Publications

Hydrogen is the ideal fuel for the future because it is clean energy efficient and abundant in nature. While various technologies can be used to generate hydrogen only some of them can be considered environmentally friendly. Recently solar hydrogen generated via photocatalytic water splitting has attracted tremendous attention and has been extensively studied because of its great potential for low-cost and clean hydrogen production. This paper gives a comprehensive review of the development of photocatalytic water splitting for generating hydrogen particularly under visible-light irradiation. The topics covered include an introduction of hydrogen production technologies a review of photocatalytic water splitting over titania and non-titania based photocatalysts a discussion of the types of photocatalytic water-splitting approaches and a conclusion for the current challenges and future prospects of photocatalytic water splitting. Based on the literatures reported here the development of highly stable visible–light-active photocatalytic materials and the design of efficient low-cost photoreactor systems are the key for the advancement of solar-hydrogen production via photocatalytic water splitting in the future.

The Clean Energy Technology Research Institute (CETRI) at the University of Regina Canada serves as a collaborative hub where a dynamic team of researchers industry leaders innovators and educators come together to tackle the urgent challenges of climate change and the advancement of clean energy technologies. Specializing in low-carbon and carbon-free clean energy research CETRI adopts a unique approach that encompasses feasibility studies bench-scale and pilot-plant testing and pre-commercial demonstrations all consolidated under one roof. This holistic model distinguishes CETRI fostering a diverse and inclusive environment for technical scientific and hands-on learning experiences. With a CAD 3.3 million pre-commercial carbon capture demonstration plant capable of capturing 1 tonne of CO2 per day and a feed-flexible hydrogen demonstration pilot plant producing 6 kg of hydrogen daily CETRI emerges as a pivotal force in advancing innovative reliable and cost-competitive clean energy solutions essential for a safe prolific and sustainable world. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse and impactful research carried out in the center spanning various areas including decarbonization zeroemission hydrogen technologies carbon (CO2 ) capture utilization and storage the conversion of waste into renewable fuels and chemicals and emerging technologies such as small modular nuclear reactors and microgrids.

Solar energy is the largest energy source on Earth. In contrast to the limited andgreenhouse gases-emitting fossil fuels solar energy is inexhaustible carbonneutral and nonpolluting. The conversion of this most abundant but highlydiffused source into hydrogen is increasingly attractive. In nature photosyntheticmicroorganisms exploit solar energy to produce hydrogen via photosynthesiswhich is also known as photobiological hydrogen production. More recentlyvarious types of artificial materials have been developed to hybrid microorgan-isms for converting solar energy into hydrogen namely semiartificial photo-synthesis hydrogen production. Herein the strategies for converting solar energyinto hydrogen with whole-cell biocatalyst are summarized and their potentials forfuture social sustainable development are discussed.

The most practical way of storing hydrogen gas for fuel cell vehicles is to use a composite overwrapped pressure vessel. Depending on the driving distance range and power requirement of the vehicles there can be various operational pressure and volume capacity of the tanks ranging from passenger vehicles to heavy-duty trucks. The current commercial hydrogen storage method for vehicles involves storing compressed hydrogen gas in high-pressure tanks at pressures of 700 bar for passenger vehicles and 350 bar to 700 bar for heavy-duty trucks. In particular hydrogen is stored in rapidly refillable onboard tanks meeting the driving range needs of heavy-duty applications such as regional and line-haul trucking. One of the most important factors for fuel cell vehicles to be successful is their cost-effectiveness. So in this review the cost analysis including the process analysis raw materials and manufacturing processes is reviewed. It aims to contribute to the optimization of both the cost and performance of compressed hydrogen storage tanks for various applications.

Hydrogen (H2 ) is considered a suitable substitute for conventional energy sources because it is abundant and environmentally friendly. However the widespread adoption of H2 as an energy source poses several challenges in H2 production storage safety and transportation. Recent efforts to address these challenges have focused on improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of H2 production methods developing advanced storage technologies to ensure safe handling and transportation of H2 and implementing comprehensive safety protocols. Furthermore efforts are being made to integrate H2 into the existing energy infrastructure and explore new opportunities for its application in various sectors such as transportation industry and residential applications. Overall recent developments in H2 production storage safety and transportation have opened new avenues for the widespread adoption of H2 as a clean and sustainable energy source. This review highlights potential solutions to overcome the challenges associated with H2 production storage safety and transportation. Additionally it discusses opportunities to achieve a carbon-neutral society and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels.

