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This document summarizes current hydrogen technologies and communicates the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy's (FE's) strategic plan to accelerate research development and deploymnet of hydrogen technologies in the United States. It also describes ongoing FE hydrogen-related research and development (R&D). Hydrogen from fossil fuels is a versatile energy carrier and can play an important role in the transition to a low-carbon economy.

This report is prepared by thirty of the largest global car manufacturers oil and gas companies utilities equipment manufacturers NGOs governmental and clean energy organisations with the collaboration of the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking.<br/>The analysis compares the economics sustainability and performance of the vehicles and infrastructures needed to reach the 80% decarbonisation goal set by the<br/>European Union and is an unprecedented effort from industry and other stakeholders to analyse the role of the various new car-types in meeting this objective on the basis of proprietary industrial data.

Liquid hydrogen has been studied for use in vehicles. However during the charging process liquid hydrogen is lost as gas. Therefore it is necessary to estimate and reduce this loss and simulate the charging process. In this study the initial charging process of a vehicle liquid hydrogen tank under room temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions was numerically investigated. A transient thermal-fluid simulation with a phase-change model was performed to analyze variations in the volume pressure mass flow rate and temperature. The results showed that the process could be divided into three stages. In the first stage liquid hydrogen was actively vaporized at the inner wall surface of the storage tank. The pressure increased rapidly and liquid droplets were discharged into the vent pipe during the second stage. In the third stage the mass flow rates of liquid and hydrogen gas at the outlet showed significant fluctuations owing to complex momentum generated by the evaporation and charging flow. The temperatures of the inner and outer walls and insulation layer decreased significantly slower than that of the gas region because of its high heat capacity and insulation effect. The optimal structure should be further studied because the vortex stagnation and non-uniform cooling of the wall occurred near the inlet and outlet pipes.

Explosion venting is a frequently used measure to mitigate the consequence of gas deflagrations in closed environments. Despite the effort to predict the vent area needed to achieved the protection through engineering formulas and CFD tools work has still to be done to reliably predict the outcome of a vented gas explosion. Blind-prediction exercises recently published show a large spread in the prediction of both engineering formula than CFD tools. University of Pisa performed experimental tests in a 25 m3 facility in inhomogeneous conditions and with the presence of simple obstacles constituted by plates bolted to HEB beams. The present paper is aimed to share the results of hydrogen dispersion and deflagration tests and discuss the comparison of maximum peak overpressure generated with different blockage ratio and repeated obstacles sets. Description of the experimental set-up includes all the details deemed necessary to reproduce the phenomenon with a CFD tool.

Hydrogen is an essential element in the energy transition and can account for 24% of final energy demand and 5.4m jobs by 2050 says the new study by the FCH JU “Hydrogen Roadmap Europe: A sustainable pathway for the European Energy Transition“. Developed with input from 17 leading European industrial actors the study lays out a pathway for the large-scale deployment of hydrogen and fuel cells until 2050 and quantifies the associated socio-economic impacts.<br/>The report makes the case that hydrogen is required to address the challenges ahead. At scale decarbonisation of key segments such as the gas grid transport (particularly as relates to heavy duty vehicles) industrial processes that use high-grade heat and hydrogen as chemical feedstock require the use of hydrogen in large quantities.<br/>In addition the electrification of the economy and the large scale integration of intermittent renewable energy sources require large scale energy storage enabling seasonal storage and the efficient transport of clean energy across regions at low cost. Hydrogen is the only at scale technology capable of addressing all of these challenges.<br/>Importantly there will be important socio-economic and environmental benefits associated with this deployment such as an EUR 820B per year market and a total of 560Mt CO2 abated. The report lays out a roadmap for the ramp-up of market deployment across applications setting specific milestones between now and 2050. It also calls for a coordinated approach from policy makers industry and investors in order to achieve the 2-degree scenario.

This paper reports experimental results from a series of experiments in which gaseous hydrogen was released into a 31 m3 enclosure and the hydrogen concentrations at a number of points within the enclosure were monitored to assess whether hydrogen accumulation occurred and whether a homogeneous or stratified mixture was formed. The enclosure was located in the open air and therefore subject to realistic and therefore variable wind conditions. The hydrogen release rate and the passive vent arrangements were varied. The experiments were carried out as part of the EU Hyindoor Project.

The Hydrogen Safety Codes and Standards program element of the US Department of Energy's Fuel Cell Technologies Office provides coordination and technical data for the development of domestic and international codes and standards related to hydrogen technologies. The materials compatibility program task at Sandia National Laboratories (Livermore CA) is focused on developing the technical basis for qualifying materials for hydrogen service i.e. accommodating hydrogen embrittlement. This presentation summarizes code development activities for qualifying materials for hydrogen service with emphasis on the scientific basis for the testing methodologies including fracture mechanics based measurements (fracture threshold and fatigue crack growth) total fatigue life measurements and full- scale pressure vessel testing.

