Netherlands
Combined Effects of Stress and Temperature on Hydrogen Diffusion in Non-hydride Forming Alloys Applied in Gas Turbines
Jul 2022
Publication
Hydrogen plays a vital role in the utilisation of renewable energy but ingress and diffusion of hydrogen in a gas turbine can induce hydrogen embrittlement on its metallic components. This paper aims to investigate the hydrogen transport in a non-hydride forming alloy such as Alloy 690 used in gas turbines inspired by service conditions of turbine blades i.e. under the combined effects of stress and temperature. An appropriate hydrogen transport equation is f Read More
The Role of Hydrogen in Heavy Transport to Operate within Planetary Boundaries
Jul 2021
Publication
Green hydrogen i.e. produced from renewable resources is attracting attention as an alternative fuel for the future of heavy road transport and long-distance driving. However the benefits linked to zero pollution at the usage stage can be overturned when considering the upstream processes linked to the raw materials and energy requirements. To better understand the global environmental implications of fuelling heavy transport with hydrogen we qua Read More
Islanded Ammonia Power Systems: Technology Review & Conceptual Process Design
Aug 2019
Publication
Recent advances in technologies for the decentralized islanded ammonia economy are reviewed with an emphasis on feasibility for long-term practical implementation. The emphasis in this review is on storage systems in the size range of 1–10 MW. Alternatives for hydrogen production nitrogen production ammonia synthesis ammonia separation ammonia storage and ammonia combustion are compared and evaluated. A conceptual process design Read More
Assessing Damaged Pipelines Transporting Hydrogen
Jun 2022
Publication
There is worldwide interest in transporting hydrogen using both new pipelines and pipelines converted from natural gas service. Laboratory tests investigating the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of pipeline steels have shown that even low partial pressures of hydrogen can substantially reduce properties such as reduction in area and fracture toughness and increase fatigue crack growth rates. However qualitative arguments suggest that Read More
Vision for a European Metrology Network for Energy Gases
Mar 2022
Publication
As Europe moves towards decarbonising its energy infrastructure new measurement needs will arise that require collaborative efforts between European National Metrology Institutes and Designated Institutes to tackle. Such measurement needs include flow metering of hydrogen or hydrogen enriched natural gas in the gas grid for billing quality assurance of hydrogen at refuelling stations and equations of state for carbon dioxide in carbon capture and s Read More
Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics
Feb 2021
Publication
Ammonia a molecule that is gaining more interest as a fueling vector has been considered as a candidate to power transport produce energy and support heating applications for decades. However the particular characteristics of the molecule always made it a chemical with low if any benefit once compared to conventional fossil fuels. Still the current need to decarbonize our economy makes the search of new methods crucial to use chemicals such as a Read More
Economic Complexity of Green Hydrogen Production Technologies - A Trade Data-based Analysis of Country-sepcific Industrial Preconditions
May 2023
Publication
Countries with high energy demand but limited renewable energy potential are planning to meet part of their future energy needs by importing green hydrogen. For potential exporting countries in addition to sufficient renewable resources industrial preconditions are also relevant for the successful implementation of green hydrogen production value chains. A list of 36 “Green H2 Products” needed for stand-alone hydrogen production plants Read More
Design of Gravimetric Primary Standards for Field-testing of Hydrogen Refuelling Stations
Apr 2020
Publication
The Federal Institute of Metrology METAS developed a Hydrogen Field Test Standard (HFTS) that can be used for field verification and calibration of hydrogen refuelling stations. The testing method is based on the gravimetric principle. The experimental design of the HFTS as well as the description of the method are presented here.
Renewable Hydrogen Production: A Techno-economic Comparison of Photoelectrochemical Cells and Photovoltaic-electrolysis
Aug 2020
Publication
The present paper reports a techno-economic analysis of two solar assisted hydrogen production technologies: a photoelectrochemical (PEC) system and its major competitor a photovoltaic system connected to a conventional water electrolyzer (PV-E system). A comparison between these two types was performed to identify the more promising technology based on the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The technical evaluation was carried out by Read More
Modelling and Evaluation of PEM Hydrogen Technologies for Frequency Ancillary Services in Future Multi-energy Sustainable Power Systems
Mar 2019
Publication
This paper examines the prospect of PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolyzers and fuel cells to partake in European electrical ancillary services markets. First the current framework of ancillary services is reviewed and discussed emphasizing the ongoing European harmonization plans for future frequency balancing markets. Next the technical characteristics of PEM hydrogen technologies and their potential uses within the electrical power Read More
Review and Survey of Methods for Analysis of Impurities in Hydrogen for Fuel Cell Vehicles According to ISO 14687:2019
Feb 2021
Publication
Gaseous hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles must meet quality standards such as ISO 14687:2019 which contains maximal control thresholds for several impurities which could damage the fuel cells or the infrastructure. A review of analytical techniques for impurities analysis has already been carried out by Murugan et al. in 2014. Similarly this document intends to review the sampling of hydrogen and the available analytical methods together with a s Read More
Carbon Capture and Biomass in Industry: A Techno-economic Analysis and Comparison of Negative Emission Options
Apr 2021
Publication
Meeting the Paris Agreement will most likely require the combination of CO2 capture and biomass in the industrial sector resulting in net negative emissions. CO2 capture within the industry has been extensively investigated. However biomass options have been poorly explored with literature alluding to technical and economic barriers. In addition a lack of consistency among studies makes comparing the performance of CO2 capture and/or biomass use be Read More
Exploring the Possibility of Using Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell for the Flexible Coproduction of Hydrogen and Power
Sep 2021
Publication
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that are conventionally used to convert the chemical energy of fuels into electricity while producing heat as a byproduct. High temperature fuel cells such as molten carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells produce significant amounts of heat that can be used for internal reforming of fuels such as natural gas to produce gas mixtures which are rich in hydrogen while also producing electricity. This opens up t Read More