The literature lacks a systematic analysis of HRS equipment and operating standards. Researchers policymakers and HRS operators could find this information relevant for planning the network's future expansion. This study is intended to address this information need by providing a comprehensive strategic overview of the regulations currently in place for the construction and maintenance of hydrogen fueling stations. A quick introduction to fundamental hydrogen precautions and hydrogen design is offered. The paper therefore provides a quick overview of hydrogen's safety to emphasize HRS standards rules and regulations. Both gaseous and liquid safety issues are detailed including possible threats and installation and operating expertise. After the safety evaluation layouts equipment and operating strategies for HRSs are presented followed by a review of in-force regulations: internationally by presenting ISO IEC and SAE standards and Europeanly by reviewing the CEN/CENELEC standards. A brief and concise analysis of Italy's HRS regulations is conducted with the goal of identifying potential insights for strategic development and more convenient technology deployment.

Many small Canadian communities lack access to electricity grids relying instead on costly and polluting diesel generators despite the local availability of renewable energies like solar and wind. The intermittent nature of these sources limits reliable power supply; thus hydrogen is proposed as a cost-effective and ecofriendly long-term energy storage solution. However it remains uncertain whether hydrogen storage can significantly contribute to a 100% renewable energy system (100RES) given the diverse characteristics of these communities. Additionally the potential for fully renewable infrastructure to reduce costs mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance social impact is still unclear. A multi-period optimization model that balances economic environmental and social objectives to determine the optimal configuration of 100RESs for isolated communities is introduced and utilized to evaluate hydrogen as an energy storage solution to seasonal fluctuations. By identifying the best combinations of technologies tailored to local conditions and priorities this study offers valuable insights for policymakers supporting the transition to sustainable energy and achieving national climate goals. The results demonstrate that hydrogen could serve as an excellent longterm energy storage option to address energy shortages during the winter. Different combinations and sizes of energy generation and storage technologies are selected based on the characteristics of each community. For instance a community in the northern territories with high wind speeds low solar radiation extremely low temperatures and limited biomass resources should optimally rely on wind turbines to meet 80.7% of its total energy demand resulting in a 62.0% cost reduction and a 49.5% decrease in environmental impact compared to the existing diesel-based system. By 2050 all communities are projected to reduce energy costs per capita with northern territories achieving 33% and coastal areas achieving 55% cost reductions eventually leading to the utilization of hydrogen as the main energy storage medium.

Climate policy will inevitably lead to the stranding of fossil energy assets such as production and transport assets for coal oil and natural gas. Resourcerich developing countries are particularly aected as they have a higher risk of asset stranding due to strong fossil dependencies and wider societal consequences beyond revenue disruption. However there is only little academic and political awareness of the challenge to manage the asset stranding in these countries as research on transition risk like asset stranding is still in its infancy. We provide a research framework to identify wider societal consequences of fossil asset stranding. We apply it to a case study of Nigeria. Analyzing dierent policy measures we argue that compensation payments come with implementation challenges. Instead of one policy alone to address asset stranding a problem-oriented mix of policies is needed. Renewable hydrogen and just energy transition partnerships can be a contribution to economic development and SDGs. However they can only unfold their potential if fair benefit sharing and an improvement to the typical institutional problems in resource-rich countries such as the lack of rule of law are achieved. We conclude with presenting a future research agenda for the global community and acade

The type IV hydrogen storage tank with a polymer liner is a promising storage solution for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The polymer liner reduces the weight and improves the storage density of tanks. However hydrogen commonly permeates through the liner especially at high pressure. If there is rapid decompression damage may occur due to the internal hydrogen concentration as the concentration inside creates the pressure difference. Thus a comprehensive understanding of the decompression damage is significant for the development of a suitable liner material and the commercialization of the type IV hydrogen storage tank. This study discusses the decompression damage mechanism of the polymer liner which includes damage characterizations and evaluations influential factors and damage prediction. Finally some future research directions are proposed to further investigate and optimize tanks.