The characterization of liquid hydrogen (LH2) releases has been identified as an international research priority to expand the safe use of hydrogen as an energy carrier. The elucidation of LH2 release behavior will require the development of dispersion and other models guided and validated by empirical field measurements such as those afforded by Hydrogen Wide Area Monitoring (HyWAM). HyWAM can be defined as the quantitative spatial and temporal three-dimensional monitoring of planned or unintentional hydrogen releases. With support provided through the FCH JU Prenormative Research for the Safe Use of Liquid Hydrogen (PRESLHY) program HSE performed a series of LH2 releases to characterize the dispersion and pooling behavior of cold hydrogen releases. The NREL Sensor Laboratory developed a HyWAM system based upon a distributed array of point sensors that is amenable for profiling cold hydrogen plumes. The NREL Sensor Laboratory and HSE formally committed to collaborate on profiling the LH2 releases. This collaboration included the integration of the NREL HyWAM into the HSE LH2 release hardware. This was achieved through a deployment plan jointly developed by the NREL and HSE personnel. Under this plan the NREL Sensor Laboratory provided multiple HyWAM modules that accommodated 32 sampling points for near-field hydrogen profiling during the HSE PRESLHY LH2 releases. The NREL HyWAM would be utilized throughout the LH2 release study performed under PRESLHY by HSE including Work Package 3 (WP3—Release and Mixing--Rainout) and subsequent work packages (WP4—Ignition and WP5—Combustion). Under the auspices of the PRESLHY WP6 (Implementation) data and findings from the HSE LH2 Releases are to be made available to stakeholders in the hydrogen community. Comprehensive data analysis and dissemination is ongoing but the integration of the NREL HyWAM into the HSE LH2 Release Apparatus and its performance as well as some key outcomes of the LH2 releases in WP3 are presented.

The Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program Plan (the Program Plan or Plan) outlines the strategic high-level focus areas of DOE’s Hydrogen Program (the Program). The term Hydrogen Program refers not to any single office within DOE but rather to the cohesive and coordinated effort of multiple offices that conduct research development and demonstration (RD&D) activities on hydrogen technologies. This terminology and the coordinated efforts on hydrogen among relevant DOE offices have been in place since 2004 and provide an inclusive and strategic view of how the Department coordinates activities on hydrogen across applications and sectors. This version of the Plan updates and expands upon previous versions including the Hydrogen Posture Plan and the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Plan and provides a coordinated high-level summary of hydrogen related activities across DOE.



The 2006 Hydrogen Posture Plan fulfilled the requirement in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005) that the Energy Secretary transmit to Congress a coordinated plan for DOE’s hydrogen and fuel cell activities. For historical context the original Posture Plan issued in 2004 outlined a coordinated plan for DOE and the U.S. Department of Transportation to meet the goals of the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (HFI) and implement the 2002 National Hydrogen Energy Technology Roadmap. The HFI was launched in 2004 to accelerate research development and demonstration (RD&D) of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for use in transportation electricity generation and portable power applications. The Roadmap provided a blueprint for the public and private efforts required to fulfill a long-term national vision for hydrogen energy as outlined in A National Vision of America’s Transition to a Hydrogen Economy—to 2030 and Beyond. Both the Roadmap and the Vision were developed out of meetings involving DOE industry academia non-profit organizations and other stakeholders. The Roadmap the Vision the Posture Plans the 2011 Program Plan and the results of key stakeholder workshops continue to form the underlying basis for this current edition of the Program Plan.



This edition of the Program Plan reflects the Department’s focus on conducting coordinated RD&D activities to enable the adoption of hydrogen technologies across multiple applications and sectors. It includes content from the various plans and documents developed by individual offices within DOE working on hydrogen-related activities including: the Office of Fossil Energy's Hydrogen Strategy: Enabling a Low Carbon Economy the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office Multi-year RD&D Plan the Office of Nuclear Energy’s Integrated Energy Systems 2020 Roadmap and the Office of Science’s Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy. Many of these documents are also in the process of updates and revisions and will be posted online.



Through this overarching document the reader will gain information on the key RD&D needs to enable the largescale use of hydrogen and related technologies—such as fuel cells and turbines—in the economy and how the Department’s various offices are addressing those needs. The Program will continue to periodically revise the Plan along with all program office RD&D plans to reflect technological progress programmatic changes policy decisions and updates based on stakeholder input and reviews.

"This paper is aimed at revealing the inhibiting effects of He Ar N2 and CO2 on confined hydrogen explosion. The flame characteristics under thermo diffusive instability and hydrodynamic instability are analyzed using Lewis number and ratio of density ratio to flame thickness. The inhibiting effects of inert gas on confined hydrogen explosion are evaluated using maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate. The inhibiting mechanism is obtained by revealing thermal diffusivity maximum mole fraction and net reaction rate of active radicals. The results demonstrated that the strongest destabilization effect of hydrodynamic instability and thermodiffusive instability occurs when the inert gas is Ar and CO2 respectively. Taking maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise as an indicator the effects of confined hydrogen explosion inhibition from strong to weak are CO2 N2 Ar and He. Laminar burning velocity thermal diffusivity maximum mole fraction and net reaction rate of active radicals continues to decrease in the order of He Ar N2 and CO2. The elementary reactions of generating and consuming active radicals at the highest net reaction rate are mainly consisted of R1 (H+O2=OH+O) R2 (H2+O=OH+H) R3 (H2+OH=H2O+H) and R10 (HO2+H=2OH).