Spain

Deploying renewable hydrogen presents a significant challenge in accessing off-takers who are willing to make long-term investments. To address this challenge current projects focus on large-scale deployment to replace the demand for non-renewable hydrogen particularly in ammonia synthesis for fertiliser production plants. The traditional process involving Steam Methane Reformers (SMR) connected to Haber-Bosch synthesis could potentiall Read More

The number of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) in circulation has undergone a significant increase in recent years. This trend is foreseen to be stronger in the near future. In correlation with the FCEVs market increase the hydrogen delivery infrastructure must be developed. With this aim many countries have announced ambitious projects. For example Spain has the objective of increasing the number of Hydrogen Refuelling Stations (HRS) with public ac Read More

The article examines the feasibility of implementing standalone hydrogen-based renewable energy systems in Spanish residential buildings specifically analyzing the optimization of a solar-battery and solar-hydrogen system for a building with 20 dwellings in Spain. The study initially assesses two standalone setups: solarbattery and solar-hydrogen. Subsequently it explores scenarios where these systems are connected to the grid to only generate and s Read More

While the effects of ongoing cost reductions in renewables batteries and electrolyzers on future energy systems have been extensively investigated the effects of significant advances in CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies have received much less attention. This research gap is addressed via a long-term (2050) energy system model loosely based on Germany yielding four main findings. First CCS-enabled pathways offer the greatest benefits in Read More

Gaseous hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles must meet quality standards such as ISO 14687:2019 which contains maximal control thresholds for several impurities which could damage the fuel cells or the infrastructure. A review of analytical techniques for impurities analysis has already been carried out by Murugan et al. in 2014. Similarly this document intends to review the sampling of hydrogen and the available analytical methods together with a s Read More

Green hydrogen produced by water electrolysis with renewable energy plays a crucial role in the revolution towards energy sustainability and it is considered a key source of clean energy and efficient storage. Its ability to address the intermittency of renewable sources and its potential to decarbonize sectors that are difficult to electrify make it a strategic component in climate change mitigation. By using a method based on a bibliometric review of scientific Read More

This paper addresses the energy management of a standalone renewable energy system. The system is configured as a microgrid including photovoltaic generation a lead-acid battery as a short term energy storage system hydrogen production and several loads. In this microgrid an energy management strategy has been incorporated that pursues several objectives. On the one hand it aims to minimize the amount of energy cycled in the battery in Read More

Like hydrogen Chile is small by nature and accordingly contributes just 0.3% to global greenhouse gas emissions. However we too have an outsized role to play in turning the tide on rising emissions and pursuing a low carbon path to growth and development.What we lack in size we more than make up for in potential. In the desert in the North with the highest solar irradiance on the planet and in the Patagonia in the South with strong and consistent win Read More

The transport sector is difficult to decarbonize due to its high reliance on fossil fuels accounting for 37% of global end-use sectors emissions in 2021. Therefore this work proposes an energy model to replace the Spanish vehicle fleet by hydrogen-fueled vehicles by 2050. Thus six regions are defined according to their proximity to regasification plants where hydrogen generation hubs are implemented. Likewise renewables deployment is subjec Read More

The distributed integration of renewable energy sources plays a central role in the decarbonization of economies. In this regard energy communities arise as a promising entity to coordinate groups of proactive consumers (prosumers) and incentivize investment on clean technologies. However the uncertain nature of renewable energy generation residential loads and trading tariffs pose important challenges both at the operational and economic levels. We st Read More

Green hydrogen is gaining increasing attention as a key component of the global energy transition towards a more sustainable industry. Chile with its vast renewable energy potential is well positioned to become a major producer and exporter of green hydrogen. In this context this paper explores the prospects for green hydrogen production and use in Chile. The perspectives presented in this study are primarily based on a compilation of government rep Read More

In this review we want to explain how the burning of fossil fuels is pushing us towards green energy. Actually for a long time we have believed that everything is profitable that resources are unlimited and there are no consequences. However the reality is often disappointing. The use of non-renewable resources the excessive waste production and the abandonment of the task of recycling has created a fragile thread that once broken may never restore itself. Read More