CO2 emission reduction of sectors such as aviation maritime shipping road haulage and chemical production is challenging but necessary. Although these sectors will most likely continue to rely on carbonaceous energy carriers they are expected to gradually shift away from fossil fuels. In order to do so the prominent option is to utilize alternative carbon sources—like biomass and CO2 originating from carbon capture—for the production of non-fossil carbonaceous vectors (biofuels and e-fuels). However the limited availability of biomass and the varying nature of other carbon sources necessitate a comprehensive evaluation of trade-offs between potential carbon uses and existing sources. Then it is primordial to understand the origin of carbon used in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to understand the implications of defossilizing aviation for the energy system. Moreover the production of SAF implies deep changes to the energy system that are quantified in this work. This study utilizes the linear programming cost optimization tool EnergyScope TD to analyze the holistic French energy system encompassing transport industry electricity and heat sectors while ensuring net greenhouse gas neutrality. A novel method to model and quantify carbon flows within the system is introduced enabling a comprehensive assessment of greenhouse gas neutrality. This study highlights the significance of fulfilling clean energy requirements and implementing carbon dioxide removal measures as crucial steps toward achieving climate neutrality. Indeed to reach climate neutrality a production of 1046 TWh of electricity by non-fossil sources is needed. Furthermore the findings underscore the critical role of efficient carbon and energy valorization from biomass providing evidence that producing fuels by combining biomass and hydrogen is optimal. The study also offers valuable insights into the future cost and impact of SAF production for air travel originating from France. That is the European law ReFuelEU would increase the price of plane tickets by +33% and would require 126 TWh of hydrogen and 50 TWh of biomass to produce the necessary 91 TWh of jet fuel. Finally the implications of the assumption behind the production of SAF are discussed.

This study investigates the feasibility of using green hydrogen technology produced via Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis powered by a 200 MW wind farm for a commercial Greenhouse in Ontario Canada. Nine different scenarios are analyzed exploring various approaches to hydrogen (H2) production transportation and utilization for electricity generation. The aim is to transition from using natural gas to using varying combinations of H2 and natural gas that include 10 % 20 % and 100 % of H2 with 90 % 80 % and 0 % of natural gas to generate 13.3 MW from Combined Heat and Power (CHP) engines. The techno-economic parameters considered for the study are the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) payback period (PBT) internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback period (DPB). The study found that a 10 % H2-Natural Gas blend using existing wired or transmission line (W-10H2) with 5 days of storage capacity and 2190 h of CHP operation per year had the lowest cost with a LCOH of USD 3.69/kg. However 100 % of H2 using existing wired or transmission line (W-100H2) with the same storage and operation hours revealed better PBT IRR and DPB with values of 6.205 years 15.16 % and 7.993 years respectively. It was found impractical to build a new pipeline or transport H2 via tube trailer from wind farm site to greenhouse. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to understand what factors affect the LCOH value the most.

As a subdivision of the hydrogen energy application field ship-borne hydrogen fuel cell systems have certain differences from vehicle or other application scenarios in terms of their structural type safety environmental adaptability and test verification. The connection method of the ship-borne hydrogen storage cylinder (SHSC) is very important for the hydrogen fuel cell ship and the structural parameters of the SHSC are particularly important in the hydrogen refueling process. To ensure the safe and reliable operation of the hydrogen-powered ship research on the filling of the SHSC under different connection modes was carried out during refueling. In our study a thermal flow physical model of the SHSC was established to research the hydrogen refueling process of the series and parallel SHSCs. The influence of series and parallel modes of the SHSCs on the hydrogen refueling process was explored and the evolution law of the internal flow field pressure and temperature of series and parallel SHSCs under different filling parameters was analyzed by numerical simulation. Our results confirmed the superiority of the parallel modular approach in terms of thermal safety during refueling. The results can supply a technical basis for the future development of hydrogen refueling stations and ship-board hydrogenation control algorithms.

