Norway

Alternative fuels are crucial to decarbonize the European maritime transport but their net climate benefits vary with the type of fuel and production country. In this study we assess the energy potential and climate change mitigation benefits of using agricultural and forest residues in different European countries for drop-in (Fast Pyrolysis Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Gasification to Fischer-Tropsch fuels or Bio-Synthetic Natural Gas) and hydrogen-based bi Read More

Decarbonisation of the iron and steel industry would require the use of innovative low-carbon production technologies. Use of 100% hydrogen in a shaft furnace (SF) to reduce iron ore has the potential to reduce emissions from iron and steel production significantly. In this work results from the techno-economic assessment of a H2-SF connected to an electric arc furnace(EAF) for steel production are presented under two scenarios. In the first sc Read More

This paper evaluates the predictive capabilities of the advanced consequence model FLACS-CFD for deflagrations involving hydrogen. Two modelling approaches are presented: the extensively validated model system originally developed for hydrocarbons included in FLACS-CFD 22.1 and a Markstein number dependent model implemented in the in-house version FLACS-CFD 22.1 IH. The ability of the models to predict the overpressure and the fl Read More

This paper compares six (6) alternatives for green hydrogen transport at sea. Two (2) alternatives of liquid hydrogen (LH2) by ship two (2) alternatives of compressed hydrogen (cH2) by ship and two (2) alternatives of hydrogen by pipeline. The ship alternatives study having hydrogen storage media at both end terminals to reduce the ships’ time at port or prescinding of them and reduce the immobilized capital. In the case of the pipeline new models are Read More

The urgency to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2050 as first presented by the IPCC special report on 1.5°C Global Warming has spurred renewed interest in hydrogen to complement electrification for widespread decarbonization of the economy. We present reflections on estimates of future hydrogen demand optimization of infrastructure for hydrogen production transport and storage development of viable business cases and environ Read More

Norwegian offshore wind farms may be able to supply power to offshore oil and gas platforms in the near future thanks to the expeditious development of offshore wind technology. This would result in a reduction in CO2 emissions from oil and gas offshore installations which are currently powered predominantly by gas turbines. The challenge with using wind power is that offshore oil and gas installations require a fairly constant and stable source of power Read More

This review presents state-of-the-art for representative sampling of hydrogen from hydrogen refueling stations. Documented sampling strategies are presented as well as examples of commercially available equipment for sampling at the hydrogen refueling nozzle. Filter media used for sampling is listed and the performance of some of the filters evaluated. It was found that the filtration efficiency of 0.2 and 5 mm filters were not significantly differ Read More

Hydrogen as a carbon-free energy carrier has emerged as a crucial component in the decarbonization of the energy system serving as both an energy storage option and fuel for dispatchable power generation to mitigate the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. However the unique physical and combustion characteristics of hydrogen which differ from conventional gaseous fuels such as biogas and natural gas present new challenges that Read More

Remote locations and off-grid regions still rely mainly on diesel generators despite the high operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions. The exploitation of local renewable energy sources (RES) in combination with energy storage technologies can be a promising solution for the sustainable electrification of these areas. The aim of this work is to investigate the potential for decarbonizing remote islands in Norway by installing RES-based energy systems with Read More

Hydrogen will be important in decarbonized energy systems. The primary ways to produce low emission hydrogen are from renewable electricity using electrolyzers called green hydrogen and by reforming natural gas and capturing and storing the CO2 known as blue hydrogen. In this study the degrees to which blue and green hydrogen are complementary or competitive are analyzed through a sensitivity analysis on the electrolyzer costs and natur Read More

This review explores recent advancements in hydrogen gas (H2 ) safety through the lens of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. As hydrogen gains prominence as a clean energy source ensuring its safe handling becomes paramount. The paper critically evaluates the implementation of AI methodologies including artificial neural networks (ANN) machine learning algorithms computer vision (CV) and data fusion techniques in enhancing hydrogen saf Read More

The European Union aims to increase its climate ambition and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This necessitates expanding offshore wind energy and green hydrogen production especially for hard-to-abate industrial sectors. A study examines the impact of green hydrogen on offshore wind projects specifically focusing on a potential future North Sea offshore grid. The study utilizes data from the TYNDP 2020 Global Ambition scenario 2040 con Read More

With the aim of reducing carbon emissions and seeking independence from Russian gas in the wake of the conflict in Ukraine the use of hydrogen in the European Union is expected to rise in the future. In this regard hydrogen transport via pipeline will become increasingly crucial either through the utilization of existing natural gas infrastructure or the construction of new dedicated hydrogen pipelines. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen blen Read More