The absence of contaminants in the hydrogen delivered at the hydrogen refuelling station is critical to ensure the length life of FCEV. Hydrogen quality has to be ensured according to the two international standards ISO 14687–2:2012 and ISO/DIS 19880-8. Amount fraction of contaminants from the two hydrogen production processes steam methane reforming and PEM water electrolyser is not clearly documented. Twenty five different hydrogen samples w Read More

In this paper we present the first systematic review of Power to X processes applied to the iron and steel industry. These processes convert renewable electricity into valuable chemicals through an electrolysis stage that produces the final product or a necessary intermediate. We have classified them in five categories (Power to Iron Power to Hydrogen Power to Syngas Power to Methane and Power to Methanol) to compare the results of the different st Read More

In Spain the institutional framework for photovoltaic energy production has experienced distinct stages. From 2007 to 2012 the feed-in-tariff system led to high annual growth rates of this renewable energy but after the suppression of the policy of public subsidies the sector stagnated. In recent years green hydrogen an innocuous gas in the atmosphere has become a driving force that stimulates photovoltaic energy production. Since 2020 encourage Read More

Alkaline electrolysis is already a proven technology on land with a high maturity level and good economic performance. However at sea little is known about its economic performance toward hydrogen production. Alkaline electrolysis units operate with purified water to split its molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Purified water and especially that sourced from the sea has a variable cost that ultimately depends on its quality. However the impurities present i Read More

Smart energy networks provide an effective means to accommodate high penetrations of variable renewable energy sources like solar and wind which are key for the deep decarbonisation of energy production. However given the variability of the renewables as well as the energy demand it is imperative to develop effective control and energy storage schemes to manage the variable energy generation and achieve desired system economics and envi Read More

The optimisation of green hydrogen production systems is challenging. Moreover an accurate simulation of the system is required for effective optimisation. This study presents a novel method for optimising utility-scale hybrid photovoltaice-wind systems for hydrogen production using accurate simulation models. The optimisation objective is to minimise the levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH) using genetic algorithms. Different types of systems (such as islan Read More

Hydrogen (H2) production combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is anticipated to be an important technology contributing to reduce the carbon footprint of current fossil-based H2 production systems. This work addresses for the first time the techno-environmental assessment of a CCS process based on the ionic liquid [Bmim][Acetate] for H2 production by steam methane reforming (SMR) and the comparison to conventional amine-based syste Read More

Water electrolysis to obtain hydrogen in combination with intermittent renewable energy resources is an emerging sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Among the available electrolyzer technologies anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) has been paid much attention because of its advantageous behavior compared to other more traditional approaches such as solid oxide electrolyzer cells and alkaline or proton exchange me Read More

Biogas and hydrogen (H2 ) are breaking through as alternative energy sources in road transport specifically for heavy-duty vehicles. Until a public network of service stations is deployed for such vehicles the owners of large fleets will need to build and manage their own refueling facilities. Fleet refueling management and remote monitoring at these sites will become key business needs. This article describes the construction of a prototype system Read More

Urban population and the trend towards online commerce leads to an increase in delivery solution in cities. The growth of the transport sector is very harmful to the environment being responsible for approximately 40% of greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. The problem is aggravated when transporting perishable foodstuffs as the vehicle propulsion engine (VPE) must power not only the vehicle but also the refrigeration unit. This mea Read More

The need to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions is driving the development of existing and new technologies to produce and use hydrogen. Anion exchange membrane electrolysis is one of these rapidly developing technologies and presents promising characteristics for efficient hydrogen production. However the environmental performance and the material criticality of anion exchange membrane electrolysis must be assessed. In this work pro Read More

The chemical industry serves as a global economic backbone and it is an intensive consumer of conventional energy. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases it is necessary to analyze energy supply solutions based on renewable energy sources in this industrial sector. Unlike other sectors such as residential or service industries which have been thoroughly analyzed by the scientific community the use of renewable energies i Read More

