Publications

The literature lacks a systematic analysis of HRS equipment and operating standards. Researchers policymakers and HRS operators could find this information relevant for planning the network's future expansion. This study is intended to address this information need by providing a comprehensive strategic overview of the regulations currently in place for the construction and maintenance of hydrogen fueling stations. A quick introduction to fundamental hydrogen precautions and hydrogen design is offered. The paper therefore provides a quick overview of hydrogen's safety to emphasize HRS standards rules and regulations. Both gaseous and liquid safety issues are detailed including possible threats and installation and operating expertise. After the safety evaluation layouts equipment and operating strategies for HRSs are presented followed by a review of in-force regulations: internationally by presenting ISO IEC and SAE standards and Europeanly by reviewing the CEN/CENELEC standards. A brief and concise analysis of Italy's HRS regulations is conducted with the goal of identifying potential insights for strategic development and more convenient technology deployment.

Many small Canadian communities lack access to electricity grids relying instead on costly and polluting diesel generators despite the local availability of renewable energies like solar and wind. The intermittent nature of these sources limits reliable power supply; thus hydrogen is proposed as a cost-effective and ecofriendly long-term energy storage solution. However it remains uncertain whether hydrogen storage can significantly contribute to a 100% renewable energy system (100RES) given the diverse characteristics of these communities. Additionally the potential for fully renewable infrastructure to reduce costs mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance social impact is still unclear. A multi-period optimization model that balances economic environmental and social objectives to determine the optimal configuration of 100RESs for isolated communities is introduced and utilized to evaluate hydrogen as an energy storage solution to seasonal fluctuations. By identifying the best combinations of technologies tailored to local conditions and priorities this study offers valuable insights for policymakers supporting the transition to sustainable energy and achieving national climate goals. The results demonstrate that hydrogen could serve as an excellent longterm energy storage option to address energy shortages during the winter. Different combinations and sizes of energy generation and storage technologies are selected based on the characteristics of each community. For instance a community in the northern territories with high wind speeds low solar radiation extremely low temperatures and limited biomass resources should optimally rely on wind turbines to meet 80.7% of its total energy demand resulting in a 62.0% cost reduction and a 49.5% decrease in environmental impact compared to the existing diesel-based system. By 2050 all communities are projected to reduce energy costs per capita with northern territories achieving 33% and coastal areas achieving 55% cost reductions eventually leading to the utilization of hydrogen as the main energy storage medium.

Climate policy will inevitably lead to the stranding of fossil energy assets such as production and transport assets for coal oil and natural gas. Resourcerich developing countries are particularly aected as they have a higher risk of asset stranding due to strong fossil dependencies and wider societal consequences beyond revenue disruption. However there is only little academic and political awareness of the challenge to manage the asset stranding in these countries as research on transition risk like asset stranding is still in its infancy. We provide a research framework to identify wider societal consequences of fossil asset stranding. We apply it to a case study of Nigeria. Analyzing dierent policy measures we argue that compensation payments come with implementation challenges. Instead of one policy alone to address asset stranding a problem-oriented mix of policies is needed. Renewable hydrogen and just energy transition partnerships can be a contribution to economic development and SDGs. However they can only unfold their potential if fair benefit sharing and an improvement to the typical institutional problems in resource-rich countries such as the lack of rule of law are achieved. We conclude with presenting a future research agenda for the global community and acade

The type IV hydrogen storage tank with a polymer liner is a promising storage solution for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The polymer liner reduces the weight and improves the storage density of tanks. However hydrogen commonly permeates through the liner especially at high pressure. If there is rapid decompression damage may occur due to the internal hydrogen concentration as the concentration inside creates the pressure difference. Thus a comprehensive understanding of the decompression damage is significant for the development of a suitable liner material and the commercialization of the type IV hydrogen storage tank. This study discusses the decompression damage mechanism of the polymer liner which includes damage characterizations and evaluations influential factors and damage prediction. Finally some future research directions are proposed to further investigate and optimize tanks.

CO2 emission reduction of sectors such as aviation maritime shipping road haulage and chemical production is challenging but necessary. Although these sectors will most likely continue to rely on carbonaceous energy carriers they are expected to gradually shift away from fossil fuels. In order to do so the prominent option is to utilize alternative carbon sources—like biomass and CO2 originating from carbon capture—for the production of non-fossil carbonaceous vectors (biofuels and e-fuels). However the limited availability of biomass and the varying nature of other carbon sources necessitate a comprehensive evaluation of trade-offs between potential carbon uses and existing sources. Then it is primordial to understand the origin of carbon used in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to understand the implications of defossilizing aviation for the energy system. Moreover the production of SAF implies deep changes to the energy system that are quantified in this work. This study utilizes the linear programming cost optimization tool EnergyScope TD to analyze the holistic French energy system encompassing transport industry electricity and heat sectors while ensuring net greenhouse gas neutrality. A novel method to model and quantify carbon flows within the system is introduced enabling a comprehensive assessment of greenhouse gas neutrality. This study highlights the significance of fulfilling clean energy requirements and implementing carbon dioxide removal measures as crucial steps toward achieving climate neutrality. Indeed to reach climate neutrality a production of 1046 TWh of electricity by non-fossil sources is needed. Furthermore the findings underscore the critical role of efficient carbon and energy valorization from biomass providing evidence that producing fuels by combining biomass and hydrogen is optimal. The study also offers valuable insights into the future cost and impact of SAF production for air travel originating from France. That is the European law ReFuelEU would increase the price of plane tickets by +33% and would require 126 TWh of hydrogen and 50 TWh of biomass to produce the necessary 91 TWh of jet fuel. Finally the implications of the assumption behind the production of SAF are discussed.