Ammonia is a promising hydrogen carrier for enabling the efficient transport of hydrogen as observed by the many hydrogen transport projects using ammonia. For the clean energy future understanding environmental impacts of the transport system is important. This study conducts life cycle assessment (LCA) for the marine transport of renewable hydrogen using ammonia as the hydrogen carrier. The LCA considered renewable hydrogen produced from four systems; wind-powered electrolysis gasification of forest residue anaerobic digestion of food waste and landfill gas reforming; followed by Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis using the renewable hydrogen and nitrogen produced from air separation. The ammonia was then transported 11000 km by sea to a destination facility where it was decomposed using either Ru or Ni catalysts to obtain hydrogen. Among the four hydrogen transport systems operated with renewable energy electrolysis-hydrogen system presented the highest global warming impact of 3.31 kg CO2 eq/kg H2 due to electricity use for the electrolysis whereas simpler processes based on a landfill gas system led to the lowest impact of 2.27 kg CO2 eq/kg H2. Process energy consumption was the major contributor to global warming impact with 27%–49.2% of contri bution. The consumption of metals and energy during wind turbine construction resulted in the most significant impact in six out of 12 midpoint impact categories for the electrolysis-hydrogen system which also led to the highest endpoint impacts. The endpoint impacts of the four systems were in the order of electrolysis > food waste > forest residue > landfill gas (from high to low) for both endpoint human health and ecosystems impacts. Ammonia decomposition using Ru catalysts exhibited slightly lower global warming impact than Ni catalysts while final purification of hydrogen by vanadium membrane presented 4.8% lower impacts than the purification by pressure swing adsorption. Large-scale hydrogen supply chains can be achieved by technological improve ment and support of policies and financial schemes.

Transitioning from carbon-intensive steam methane reforming to low-carbon hydrogen production is essential for decarbonizing the European industrial sector. However the employment impact of such a transition remains unclear. Here we estimate the effects using a transition pathways optimization model and industrial survey data. The results show that an electrolysis-based hydrogen sector transition would create 40000 jobs in the hydrogen sector by 2050. However these jobs are not equally distributed with Western Europe hosting the largest share (40%) and 20% of current hydrogen-producing regions experiencing net job decreases. Even after accounting for renewable energy jobs created by electrolysis-driven electricity demand growth the 2050 low-carbon hydrogen workforce would provide only 10% of the jobs currently offered by European fossil fuel production. Numerous uncertainties and regional development inequities suggest the need for sector-diversified workforce transition plans and training programs to foster skills suited to multiple low-carbon opportunities.

Mobility has been a prominent target for proponents of the hydrogen economy. Given the complexities involved in the mobility value chain actors hoping to participate in this nascent market must overcome a range of challenges relating to the availability of vehicles the co-procurement of supporting infrastructure a favourable regulatory environment and a supportive community among others. In this paper we present a state-of-play account of the nascent hydrogen mobility market in Victoria Australia drawing on data from a workshop (N ¼ 15) and follow-up interviews (n ¼ 10). We interpret findings through a socio-technical framework to understand the ways in which fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)dand hydrogen technologies more generallydare conceptualised by different stakeholder groups and how these conceptualisations mediate engagement in this unfolding market. Findings reveal prevailing efforts to make sense of the FCEV market during a period of considerable institutional ambiguity. Discourses embed particular worldviews of FCEV technologies themselves in addition to the envisioned roles the resultant products and services will play in broader environmental and energy transition narratives. Efforts to bring together stakeholders representing different areas of the FCEV market should be seen as important enablers of success for market participants.

Hydrogen is the most environmentally friendly and cleanest fuel that has the potential to supply most of the world's energy in the future replacing the present fossil fuel-based energy infrastructure. Hydrogen is expected to solve the problem of energy shortages in the near future especially in complex geographical areas (hills arid plateaus etc.) and harsh climates (desert ice etc.). Thus in this report we present a current status of achievable hydrogen fuel based on various scopes including production methods storage and transportation techniques the global market and the future outlook. Its objectives include analyzing the effectiveness of various hydrogen generation processes and their effects on the economy society and environment. These techniques are contrasted in terms of their effects on the environment manufacturing costs energy use and energy efficiency. In addition hydrogen energy market trends over the next decade are also discussed. According to numerous encouraging recent advancements in the field this review offers an overview of hydrogen as the ideal renewable energy for the future society its production methods the most recent storage technologies and transportation strategies which suggest a potential breakthrough towards a hydrogen economy. All these changes show that this is really a profound revolution in the development process of human society and has been assessed as having the same significance as the previous industrial revolution.

Low-cost alkaline water electrolysis from renewable energy sources (RESs) is suitable for large-scale hydrogen production. However fluctuating RESs lead to poor performance of alkaline water electrolyzers (AWEs) at low loads. Here we explore two urgent performance issues: inefficiency and inconsistency. Through detailed operation process analysis of AWEs and the established equivalent electrical model we reveal the mechanisms of inefficiency and inconsistency of low-load AWEs are related to the physical structure and electrical characteristics. Furthermore we propose a multi-mode self-optimization electrolysis converting strategy to improve the efficiency and consistency of AWEs. In particular compared to a conventional dc power supply we demonstrate using a lab-scale and large-scale commercially available AWE that the maximum efficiency can be doubled while the operation range of the electrolyzer can be extended from 30–100% to 10–100% of rated load. Our method can be easily generalized and can facilitate hydrogen production from RESs.