International Competitiveness of Low-carbon Hydrogen Supply to the Northwest European Market
Oct 2022
Publication
This paper analyses which sources of low-carbon hydrogen for the Northwest European market are most competitive taking into account costs of local production conversion and transport. Production costs of electrolysis are strongly affected by local renewable electricity costs and capacity factors. Transport costs are the lowest by pipelines for distances under 10000 km with costs linearly increasing with distance. For larger distances transport as amm Read More
High Technical and Temporal Resolution Integrated Energy System Modelling of Industrial Decarbonisation
Aug 2022
Publication
Owing to the complexity of the sector industrial activities are often represented with limited technological resolution in integrated energy system models. In this study we enriched the technological description of industrial activities in the integrated energy system analysis optimisation (IESA-Opt) model a peer-reviewed energy system optimisation model that can simultaneously provide optimal capacity planning for the hourly operation of all integrated s Read More
Reduction Kinetics of Hematite Powder in Hydrogen Atmosphere at Moderate Temperatures
Sep 2018
Publication
Hydrogen has received much attention in the development of direct reduction of iron ores because hydrogen metallurgy is one of the effective methods to reduce CO2 emission in the iron and steel industry. In this study the kinetic mechanism of reduction of hematite particles was studied in a hydrogen atmosphere. The phases and morphological transformation of hematite during the reduction were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scann Read More
Optimization of Small-Scale Hydrogen Production with Membrane Reactors
Mar 2023
Publication
In the pathway towards decarbonization hydrogen can provide valid support in different sectors such as transportation iron and steel industries and domestic heating concurrently reducing air pollution. Thanks to its versatility hydrogen can be produced in different ways among which steam reforming of natural gas is still the most commonly used method. Today less than 0.7% of global hydrogen production can be considered low-carbon-emission. Among the Read More
An Economic and Greenhouse Gas Footprint Assessment of International Maritime Transportation of Hydrogen Using Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers
Apr 2023
Publication
The supply storage and (international) transport of green hydrogen (H2) are essential for the decarbonization of the energy sector. The goal of this study was to assess the final cost-price and carbon footprint of imported green H2 in the market via maritime shipping of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) including dibenzyl toluene-perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (DBTPDBT) and toluene-methylcyclohexane (TOL-MCH) systems. The study focused on logistic Read More
An Approach for Sizing a PV-battery-electrolyzer-fuel cell Energy System: A Cast Study at a Field Lab
May 2023
Publication
Hydrogen is becoming increasingly popular as a clean secure and affordable energy source for the future. This study develops an approach for designing a PV–battery–electrolyzer–fuel cell energy system that utilizes hydrogen as a long-term storage medium and battery as a short-term storage medium. The system is designed to supply load demand primarily through direct electricity generation in the summer and indirect electricity generation through Read More
Lessons Learned from Large Scale Hydrogen Production Project
Sep 2023
Publication
In August 2022 Shell started construction of Holland Hydrogen I (HH I) a 200 MW electrolyser plant in the port of Rotterdam’s industrial zone on Maasvlakte II in the Netherlands. HH I will produce up to 60000 kg of renewable hydrogen per day. The development and demonstration of a safe layout and plant design had been challenging due to ambitious HH I project premises many technical novelties common uncertainties in hydrogen leak effect prediction a Read More
Hydrogen Fuel Quality from Two Main Production Processes: Steam Methane Reforming and Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
Oct 2019
Publication
Thomas Bacquart,
Karine Arrhenius,
Stefan Persijn,
Andrés Rojo,
Fabien Auprêtre,
Bruno Gozlan,
Abigail Morris,
Andreas Fischer,
Arul Murugan,
Sam Bartlett,
Niamh Moore,
Guillaume Doucet,
François Laridant,
Eric Gernot,
Teresa E. Fernandez,
Concepcion Gomez,
Martine Carré,
Guy De Reals and
Frédérique Haloua
The absence of contaminants in the hydrogen delivered at the hydrogen refuelling station is critical to ensure the length life of FCEV. Hydrogen quality has to be ensured according to the two international standards ISO 14687–2:2012 and ISO/DIS 19880-8. Amount fraction of contaminants from the two hydrogen production processes steam methane reforming and PEM water electrolyser is not clearly documented. Twenty five different hydrogen samples w Read More
Modelling of Hydrogen-blended Dual-fuel Combustion using Flamelet-generated Manifold and Preferential Diffusion Effects
Oct 2022
Publication
In the present study Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations together with a novel flamelet generated manifold (FGM) hybrid combustion model incorporating preferential diffusion effects is utilised for the investigation of a hydrogen-blended diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engine combustion process with high hydrogen energy share. The FGM hybrid combustion model was developed by coupling laminar flamelet databases obtained from diffusion fl Read More
Performance Analysis of a Stand-alone Integrated Solar Hydrogen Energy System for Zero Energy Buildings
Oct 2022
Publication
This study analyzes the optimal sizing design of a stand-alone solar hydrogen hybrid energy system for a house in Afyon Turkey. The house is not connected to the grid and the proposed hybrid system meets all its energy demands; therefore it is considered a zero-energy building. The designed system guarantees uninterrupted and reliable power throughout the year. Since the reliability of the power supply is crucial for the house optimal sizing of the compo Read More
Opportunities for Production and Utilization of Green Hydrogen in the Philippines
Jun 2021
Publication
The Philippines is exploring different alternative sources of energy to become energy-independent while significantly reducing the country’s greenhouse gas emissions. Green hydrogen from renewable energy is one of the most sustainable alternatives with its application as an energy carrier and as a source of clean and sustainable energy as well as raw material for various industrial processes. As a preliminary study in the country this paper aims to expl Read More
Economic Feasibility of Green Hydrogen in Providing Flexibility to Medium-voltage Distribution Grids in the Presence of Local-heat Systems
Nov 2022
Publication
The recent strong increase in the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in medium-voltage distribution grids (MVDNs) has raised the need for congestion management in such grids as they were not designed for this new condition. This paper examines to what extent producing green hydrogen through electrolyzers can profitably contribute to congestion alleviation in MVDNs in the presence of high amounts of RES as well as flexible consu Read More