The hydrogen compatibility of two X65 pipeline steels for transport of hydrogen gas is investigated through microstructural characterization hydrogen permeation measurements and fracture mechanical testing. The investigated materials are a quenched and tempered pipeline steel with a fine-grained homogeneously distributed ferrite-bainite microstructure and hot rolled pipeline steel with a ferrite-pearlite banded microstructure. All tests are p Read More

Hydrogen energy is critical in replacing fossil fuels and achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050. Three measures can be implemented to promote hydrogen energy: reduce the cost of low-carbon hydrogen through technological improvements increase the production capacity of low-carbon hydrogen by stimulating investment and enhance hydrogen use as an energy carrier and in industrial processes by demand-side policies. This article examines Read More

A large portion of astronomy’s carbon footprint stems from fossil fuels supplying the power demand of astronomical observatories. Here we explore various isolated low-carbon power system setups for the newly planned Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope and compare them to a business-as-usual diesel power generated system. Technologies included in the designed systems are photovoltaics concentrated solar power diesel generators batt Read More

Hydrogen safety is a general concern because of the high reactivity compared to hydrocarbon-based fuels. The strength of knowledge in risk assessments related to the physical phenomena and the ability of models to predict the consequence of accidental releases is a key aspect for the safe implementation of new technologies. Nuclear safety considers the possibility of accidental leakages of hydrogen gas and subsequent explosion events in risk analysis. Read More

Decarbonising energy systems is a prevalent topic in the current literature on climate change mitigation but the additional climate burden caused by methane emissions along the natural gas value chain is rarely discussed at the system level. Considering a two-basket greenhouse gas neutrality objective (both CO2 and methane) we model cost-optimal European energy transition pathways towards 2050. Our analysis shows that adoption of best ava Read More

Hydrogen is expected to play a key role in the future as a clean energy source that can mitigate global warming. It can also contribute significantly to reducing the imbalance between energy supply and demand posed by deploying renewable energy. However the infrastructure is not ready for the direct use of hydrogen and largescale storage facilities are needed to store the excess hydrogen production. Geological formations particularly salt caverns Read More

Implementation of the hydrogen economy for emission reduction will require storage facilitiesand underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in porous media offers a readily available large-scale option. Lack ofstudies on multiphase hydrogen flow in porous media is one of the several barriers for accurate predictions ofUHS. This paper reports for the first time measurements of hysteresis in hydrogen-water relative permeabilityin a sandstone core un Read More

Chapters:♦ Introduction by Rainer Quitzow and Yana Zabanova♦ The EU in the Global Hydrogen Race: Bringing Together Climate Action Energy Security and Industrial Policy by Yana Zabanova♦ Germany’s Hydrogen Strategy: Securing Industrial Leadership in a Carbon–Neutral Economy by Almudena Nunez and Rainer Quitzow♦ France’s Hydrogen Strategy: Focusing on Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility by Ines Bouacida♦ Read More

Hydrogen is an environmentally friendly fuel that can facilitate the upcoming energy transition. The development of an extensive infrastructure for hydrogen transport and storage is crucial. However the mechanical properties of structural materials are significantly degraded in H2 environments leading to early component failures. Pipelines are designed following defect-tolerant principles and are subjected to periodic pressure fluctuations. Hence these sy Read More

Green hydrogen is expected to play a vital role in decarbonizing the energy system in Europe. However large-scale deployment of green hydrogen has associated potential trade-offs in terms of climate and other environmental impacts. This study aims to shed light on a comprehensive sustainability assessment of this large-scale green hydrogen deployment based on the EMPIRE energy system modeling compared with other decarbonization p Read More

Hydrogen is on the rise as a substitute for fossil fuel in the energy sector. While this substitution does not happen dramatically the steady increase in hydrogen related research might be a good indicator of such desire. As it stands there are issues regarding its safe handling and use; consequently the health and safety subsectors observe the situation conspicuously. As we yet to know the behavior of hydrogen in critical situations uncertainties make the Read More

Ahead of a potential large-scale implementation of hydrogen as an energy carrier in society safety regulation systems should be in place to provide a systematic consideration of safety related concerns. Knowledge is essential for regulatory activities. At the same time it is challenging to obtain sufficient information when regulating emerging technologies – it may be difficult to address informational shortcomings in regulatory matters as analysts c Read More

This paper provides an in-depth examination of critical and strategic raw materials (CRMs) and their crucial role in the development of electrolyzer and fuel cell technologies within the hydrogen economy. It methodically analyses a range of electrolyzer technologies including alkaline proton-exchange membrane solid-oxide anion-exchange membrane and proton-conducting ceramic systems. Each technology is examined for its specific CRM dependencies o Read More

Renewable hydrogen is emerging as the key to a sustainable energy transition with multiple applications and uses. In the field of transport in addition to fuel cell vehicles it is necessary to develop an extensive network of hydrogen refueling stations (hereafter HRSs). The characteristics and properties of hydrogen make ensuring the safe operation of these facilities a crucial element for their successful deployment and implementation. This paper shows the o Read More