Deployment of innovative renewable-based energy applications are critical for reducing CO2 emissions and achieving global climate neutrality. This work evaluates the production of decarbonized green H2 based on sorption-enhanced biomass (sawdust) gasification. The calcium-based sorbent was evaluated in a looping cycle configuration as sorption material to enhance both the CO2 capture rate and the energy-efficient hydrogen production. The investigated concept is set to produce 100 MWth high purity hydrogen (>99.95% vol.) with very high decarbonization yield (>98–99%) using woody biomass as a fuel. Conventional biomass (sawdust) gasification systems with and without CO2 capture capability are also assessed for the calculation of energy and economic penalties induced by decarbonization. The results show that the decarbonized green hydrogen manufacture by sorption-enhanced biomass gasification shows attractive performances e.g. high overall energy efficiency (about 50%) reduced energy and economic penalties for almost total decarbonization (down to 8 net efficiency points) low specific carbon emissions at system level (lower than 7 kg/MWh) and negative CO2 emission for whole biomass value chain (about − 518.40 kg/MWh). However significant developments (e.g. improving reactor design and fuel/sorbent conversion yields reducing sorbent make-up etc.) are still needed to advance this innovative concept from present level to industrial sizes.

The use of green hydrogen as a high-energy fuel of the future may be an opportunity to balance the unstable energy system which still relies on renewable energy sources. This work is a comprehensive review of recent advancements in green hydrogen production. This review outlines the current energy consumption trends. It presents the tasks and challenges of the hydrogen economy towards green hydrogen including production purification transportation storage and conversion into electricity. This work presents the main types of water electrolyzers: alkaline electrolyzers proton exchange membrane electrolyzers solid oxide electrolyzers and anion exchange membrane electrolyzers. Despite the higher production costs of green hydrogen compared to grey hydrogen this review suggests that as renewable energy technologies become cheaper and more efficient the cost of green hydrogen is expected to decrease. The review highlights the need for cost-effective and efficient electrode materials for large-scale applications. It concludes by comparing the operating parameters and cost considerations of the different electrolyzer technologies. It sets targets for 2050 to improve the efficiency durability and scalability of electrolyzers. The review underscores the importance of ongoing research and development to address the limitations of current electrolyzer technology and to make green hydrogen production more competitive with fossil fuels.

The global energy sector accounts for ~75% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Low-carbon energy carriers such as hydrogen are seen as necessary to enable an energy transition away from the current fossilderived energy paradigm. Thus the hydrogen economy concept is a key part of decarbonizing the global en ergy system. Hydrogen storage and transport are two of key elements of hydrogen economy. Hydrogen can be stored in various forms including its gaseous liquid and solid states as well as derived chemical molecules. Among these liquid hydrogen due to its high energy density ambient storage pressure high hydrogen purity (no contamination risks) and mature technology (stationary liquid hydrogen storage) is suitable for the transport of large-volumes of hydrogen over long distances and has gained increased attention in recent years. However there are critical obstacles to the development of liquid hydrogen systems namely an energy intensive liquefaction process (~13.8 kWh/kgLH2) and high hydrogen boil-off losses (liquid hydrogen evaporation during storage 1–5% per day). This review focuses on the current state of technology development related to the liquid hydrogen supply chain. Hydrogen liquefaction cryogenic storage technologies liquid hydrogen transmission methods and liquid hydrogen regasification processes are discussed in terms of current industrial applications and underlying technologies to understand the drivers and barriers for liquid hydrogen to become a commer cially viable part of the emerging global hydrogen economy. A key finding of this technical review is that liquid hydrogen can play an important role in the hydrogen economy - as long as necessary technological transport and storage innovations are achieved in parallel to technology demonstrations and market development efforts by countries committed liquid hydrogen as part of their hydrogen strategies.