The Effects of Fuel Type and Cathode Off-gas Recirculation on Combined Heat and Power Generation of Marine SOFC Systems
Dec 2022
Publication
An increasing demand in the marine industry to reduce emissions led to investigations into more efficient power conversion using fuels with sustainable production pathways. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are under consideration for long-range shipping because of its high efficiency low pollutant emissions and fuel flexibility. SOFC systems also have great potential to cater for the heat demand in ships but the heat integration is not often considered when Read More
Moving Toward the Low-carbon Hydrogen Economy: Experiences and Key Learnings from National Case Studies
Sep 2022
Publication
The urgency to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2050 as first presented by the IPCC special report on 1.5°C Global Warming has spurred renewed interest in hydrogen to complement electrification for widespread decarbonization of the economy. We present reflections on estimates of future hydrogen demand optimization of infrastructure for hydrogen production transport and storage development of viable business cases and environ Read More
Critical Parameters Controlling Wettability in Hydrogen Underground Storage - An Analytical Study
Sep 2022
Publication
Hypothesis.The large-scale implementation of hydrogen economy requires immense storage spaces to facilitate the periodic storage/production cycles. Extensive modelling of hydrogen transport in porous media is required to comprehend the hydrogen-induced complexities prior to storage to avoid energy loss. Wettability of hydrogen-brine-rock systems influence flow properties (e.g. capillary pressure and relative permeability curves) and the residu Read More
Paving the Way: Analysing Energy Transition Pathways and Green Hydrogen Exports in Developing Countries - The Case of Algeria
Apr 2024
Publication
The measures needed to limit global warming pose a particular challenge to current fossil fuel exporters who must not only decarbonise their local energy systems but also compensate for the expected decline in fossil fuel revenues. One possibility is seen in the export of green hydrogen. Using Algeria as a case study this paper analyses how different levels of ambition in hydrogen exports energy efficiency and fuel switching affect the costoptimal expansio Read More
Carbon Footprint of Hydrogen-powered Inland Shipping: Impacts and Hotspots
Aug 2023
Publication
The shipping sector is facing increasing pressure to implement clean fuels and drivetrains. Especially hydrogen fuel cell drivetrains seem attractive. Although several studies have been conducted to assess the carbon footprint of hydrogen and its application in ships their results remain hard to interpret and compare. Namely it is necessary to include a variety of drivetrain solutions and different studies are based on various assumptions and are expres Read More
Enabling Industrial Decarbonization: A MILP Optimization Model for Low-carbon Hydrogen Supply Chains
Jun 2024
Publication
This study develops a an optimization model focused on the layout and dispatch of a low-carbon hydrogen supply chain. The objective is to identify the lowest Levelized Cost of Hydrogen for a given demand. The model considers various elements including electricity supply from the local grid and renewable sources (photovoltaic and wind) alongside hydrogen production compression storage and transportation to end users. Applied to an industrial case study in Read More
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Offshore Energy System Integration in the North Sea: A Systematic Literature Review
Oct 2023
Publication
To facilitate the rapid and large-scale developments of offshore wind energy scholars policymakers and infrastructure developers must start considering its integration into the larger onshore energy system. Such offshore system integration is defined as the coordinated approach to planning and operation of energy generation transport and storage in the offshore energy system across multiple energy carriers and sectors. This article conducts a syste Read More
Simulation and Analysis of Hybrid Hydrogen-battery Renewable Energy Storage for Off-electric-grid Dutch Household System
May 2024
Publication
The intermittency of renewable energy technologies requires adequate storage technologies. Hydrogen systems consisting of electrolysers storage tanks and fuel cells can be implemented as well as batteries. The requirements of the hydrogen purification unit is missing from literature. We measured the same for a 4.5 kW PEM electrolyser to be 0.8 kW for 10 min. A simulation to hybridize the hydrogen system including its purification unit with lithium-ion batte Read More
Green Hydrogen for Ammonia Production - A Case for the Netherlands
Jul 2023
Publication
An integrated system is studied to supply green hydrogen feedstock for ammonia production in the Netherlands. The system is modeled to compare wind and solar resources when coupled to Alkaline Electrolysis (AEL) and Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis (PEMEL) technologies with a compressed hydrogen storage system. The nominal installed capacity of the electrolysis plant is around 2.3 GW with the most suitable energy source offshore Read More
Impact of Experimentally Measured Relative Permeability Hysteresis on Reservoir-scale Performance of Undergound Hydrogen Storage (UHS)
Jan 2024
Publication
Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) is an emerging large-scale energy storage technology. Researchers are investigating its feasibility and performance including its injectivity productivity and storage capacity through numerical simulations. However several ad-hoc relative permeability and capillary pressure functions have been used in the literature with no direct link to the underlying physics of the hydrogen storage and production process. Recent rel Read More
Electrocatalysts for the Generation of Hydrogen, Oxygen and Synthesis Gas
Sep 2016
Publication
Water electrolysis is the most promising method for efficient production of high purity hydrogen (and oxygen) while the required power input for the electrolysis process can be provided by renewable sources (e.g. solar or wind). The thus produced hydrogen can be used either directly as a fuel or as a reducing agent in chemical processes such as in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Water splitting can be realized both at low temperatures (typically belo Read More
Multi-option Analytical Modeling of Levelised Costs Across Various Hydrogen Supply Chain Nodes
May 2024
Publication
Hydrogen is envisioned to become a fundamental energy vector for the decarbonization of energy systems. Two key factors that will define the success of hydrogen are its sustainability and competitiveness with alternative solutions. One of the many challenges for the proliferation of hydrogen is the creation of a sustainable supply chain. In this study a methodology aimed at assessing the economic feasibility of holistic hydrogen supply chains is developed Read More
The Effect of Defueling Rate on the Temperature Evolution of On-board Hydrogen Tanks