This study investigates the feasibility of using green hydrogen technology produced via Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis powered by a 200 MW wind farm for a commercial Greenhouse in Ontario Canada. Nine different scenarios are analyzed exploring various approaches to hydrogen (H2) production transportation and utilization for electricity generation. The aim is to transition from using natural gas to using varying combinations of H2 and natural gas that include 10 % 20 % and 100 % of H2 with 90 % 80 % and 0 % of natural gas to generate 13.3 MW from Combined Heat and Power (CHP) engines. The techno-economic parameters considered for the study are the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) payback period (PBT) internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback period (DPB). The study found that a 10 % H2-Natural Gas blend using existing wired or transmission line (W-10H2) with 5 days of storage capacity and 2190 h of CHP operation per year had the lowest cost with a LCOH of USD 3.69/kg. However 100 % of H2 using existing wired or transmission line (W-100H2) with the same storage and operation hours revealed better PBT IRR and DPB with values of 6.205 years 15.16 % and 7.993 years respectively. It was found impractical to build a new pipeline or transport H2 via tube trailer from wind farm site to greenhouse. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to understand what factors affect the LCOH value the most.

As a subdivision of the hydrogen energy application field ship-borne hydrogen fuel cell systems have certain differences from vehicle or other application scenarios in terms of their structural type safety environmental adaptability and test verification. The connection method of the ship-borne hydrogen storage cylinder (SHSC) is very important for the hydrogen fuel cell ship and the structural parameters of the SHSC are particularly important in the hydrogen refueling process. To ensure the safe and reliable operation of the hydrogen-powered ship research on the filling of the SHSC under different connection modes was carried out during refueling. In our study a thermal flow physical model of the SHSC was established to research the hydrogen refueling process of the series and parallel SHSCs. The influence of series and parallel modes of the SHSCs on the hydrogen refueling process was explored and the evolution law of the internal flow field pressure and temperature of series and parallel SHSCs under different filling parameters was analyzed by numerical simulation. Our results confirmed the superiority of the parallel modular approach in terms of thermal safety during refueling. The results can supply a technical basis for the future development of hydrogen refueling stations and ship-board hydrogenation control algorithms.

Ammonia is a promising hydrogen carrier for enabling the efficient transport of hydrogen as observed by the many hydrogen transport projects using ammonia. For the clean energy future understanding environmental impacts of the transport system is important. This study conducts life cycle assessment (LCA) for the marine transport of renewable hydrogen using ammonia as the hydrogen carrier. The LCA considered renewable hydrogen produced from four systems; wind-powered electrolysis gasification of forest residue anaerobic digestion of food waste and landfill gas reforming; followed by Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis using the renewable hydrogen and nitrogen produced from air separation. The ammonia was then transported 11000 km by sea to a destination facility where it was decomposed using either Ru or Ni catalysts to obtain hydrogen. Among the four hydrogen transport systems operated with renewable energy electrolysis-hydrogen system presented the highest global warming impact of 3.31 kg CO2 eq/kg H2 due to electricity use for the electrolysis whereas simpler processes based on a landfill gas system led to the lowest impact of 2.27 kg CO2 eq/kg H2. Process energy consumption was the major contributor to global warming impact with 27%–49.2% of contri bution. The consumption of metals and energy during wind turbine construction resulted in the most significant impact in six out of 12 midpoint impact categories for the electrolysis-hydrogen system which also led to the highest endpoint impacts. The endpoint impacts of the four systems were in the order of electrolysis > food waste > forest residue > landfill gas (from high to low) for both endpoint human health and ecosystems impacts. Ammonia decomposition using Ru catalysts exhibited slightly lower global warming impact than Ni catalysts while final purification of hydrogen by vanadium membrane presented 4.8% lower impacts than the purification by pressure swing adsorption. Large-scale hydrogen supply chains can be achieved by technological improve ment and support of policies and financial schemes.

Transitioning from carbon-intensive steam methane reforming to low-carbon hydrogen production is essential for decarbonizing the European industrial sector. However the employment impact of such a transition remains unclear. Here we estimate the effects using a transition pathways optimization model and industrial survey data. The results show that an electrolysis-based hydrogen sector transition would create 40000 jobs in the hydrogen sector by 2050. However these jobs are not equally distributed with Western Europe hosting the largest share (40%) and 20% of current hydrogen-producing regions experiencing net job decreases. Even after accounting for renewable energy jobs created by electrolysis-driven electricity demand growth the 2050 low-carbon hydrogen workforce would provide only 10% of the jobs currently offered by European fossil fuel production. Numerous uncertainties and regional development inequities suggest the need for sector-diversified workforce transition plans and training programs to foster skills suited to multiple low-carbon opportunities.

Mobility has been a prominent target for proponents of the hydrogen economy. Given the complexities involved in the mobility value chain actors hoping to participate in this nascent market must overcome a range of challenges relating to the availability of vehicles the co-procurement of supporting infrastructure a favourable regulatory environment and a supportive community among others. In this paper we present a state-of-play account of the nascent hydrogen mobility market in Victoria Australia drawing on data from a workshop (N ¼ 15) and follow-up interviews (n ¼ 10). We interpret findings through a socio-technical framework to understand the ways in which fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)dand hydrogen technologies more generallydare conceptualised by different stakeholder groups and how these conceptualisations mediate engagement in this unfolding market. Findings reveal prevailing efforts to make sense of the FCEV market during a period of considerable institutional ambiguity. Discourses embed particular worldviews of FCEV technologies themselves in addition to the envisioned roles the resultant products and services will play in broader environmental and energy transition narratives. Efforts to bring together stakeholders representing different areas of the FCEV market should be seen as important enablers of success for market participants.