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) represent the short-term solution to reduce fossil carbon emissions from aviation. The Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) was globally adopted to foster and make SAFs production economically competitive. Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (FTSPK) produced from forest residue is a promising CORSIA-eligible fuel. FT conversion pathway permits the integration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology which provides additional carbon offsetting ca pacities. The FT-SPK with CCS process was modelled to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the conversion pathway. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) with a well-to-wake approach was performed to quantify the SAF’s carbon footprint considering both biogenic and fossil carbon dynamics. Results showed that 0.09 kg FT-SPK per kg of dry biomass could be produced together with other hydrocarbon products. Well-to-wake fossil emissions scored 21.6 gCO2e per MJ of FT-SPK utilised. When considering fossil and biogenic carbon dynamics a negative carbon flux (-20.0 gCO2eMJ− 1 ) from the atmosphere to permanent storage was generated. However FT-SPK is limited to a 50 %mass blend with conventional Jet A/A1 fuel. Using the certified blend reduced Jet A/A1 fossil emissions in a 37 % and the net carbon flux resulted positive (30.9 gCO2eMJ− 1 ). Sensitivity to variations in process as sumptions was investigated. The lifecycle fossil-emissions reported in this study resulted 49 % higher than the CORSIA default value for FT-SPK. In a UK framework only 0.7 % of aviation fuel demand could be covered using national resources but the emission reduction goal in aviation targeted for 2037 could be satisfied when considering CCS.

As one of the most promising clean energy sources hydrogen power has gradually emerged as a viable alternative to traditional energy sources. However hydrogen safety remains a significant concern due to the potential for explosions and the associated risks. This review systematically examines hydrogen explosions with a focus on high-pressure and low-temperature storage transportation and usage processes mostly based on the published papers from 2020. The fundamental principles of hydrogen explosions classifications and analysis methods including experimental testing and numerical simulations are explored. Key factors influencing hydrogen explosions are also discussed. The safety issues of hydrogen power on railway applications are focused and finally recommendations are provided for the safe application of hydrogen power in railway transportation particularly for long-distance travel and heavy-duty freight trains with an emphasis on storage safety considerations.

Recently major problems related to fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have arisen in the transportation sector. Therefore developing transportation modes powered by alternative fuels has become one of the main targets for car manufacturers and governments around the world. This study aimed to investigate the economic prospects of using hydrogen fuel cell technology in taxi fleets in Westbank. For this purpose a model that could predict the number of taxis was developed and the expected economic implications of using hydrogen fuel cell technology in taxi fleets were determined based on the expected future fuel consumption and future fuel cost. After analysis of the results it was concluded that a slight annual increase in the number of taxis in Palestine is expected in the future due to the government restrictions on issuing new taxi permits in order to get this sector organized. Furthermore using hydrogen fuel cells in taxi fleets is expected to become more and more feasible over time due to the expected future increase in oil price and the expected significant reduction in hydrogen cost as a result of the new technologies that are expected to be used in the production and handling of hydrogen.

Hydrogen produced via water electrolysis from renewable electricity is considered a key energy carrier to defossilize hard-to-electrify sectors. Solid oxide cells (SOC) based reactors can supply hydrogen not only in electrolysis but also in fuel cell mode when operating with (synthetic) natural gas or biogas at low conversion (polygeneration mode). However the scale-up of SOC reactors to the multi-MW scale is still a research topic. Strategies for transient operation depending on electricity intermittency still need to be developed. In this work a unique testing environment for SOC reactors allows reversible operation demonstrating the successful switching between electrolysis (− 75 kW) and polygeneration (25 kW) modes. Transient and steady state experiments show promising performance with a net hydrogen production of 53 kg day− 1 in SOEL operation with ca. − 75 kW power input. The experimental results validate the scaling approach since the reactor shows homogenous temperature profiles.

Volatile electricity prices have raised concerns about the economic feasibility of wind projects in Finland. This study assesses the economic viability and optimal operational strategies for integrating wind-powered green hydrogen production systems. Utilizing modeling and optimization this research evaluates various wind farms in Western Finland over electricity market scenarios from 2019 to 2022 with forecasts extending to 2030. Key economic metrics considered include internal rate of return future value net present value (NPV) and the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). Results indicate that integration of hydrogen production with wind farms shows economic benefits over standalone wind projects potentially reducing LCOH to €2.0/kgH2 by 2030 in regular and low electricity price scenarios and to as low as €0.6/kgH2 in high-price scenarios. The wind farm with the highest capacity factor achieves 47% reductions in LCOH and 22% increases in NPV underscoring the importance of strategic site selection and operational flexibility.