Jul 2015
Publication
During the driving of a fuel cell car the expansion of the hydrogen along the emptying of the high pressure storage tank produces a cooling of the gas. The hydrogen vessel can experience a fast depressurization during acceleration or under an emergency release. This can result on the one hand in exceeding the low safety temperature limit of 40 C inside the on-board compressed hydrogen tank and on the other hand in the cooling of its walls. In the presen Read More
Electricity Supply Configurations for Green Hydrogen Hubs: A European Case Study on Decarbonizing Urban Transport
Aug 2024
Publication
In this study a techno-economic analysis tool for conducting detailed feasibility studies on the deployment of green hydrogen hubs for fuel cell bus fleets is developed. The study evaluates and compares five green hydrogen hub configurations’ operational and economic performance under a typical metropolitan bus fleet refuelling schedule. Each configuration differs based on its electricity sourcing characteristics such as the mix of energy sources capacity Read More
Life Cycle Assessments Use in Hydrogen-related Policies: The Case for a Harmonized Methodology Addressing Multifunctionality
May 2024
Publication
Legislation regulating the sustainability requirements for hydrogen technologies relies more and more on life cycle assessments (LCAs). Due to different scopes and development processes different pieces of EU legislation refer to different LCA methodologies with differences in the way multifunctional processes (i.e. co-productions recycling and energy recovery) are treated. These inconsistencies arise because incentive mechanisms are not sta Read More
Comprehensive Review of Geomechanics of Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Reservoirs and Salt Caverns
Sep 2023
Publication
Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier for a low-carbon future energy system as it can be stored on a megaton scale (equivalent to TWh of energy) in subsurface reservoirs. However safe and efficient underground hydrogen storage requires a thorough understanding of the geomechanics of the host rock under fluid pressure fluctuations. In this context we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding geomechanics relevant to carbon dioxid Read More
Multiperiod Modeling and Optimization of Hydrogen-Based Dense Energy Carrier Supply Chains
Feb 2024
Publication
The production of hydrogen-based dense energy carriers (DECs) has been proposed as a combined solution for the storage and dispatch of power generated through intermittent renewables. Frameworks that model and optimize the production storage and dispatch of generated energy are important for data-driven decision making in the energy systems space. The proposed multiperiod framework considers the evolution of technology costs under diffe Read More
Stakeholder Perspectives on the Scale-up of Green Hydrogen and Electrolyzers
Nov 2023
Publication
Green hydrogen is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. However current production capacities for electrolyzers and green hydrogen are not in line with national political goals and projected demand. Considering these issues we conducted semi-structured interviews to determine the narratives of different stakeholders during this transformation as well as challenges and opportunities for the green hydrogen value chain. We interviewed eight experts Read More
Hazard Identification of Hydrogen-Based Alternative Fuels Onboard Ships
Dec 2023
Publication
It is essential to use alternative fuels if we are to reach the emission reduction targets set by the IMO. Hydrogen carriers are classified as zero-emission while having a higher energy density (including packing factor) than pure hydrogen. They are often considered as safe alternative fuels. The exact definition of what safety entails is often lacking both for hydrogen carriers as well as for ship safety. The aim of this study is to review the safety of hydrogen c Read More
Lifetime Design, Operation, and Cost Analysis for the Energy System of a Retrofitted Cargo Vessel with Fuel Cells and Batteries
Oct 2024
Publication
Fuel cell-battery electric drivetrains are attractive alternatives to reduce the shipping emissions. This research focuses on emission-free cargo vessels and provides insight on the design lifetime operation and costs of hydrogen-hybrid systems which require further research for increased utilization. A representative round trip is created by analysing one-year operational data based on load ramps and power frequency. A low-pass filter controller Read More
Techno-economic Analysis of Underground Hydrogen Storage in Europe
Dec 2023
Publication
Hydrogen storage is crucial to developing secure renewable energy systems to meet the European Union’s 2050 carbon neutrality objectives. However a knowledge gap exists concerning the site-specific performance and economic viability of utilizing underground gas storage (UGS) sites for hydrogen storage in Europe. We compile information on European UGS sites to assess potential hydrogen storage capacity and evaluate the associated current and Read More
Impact on Canadian Residential End Use Appliances with the Introduction of Hydrogen into the Natural Gas Stream - An Application
Sep 2023
Publication
Canada’s commitment to be net-zero by 2050 combined with ATCO’s own Environmental Social and Governance goals has led ATCO to pursue hydrogen blending within the existing natural gas system to reduce CO2 emissions while continuing to provide safe reliable energy service to customers. Utilization of hydrogen in the distribution system is the least-cost alternative for decarbonizing the heating loads in jurisdictions like Alberta where harsh winter Read More
The Future Role of Offshore Renewable Energy Technologies in the North Sea Energy System
Jul 2024
Publication
Offshore renewables are expected to play a significant role in achieving the ambitious emission targets set by the North Sea countries. Among other factors energy technology costs and their cost reduction potential determine their future role in the energy system. While fixed-bottom offshore wind is well-established and competitive in this region generation costs of other emerging offshore renewable technologies remain high. Hence it is vital to bet Read More
Towards Renewable Hydrogen-based Electrolysis: Alkaline vs Proton Exchange Membrane
Jul 2023
Publication
This paper focuses on the battle for a dominant design for renewable hydrogen electrolysis in which the designs alkaline and proton exchange membrane compete for dominance. First a literature review is performed to determine the most relevant factors that influence technology dominance. Following that a Best Worst Method analysis is conducted by interviewing multiple industry experts. The most important factors appear to be: Price Safety Energy c Read More
Impact of Large-scale Hydrogen Electrification and Retrofitting of Natural Gas Infrastructure on the European Power System
Nov 2023
Publication
In this paper we aim to analyse the impact of hydrogen production decarbonisation and electrification scenarios on the infrastructure development generation mix CO2 emissions and system costs of the European power system considering the retrofit of the natural gas infrastructure. We define a reference scenario for the European power system in 2050 and use scenario variants to obtain additional insights by breaking down the effects of Read More