The European Union aims to deploy a high share of renewable energy sources in Europe’s power system by 2050. Large-scale intermittent wind and solar power production requires flexibility to ensure an adequate supply–demand balance. Green hydrogen (GH) can increase power systems’ flexibility and decrease renewable energy production’s curtailment. However investing in GH is costly and dependent on electricity prices which are important fo Read More

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are programmable robotic vehicles that can drift drive or glide through the ocean without real-time control by human operators. AUVs that also can follow a planned trajectory with a chosen depth profile are used for geophysical surveys subsea pipeline inspection marine archaeology and more. Most AUVs are followed by a mother ship that adds significantly to the cost of an AUV mission. One pathway to red Read More

Hydrogen is seen as a key energy carrier to reduce CO2 emissions. Two main production options for hydrogen with low CO2 intensity are water electrolysis and natural gas reforming with Carbon Capture and Storage known as green and blue hydrogen. Northern Norway has a surplus of renewable energy and natural gas availability from the Barents Sea which can be used to produce hydrogen. However exports are challenging due to the large distances Read More

Global warming’s major cause is the emission of greenhouse-effect gases (GHG) especially carbon dioxide (CO2) whose main source is the combustion of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels serve as the primary energy source in many industries including shipping which is the focus of this study. One of the measures proposed to tackle GHG emissions is the development of green shipping corridors - carbon-free shipping routes that require the transition to alter Read More

The impact of the HyResponder project on the training of responders in 10 European countries is described. An overview is presented of training activities undertaken within the project in Austria Belgium Czech Republic France Germany Italy Norway Spain Switzerland and the United Kingdom. National leads with training expertise are given and the longer-term plans in each region are mentioned. Responders from each region took part in a specially tailored Read More

This paper presents multiple hydrogen electrolysers integrations in the power grid and their operational stra tegies for better performance. Electrolysers have been considered as electrical loads and multi-state load model for the operation of an electrolysers have been proposed. Strategy for the operation of multiple electrolysers at different positions in a grid are formulated and Multi-State Round Robin strategy is proposed. The proposed strategy is val Read More

The central role of hydrogen in the EU’s decarbonization strategy has increased the importance of critical raw materials. To address this the EU has taken legislative steps including the 2023 Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) to ensure a stable supply. Using a leader–follower Stackelberg game framework this study analyzes CRM market dynamics integrating CRMA compliance through rules on sourcing and stockpiling value chain resilience via the inclusi Read More

The EU Horizon2020 RISE project 778307 “Hydrogen fuelled utility and their support systems utilising metal hydrides” (HYDRIDE4MOBILITY) worked on the commercialization of hydrogen powered forklifts using metal hydride (MH) based hydrogen stores. The project consortium joined forces of 9 academic and industrial partners from 4 countries. The work program included a) Development of the materials for hydrogen storage and compression; b) Theo Read More

High-speed passenger vessels have high greenhouse gas emissions per passenger kilometre trav elled and require optimizations to provide a role in a low carbon society. This article works to wards this goal as a study of the potential for replacing high-speed passenger vessels with compressed hydrogen or battery electric zero emission solutions. To do this a model was developed based on automatic identification system data to calculate energy use f Read More

The adoption of liquid hydrogen (LH2) as an energy carrier presents significant opportunities for distributing large quantities of hydrogen efficiently. However ensuring safety of LH2 transfer operations requires the evo lution of suitable technologies and regulatory framework. This study offers an extensive overview of technical considerations and safety aspects pertaining to liquid hydrogen installations and mobile applications. A signif icant lack of regulations Read More

Hydrogen is considered a promising solution for global decarbonisation as an alternative to fossil fuels. However it can interact with and brittle most metallic materials and is highly flammable. These properties call for a systematic investigation of physical and chemical hazards and for the definition of a comprehensive risk management and monitoring framework including proper maintenance planning. This study aims at establishing a hydrogen Read More

In the wake of unprecedented global weather events and the ever-pressing urgency of climate change the discourse around energy transition has become more critical than ever.The United Kingdom once at the forefront of the energy transition movement finds itself at a crossroads. The initial rapid progress towards a low-carbon future is now facing hurdles threatening the achievement of the 'net zero by 2050' target.This revelation comes from the thi Read More

Hydrogen tanks used in transportation are equipped with thermal pressure relief devices to prevent a tank rapture in case of fire exposure. The opening of the pressure relief valve in such a scenario would likely result in an impinging and (semi-) confined hydrogen jet fire. Therefore twelve largescale experiments of hydrogen jet fires and one large-scale propane reference experiment have been conducted with various degrees of confinement orientations o Read More