro-scale models has been supplementary to the onshore system. However increased deployment of offshore wind focus on geological storage for energy security and technological development and investment in hydrogen and carbon storage projects highlights the importance of expanding the role of the offshore system within modelling. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of energy system integration challenges within offshore system modelling and how these define the requirements of the employed methodology. The findings suggest large-scale offshore system modelling studies typically include few energy vectors limited spatial resolution and simplified network flow characteristics. Despite the North Sea focus these challenges reflect fundamental barriers within large-scale offshore energy system modelling and thus extend to similar offshore contexts globally. Key approaches are identified to maximise sectoral and technological diversity while maintaining sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to suitably represent the evolving offshore system are identified. We make concrete suggestions for future work in this field based on identified best practice among the reviewed literature.

The aim of this bibliometric analysis was to evaluate the evolution of scientific research in hydrogen focusing on green hydrogen production storage and utilization. Articles from prominent databases were analyzed revealing a strong emphasis on sustainable hydrogen technologies through keywords like “hydrogen production” “green hydrogen” and “solar power generation”. Mature research areas include production methods and electrolysis while emerging topics such as energy efficiency and policy are gaining traction. The most-cited papers from Energy Conversion and Management to the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy cover techno-economic assessments and case studies on deploying hydrogen technologies. Key findings highlight the variability of the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) across technologies and regions. Deep learning applications including Fast Fourier Transform-based forecasting and explainable AI models are transforming production optimization while Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) emphasizes renewable energy’s role in reducing carbon intensity and resource consumption. Diverse strategies such as fiscal incentives for wind energy and use of urban waste underline the importance of local solutions. This analysis reflects the rapid growth of hydrogen research driven by international collaboration and innovations in sustainable production storage and optimization. It is hoped that this paper will help to shed more light on the current and future understanding of green hydrogen.