Modelling of Hydrogen Dispersion with Effects
Sep 2023
Publication
The paper shows the latest developments of Gexcon’s consequence modelling software EFFECTS with validation based on hydrogen experimental data for different storage conditions and scenarios including liquid hydrogen two-phase jet releases. The effect of atmospheric turbulence on the dispersion and potential worst-case scenarios of hydrogen which are very different from heavy gas releases are discussed. Beside validation for gaseous hydroge Read More
A Novel Sustainable Approach for Site Selection of Underground Hydrogen Storage in Poland Using Deep Learning
Jul 2024
Publication
This research investigates the potential of using bedded salt formations for underground hydrogen storage. We present a novel artificial intelligence framework that employs spatial data analysis and multi-criteria decision-making to pinpoint the most appropriate sites for hydrogen storage in salt caverns. This methodology incorporates a comprehensive platform enhanced by a deep learning algorithm specifically a convolutional neural network (CN Read More
Charting the Course: Navigating Decarbonisation Pathways in Greece, Germany, The Netherlands, and Spain’s Industrial Sectors
Jul 2024
Publication
In the quest for a sustainable future energy-intensive industries (EIIs) stand at the forefront of Europe’s decarbonisation mission. Despite their significant emissions footprint the path to comprehensive decarbonisation remains elusive at EU and national levels. This study scrutinises key sectors such as non-ferrous metals steel cement lime chemicals fertilisers ceramics and glass. It maps out their current environmental impact and potential for mitiga Read More
Hydrogen Sampling Systems Adapted to Heavy-duty Refuelling Stations' Current and Future Specifications - A Review
Sep 2024
Publication
To meet the new regulation for the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure which sets targets for electric recharging and hydrogen refuelling infrastructure by 2025 or 2030 a large infrastructure comprising trucksuitable hydrogen refuelling stations will soon be required. However further standardisation is required to support the uptake of hydrogen for heavy-duty transport for Europe’s green energy future. Hydrogen-powered vehi Read More
Intensification of Hydrogen Production: Pd–Ag Membrane on Tailored Hastelloy-X Filter for Membrane-Assisted Steam Methane Reforming
Dec 2023
Publication
H2 production via membrane-assisted steam methane reforming (MA-SMR) can ensure higher energy efficiency and lower emissions compared to conventional reforming processes (SMR). Ceramic-supported Pd–Ag membranes have been extensively investigated for membrane-assisted steam methane reforming applications with outstanding performance. However costs sealings for integration in the reactor structure and resistance to solicitation Read More
Meeting the Challenges of Large-scale Carbon Storage and Hydrogen Production
Mar 2023
Publication
There is a pressing need to rapidly and massively scale up negative carbon strategies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS). At the same time large-scale CCS can enable ramp-up of large-scale hydrogen production a key component of decarbonized energy systems. We argue here that the safest and most practical strategy for dramatically increasing CO2 storage in the subsurface is to focus on regions where there are multiple partially deplete Read More
A Systematic Review of Predictive, Optimization, and Smart Control Strategies for Hydrogen-based Building Heating Systems
Nov 2024
Publication
The use of energy in the built environment contributes to over one-third of the world’s carbon emissions. To reduce that effect two primary solutions can be adopted i.e. (i) renovation of old buildings and (ii) increasing the renewable energy penetration. This review paper focuses on the latter. Renewable energy sources typically have an intermittent nature. In other words it is not guaranteed that these sources can be harnessed on demand. Thus complem Read More
Analysing the Prospects of Grid-connected Green Hydrogen Production in Predominantly Fossil-based Countries - A Case Study of South Africa
Aug 2024
Publication
Importing substantial amount of green hydrogen from countries like South Africa which have abundant solar and wind potentials to replace fossil fuels has attracted interest in developed regions. This study analyses South African strategies for improving and decarbonizing the power sector while also producing hydrogen for export. These strategies include the Integrated Resource Plan the Transmission Development Plan Just Energy Transition and Hydrog Read More
Can an Energy Only Market Enable Resource Adequacy in a Decarbonized Power System? A Co-simulation with Two Agent-based-models
Feb 2024
Publication
Future power systems in which generation will come almost entirely from variable Renewable Energy Sources (vRES) will be characterized by weather-driven supply and flexible demand. In a simulation of the future Dutch power system we analyze whether there are sufficient incentives for market-driven investors to provide a sufficient level of security of supply considering the profit-seeking and myopic behavior of investors. We cosimulate two agent-based Read More
Flame Stabilization and Blow-off of Ultra-Lean H2-Air Premixed Flames
Apr 2021
Publication
The manner in which an ultra-lean hydrogen flame stabilizes and blows off is crucial for the understanding and design of safe and efficient combustion devices. In this study we use experiments and numerical simulations for pure H2-air flames stabilized behind a cylindrical bluff body to reveal the underlying physics that make such flames stable and eventually blow-off. Results from CFD simulations are used to investigate the role of stretch and prefere Read More
Green Hydrogen Techno-economic Assessments from Simulated and Measured Solar Photovoltaic Power Profiles
Nov 2024
Publication
Studies estimating the production cost of hydrogen-based fuels known as e-fuels often use renewable power profile time series obtained from open-source simulation tools that rely on meteorological reanalysis and satellite data such as Renewables.ninja or PVGIS. These simulated time series contain errors compared to real on-site measured data which are reflected in e-fuels cost estimates plant design and operational performance increasing the ris Read More
Impact of Capillary Pressure Hysteresis and Injection-withdrawal Scehemes on Performance of Underground Hydrogen Storage
Oct 2023
Publication
Underground hydrogen storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers has been proposed as a potential long-term solution to storing intermittently produced renewable electricity as the subsurface formations provide secure and large storage space. Various phenomena can lead to hydrogen loss in subsurface systems with the key cause being the trapping especially during the withdrawal cycle. Capillary trapping in particular is strongly related Read More
Contact Angle Measurement for Hydrogen/Brine/Sandstone System Using Captive-Bubble Method Relevant for Underground Hydrogen Storage
May 2021
Publication
Subsurface porous formations provide large capacities for underground hydrogen storage (UHS). Successful utilization of these porous reservoirs for UHS depends on accurate quantification of the hydrogen transport characteristics at continuum (macro) scale specially in contact with other reservoir fluids. Relative-permeability and capillary-pressure curves are among the macro-scale transport characteristics which play crucial roles in quantification Read More
Integration of Water Electrolysis Facilities in Power Grids: A Case Study in Northern Germany
Mar 2022
Publication
This work presents a study of the effects that integration of electrolysis facilities for Power-to-X processes have on the power grid. The novel simulation setup combines a high-resolution grid optimization model and a detailed scheduling model for alkaline water electrolysis. The utilization and congestion of power lines in northern Germany is investigated by setting different installed capacities and production strategies of the electrolysis facility. For electrolysi Read More
Seasonal Hydrogen Storage Decisions Under Constrained Electricity Distribution Capacity
Jun 2022
Publication
We consider a profit-maximizing renewable energy producer operating in a rural area with limited electricity distribution capacity to the grid. While maximizing profits the energy producer is responsible for the electricity supply of a local community that aims to be self-sufficient. Energy storage is required to deal with the energy productions' uncertain and intermittent character. A promising new solution is to use strategic hydrogen reserves. This pro Read More
Profitability of Hydrogen Production: Assessment of Investments in Electrolyser Under Various Market Circumstances
Aug 2024
Publication
Although hydrogen is increasingly seen as a crucial energy carrier in future zero-carbon energy system a profitable exploitation of electrolysers requires still high amounts of subsidies. To analyze the profitability of electrolysers attention has to be paid not only to the costs but also to the interaction between electricity and hydrogen markets. Using a model of internationally integrated electricity and hydrogen markets this paper analyses the profitability Read More
Will Hydrogen and Synthetic Fuels Energize our Future? Their Role in Europe's Climate-neutral Energy System and Power System Dynamics
Aug 2024
Publication
This study evaluates the technoeconomic impacts of direct and indirect electrification on the EU's net-zero emissions target by 2050. By linking the JRC-EU-TIMES long-term energy system model with PLEXOS hourly resolution power system model this research offers a detailed analysis of the interactions between electricity hydrogen and synthetic fuel demand production technologies and their effects on the power sector. It highlights the importance of high Read More
Hydrogen, Medium-range Airplane Design Optimisation for Minimal Global Warming Impact
May 2024
Publication
This paper focuses on the conceptual design optimization of liquid hydrogen aircraft and their performance in terms of climate impact cash operating cost and energy consumption. An automated multidisciplinary design framework for kerosene-powered aircraft is extended to design liquid hydrogen-powered aircraft at a conceptual level. A hydrogen tank is integrated into the aft section of the fuselage increasing the operating empty mass and wetted a Read More
Is it Green? Designing a Blockchain-based Certification System for the EU Hydrogen Market
Dec 2024
Publication
Energy production and consumption are major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions exacerbating one of the greatest challenges faced by modern societies: climate change. Thus societies must switch to more sustainable energy sources. Green hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative energy carrier facilitating storage and utilization across various industries. However amidst different production processes solely sustainable electr Read More
Impact of an Electrode-diaphragm Gap on Diffusive Hydrogen Crossover in Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Oct 2023
Publication
Hydrogen crossover limits the load range of alkaline water electrolyzers hindering their integration with renewable energy. This study examines the impact of the electrode-diaphragm gap on crossover focusing on diffusive transport. Both finite-gap and zero-gap designs employing the state-of-the-art Zirfon UTP Perl 500 and UTP 220 diaphragms were investigated at room temperature and with a 12 wt% KOH electrolyte. Experimental results reveal a relati Read More
Determining Onshore or Offshore Hydrogen Storage for Large Offshore Wind Parks: The North Sea Wind Power Hub Case
Aug 2024
Publication
The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources leads to daily and seasonal mismatches between supply and demand and the curtailment of wind power. Hydrogen produced from surplus wind power offers an attractive solution to these challenges. In this paper we consider a large offshore wind park and analyze the need for hydrogen storage at the onshore and offshore sides of a large transportation pipeline that connects the wind park to the Read More
Simulation of DDT in Obstructed Channels: Wavy Channels vs. Fence-type Obstacles
Sep 2023
Publication
The capabilities of an OpenFOAM solver to reproduce the transition of stoichiometric H2-air mixtures to detonation in obstructed 2-D channels were tested. The process is challenging numerically as it involves the ignition of a flame kernel its subsequent propagation and acceleration interaction with obstacles formation of shock waves ahead and detonation onset (DO). Two different obstacle configurations were considered in 10-mm high × 1-m long cha Read More
Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Traction Alternatives for Regional Railways
Feb 2024
Publication
This paper presents a method for estimating Well-to-Wheel (WTW) energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributed to the advanced railway propulsion systems implemented in conjunction with different energy carriers and their production pathways. The analysis encompasses diesel-electric multiple unit vehicles converted to their hybrid-electric plug-in hybrid-electric fuel cell hybrid-electric or battery-electric counterparts combined wit Read More
Hydrogen Storage Solutions for Residential Heating: A Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis with Scale-up Potential
Jul 2024
Publication
The study presents a thermodynamic and economic assessment of different hydrogen storage solutions for heating purposes powered by PV panels of a 10-apartment residential building in Milan and it focuses on compressed hydrogen liquid hydrogen and metal hydride. The technical assessment involves using Python to code thermodynamic models to address technical and thermodynamic performances. The economic analysis evaluates the CAPEX the Read More
Benchmark of J55 and X56 Steels on Cracking and Corrosion Effects Under Hydrogen Salt Cavern Boundary Conditions
Feb 2024
Publication
Salt caverns have great potential to store relevant amounts of hydrogen as part of the energy transition. However the durability and suitability of commonly used steels for piping in hydrogen salt caverns is still under research. In this work aging effects focusing on corrosion and cracking patterns of casing steel API 5CT J55 and “H2ready” pipeline steel API 5L X56 were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrosco Read More
A Thermodynamically Consistent Methodology to Develop Predictive Simplified Kinetics for Detonation Simulations
Sep 2023
Publication
The number of species and elementary reactions needed for describing the oxidation of fuels increases with the size of the molecule and in turn the complexity of detailed mechanisms. Although the kinetics for conventional fuels (H2 CH4 C3H8...) are somewhat well-established chemical integration in detonation applications remains a major challenge. Significant efforts have been made to develop reduction techniques that aim to keep the predi Read More
Breakthrough Position and Trajectory of Sustainable Energy Technology
Jan 2025
Publication
This research aims to determine the position and the breakthrough trajectory of sustainable energy technologies. Fine-grained insights into these breakthrough positions and trajectories are limited. This research seeks to fill this gap by analyzing sustainable energy technologies’ breakthrough positions and trajectories in terms of development application and upscaling. To this end the breakthrough positions and trajectories of seven sustainable e Read More
Voltage Losses in Zero-gap Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Apr 2021
Publication
Reducing the gap between the electrodes and diaphragm to zero is an often adopted strategy to reduce the ohmic drop in alkaline water electrolyzers for hydrogen production. We provide a thorough account of the current–voltage relationship in such a zero-gap configuration over a wide range of electrolyte concentrations and current densities. Included are voltage components that are not often experimentally quantified like those due to bubbles hydr Read More
Towards Low-carbon Power Networks: Optimal Location and Sizing of Renewable Energy Sources and Hydrogen Storage
Apr 2024
Publication
This paper proposes a systematic optimization framework to jointly determine the optimal location and sizing decisions of renewables and hydrogen storage in a power network to achieve the transition to low-carbon networks efficiently. We obtain these strategic decisions based on the multi-period alternating current optimal power flow (AC MOPF) problem that jointly analyzes power network renewable and hydrogen storage interactions at the operation Read More
Assessment of Hydrogen Transport Aircraft
Sep 2022
Publication
Zero-carbon-dioxide-emitting hydrogen-powered aircraft have in recent decades come back on the stage as promising protagonists in the fght against global warming. The main cause for the reduced performance of liquid hydrogen aircraft lays in the fuel storage which demands the use of voluminous and heavy tanks. Literature on the topic shows that the optimal fuel storage solution depends on the aircraft range category but most studies disagree on wh Read More
Optimal Operating Parameters for Advanced Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Sep 2022
Publication
Advanced zero-gap alkaline electrolyzers can be operated at a significantly higher current density than traditional alkaline electrolyzers. We have investigated how their performance is influenced by diaphragm thickness temperature and pressure. For this a semiempirical current-voltage model has been developed based on experimental data of a 20 Nm3 /h electrolyzer. The model was extrapolated to thinner diaphragm thicknesses and higher temperatures Read More
Retrofitted Hydrogen-Electric Propulsion Aircraft: Performance Simulation of Critical Operating Conditions
Jan 2025
Publication
Retrofitting regional turboprop aircraft with hydrogen (H2)-electric powertrains using fuel cell systems (FCSs) has gained interest in the last decade. This type of powertrain eliminates CO2 NOx and fine particle emissions during flight as FCSs only emit water. In this context the “Hydrogen Aircraft Powertrain and Storage Systems” (HAPSS) project targets the development of a H2-electric propulsion system for retrofitting Dash 8- 300 series aircraft. The purp Read More
Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs with Carbon Dioxide as a Cushion Gas: Exploring a Lateral Gas Seperation Strategy to Reduce Gas Mixing
Jan 2025
Publication
Large-scale H2 storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs offers a practical way to use existing energy infra structure to address renewable energy intermittency. Cushion gases often constitute a large initial investment especially when expensive H2 is used. Cheaper alternatives such as CO2 or in-situ CH4 can reduce costs and in the case of CO2 integrate within carbon capture and storage systems. This study explored cushion and working gas dyna Read More
Assessing the Impacts of Low-carbon Intensity Hydrogen Integration in Oil Refineries
Nov 2024
Publication
This paper evaluates the potential impacts of introducing low-carbon intensity hydrogen technologies in two oil refineries with different complexity levels emphasizing the role of hydrogen production in reducing CO2 emissions. The novelty of this work lies in three key aspects: Comprehensive system analysis of refinery complexity using real site data integration of low-carbon Hydrogen technologies long-term and short-term strategies. Two Colombian refi Read More
Coordinating Social Dynamics for Integrating Hydrogen in the Netherlands
Jan 2025
Publication
Integrating hydrogen into energy systems presents challenges involving social dynamics among stakeholders beyond technical considerations. A gap exists in understanding how these dynamics influence the deployment of hydrogen technologies and infrastructure particularly in infrastructure development and market demand for widespread adoption. In the Netherlands despite ambitious strategies and investments comprehensive explanations of social d Read More
Alkaline Electrolysis for Green Hydrogen Production: A Novel, Simple Model for Thermo-electrochemical Coupled System Analysis
Dec 2024
Publication
Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is the most mature electrochemical technology for hydrogen production from renewable electricity. Thus its mathematical modeling is an important tool to provide new perspectives for the design and optimization of energy storage and decarbonization systems. However current models rely on numerous empirical parameters and neglect variations of temperature and concentration alongside the electrolysis cell which can Read More
Global Demand for Green Hydrogen-based Steel: Insights from 28 Scenarios
Jul 2024
Publication
Growing expectations are being placed on green hydrogen-based steel for decarbonising the global steel industry. However the scale of the expected demand is dispersed across numerous case studies resulting in a fragmented picture. This study examines 28 existing scenarios to provide a cohesive view of future global demand. In the short term the demand for green hydrogen-based steel is expected to be limited constituting 2% of current total stee Read More
Hydrogen from Wastewater by Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Treatment
Dec 2020
Publication
In recent years the intensification of human activities has led to an increase in waste production and energy demand. The treatment of pollutants contained in wastewater coupled to energy recovery is an attractive solution to simultaneously reduce environmental pollution and provide alternative energy sources. Hydrogen represents a clean energy carrier for the transition to a decarbonized society. Hydrogen can be generated by photosynthetic water split Read More
A Hybrid Robust-stochastic Approach for Optimal Scheduling of Interconnected Hydrogen-based Energy Hubs
Jan 2021
Publication
The energy hub (EH) concept is an efficient way to integrate various energy carriers. Inaddition demand response programmes (DRPs) are complementary to improving anEH's efficiency and increase energy system flexibility. The hydrogen storage system as agreen energy carrier has an essential role in balancing supply and demand preciselysimilar to other storage systems. A hybrid robust‐stochastic approach is applied herein toaddress fluctuations in wind Read More
Lessons Learned from HIAD 2.0: Inspection and Maintenance to Avoid Hydrogen-induced Material Failures
Feb 2023
Publication
Hydrogen has the potential to make countries energetically self-sufficient and independent in the long term. Nevertheless its extreme combustion properties and its capability of permeating and embrittling most metallic materials produce significant safety concerns. The Hydrogen Incidents and Accidents Database 2.0 (HIAD 2.0) is a public repository that collects data on hydrogen-related undesired events mainly occurred in chemical and process industry. Thi Read More
Insights into Site Evaluation for Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) on Gas Mixing-the Effects of Meter-Scale Heterogeniety and Associated Reservoir Characterization Parameters
Feb 2025
Publication
Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) as an emerging large-scale energy storage technology has shown great promise to ensure energy security with minimized carbon emission. A set of comprehensive UHS site evaluation criteria based on important factors that affect UHS performances is needed for its potential commercialization. This study focuses on the UHS site evaluation of gas mixing. The economic implications of gas mixing between injecte Read More
Dynamic Hydrogen Demand Forecasting Using Hybrid Time Series Models: Insights for Renewable Energy Systems
Feb 2025
Publication
Hydrogen is gaining traction as a key energy carrier due to its clean combustion high energy content and versatility. As the world shifts towards sustainable energy hydrogen demand is rapidly increasing. This paper introduces a novel hybrid time series modeling approach designed and developed to accurately predict hydrogen demand by mixing linear and nonlinear models and accounting for the impact of non-recurring events and dynamic energy mar Read More
The Making of H2-scapes in the Global South: Political Geography Perspectives on an Emergent Field of Research
Feb 2025
Publication
Clean hydrogen is touted as a cornerstone of the global energy transition. It can help to decarbonize hard-to-electrify sectors ship renewable power over great distances and boost energy security. Clean hydrogen’s appeal is increasingly felt in the Global South where countries seek to benefit from production export and consumption opportunities new infrastructures and technological innovations. These geographies are however in the process of taking Read More
Dynamic Modelling of Methanol Steam Reforming to Hydrogen in a Packed Bed Reactor for Shipboard Fuel Cells
Feb 2025
Publication
Hydrogen economy is spreading across the maritime sector in response to increasingly stringent regulations for shipping emissions. The challenging on-board hydrogen logistics are often mitigated with hydrogen carriers such as methanol. Research on methanol reforming to hydrogen for fuel cell feed is conducted mostly in steady state overlooking dynamic reactor operation and its effects on the power production system. Forced reactor operations induce fl Read More
The Many Greenhouse Gas Footprints of Green Hydrogen
Aug 2022
Publication
Green hydrogen could contribute to climate change mitigation but its greenhouse gas footprint varies with electricity source and allocation choices. Using life-cycle assessment we conclude that if electricity comes from additional renewable capacity green hydrogen outperforms fossil-based hydrogen. In the short run alternative uses of renewable electricity likely achieve greater emission reductions.
The Global Yet Local Nature of Energy Imaginaries: The Cases of Dutch and Spanish Hydrogen Valleys
Mar 2025
Publication
Hydrogen valleys are envisaged (imagined) integrated industrial systems where hydrogen is produced stored and utilized. Here we show how hydrogen valleys as sociotechnical imaginaries are differentiated in terms of their specific configurations but homogenous in terms of reflecting the interests of large industrial fossil fuel suppliers and consumers. This path dependence is anticipated in sociotechnical transitions theory which emphasises the power Read More
On the Identification of Regulatory Gaps for Hydrogen as Maritime Fuel
Feb 2025
Publication
C. Georgopoulou,
C. Di Maria,
G. Di Ilio,
Viviana Cigolotti,
Mariagiovanna Minutillo,
Mosè Rossi,
B.P. Sullivan,
A. Bionda,
Markus Rautanen,
R. Ponzini,
F. Salvadore,
M. Alvarez-Cardozo,
P. Douska,
L. Koukoulopoulos,
G. Psaraftis,
G. Dimopoulos,
T. Wannemacher,
N. Baumann,
K. Mahosl,
M. Tome,
O. Noguero Torres,
F. Oikonomou,
A. Hamalainen,
F. Chillé,
Y. Papagiannopoulos and
N. Sakellaridis
The decarbonization of the maritime sector represents a priority in the energy policy agendas of the majority of Countries worldwide and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently revised its strategy aiming for an ambitious zero-emissions scenario by 2050. In these regards there is a broad consensus on hydrogen as one of the most promising clean energy vectors for maritime transport and a key towards that goal. However to date a Read More
A Design Guide to Tapered Conformable Pressure Tanks for Liquid Hydrogen Storage
Feb 2025
Publication
Liquid hydrogen has the potential to significantly reduce in-flight carbon emissions in the aviation industry. Among the most promising aircraft configurations for future hydrogen-powered aviation are the blended wing body and the pure flying wing configurations. However their tapered and flattened airframe designs pose a challenge in accommodating liquid hydrogen storage tanks. This paper presents a design guide to tapered conformable pressure t Read More
Preliminary Safety Assessment of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage System for Commercial Aviation
Mar 2025
Publication
The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents the outcomes of a preliminary safety assessment applied to this new type of storage system accounting for the hazards of hydrogen. The methodology developed is based on ha Read More
Recent Progress on Ammonia Cracking Technologies for Scalable Hydrogen Production
Jun 2024
Publication
The global energy transition necessitates the development of technologies enabling cost-effective and scalable conversion of renewable energies into storable and transportable forms. Green ammonia with its high hydrogen storage capacity emerges as a promising carbon-free hydrogen carrier. This article reviews recent progress in industrially relevant catalysts and technologies for ammonia cracking which is a pivotal step in utilizing ammonia as a h Read More
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