Currently there is a growing interest in increasing the power range of air-cooled fuel cells (ACFCs) as they are cheaper easier to use and maintain than water-cooled fuel cells (WCFCs). However air-cooled stacks are only available up to medium power (<10 kW). Therefore a good solution may be the development of ACFCs consisting of several stacks until the required power output is reached. This is the concept of air-cooled multi-stack fuel cell (AC-MSFC). The Read More

Although alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is the most widespread technology for hydrogen production by electrolysis its electrochemical and fluid dynamic optimization has rarely been addressed simultaneously using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. In this regard a two-dimensional (2D) CFD model of an AWE cell has been developed using COMSOL® software and then experimentally validated. The model involves transport equations fo Read More

The current political scenario and the concerns for global warming have pushed very harsh regulations on conventional propulsion systems based on the use of fossil fuels. New technologies are being promoted but their current technological status needs further research and development for them to become a competitive substitute for the ever-present internal combustion engine. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines have demonstrated the pot Read More

The hydrogen sector is envisaged as one of the key enablers of the energy transition that the European Union is facing to accomplish its decarbonization targets. However regarding the technologies that enable the deployment of a hydrogen economy a growing concern exists about potential burden-shifting across sustainability dimensions. In this sense social life cycle assessment arises as a promising methodology to evaluate the social implications of Read More

The production of biohydrogen with negative CO2 emissions through the steam methane reforming of biomethane coupled with carbon capture and storage represents a promising technology particularly for industries that are difficult to electrify. In spite of the maturity of this technology which is currently employed in the production of grey and blue hydrogen a detailed cost model that considers the entire supply chain is lacking in the literature. This Read More

Energy Intensive Industries (EII) are high users of energy and some of these facilities are extremely dependent on Natural Gas for processing heat production. In European countries where Natural Gas is mostly imported from external producers the increase in international Natural Gas prices is making it difficult for some industries to deliver the required financial results. Therefore they are facing complex challenges that could cause their delocaliza Read More

Industrial applications of hydrogen are key to the transition towards a sustainable lowcarbon economy. Hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize industrial sectors that currently rely heavily on fossil fuels. Hydrogen with its unique and versatile properties has several in-industrial applications that are fundamental for sustainability and energy efficiency such as the following: (i) chemical industry; (ii) metallurgical sector; (iii) transport; (iv) energy sector; and (v Read More

Nowadays there is an intense debate in the European Union (EU) regarding the limits to achieve the European Green Deal to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent in the world. In this context there are also different opinions about the role that thermal engines should play. Furhermore there is no clear proposal regarding the possibilities of the use of green hydrogen in the transport decarbonization process even though it should be a key element. Read More

H2 production via membrane-assisted steam methane reforming (MA-SMR) can ensure higher energy efficiency and lower emissions compared to conventional reforming processes (SMR). Ceramic-supported Pd–Ag membranes have been extensively investigated for membrane-assisted steam methane reforming applications with outstanding performance. However costs sealings for integration in the reactor structure and resistance to solicitation Read More

Innovative green vehicle concepts have become increasingly prevailing in consumer purchasing habits as technology evolves. The global transition towards sustainable transportation indicates an increase in new-generation vehicles including both fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) that will take on roads in the future. This change requires new-generation stations to support electrification. This study introduced a promin Read More

Future power systems in which generation will come almost entirely from variable Renewable Energy Sources (vRES) will be characterized by weather-driven supply and flexible demand. In a simulation of the future Dutch power system we analyze whether there are sufficient incentives for market-driven investors to provide a sufficient level of security of supply considering the profit-seeking and myopic behavior of investors. We cosimulate two agent-based Read More

: The global demand for energy and the need to mitigate climate change require a shift from traditional fossil fuels to sustainable and renewable energy alternatives. Hydrogen is recognized as a significant component for achieving a carbon-neutral economy. This comprehensive review examines the underground hydrogen storage and particularly laboratory-scale studies related to rock– hydrogen interaction exploring current knowledge. Using Read More

Industrial and public interest in hydrogen technologies has risen strongly recently as hydrogen is the ideal means for medium to long term energy storage transport and usage in combination with renewable and green energy supply. In a future energy system the production storage and usage of green hydrogen is a key technology. Hydrogen is and will in future be even more used for industrial production processes as a reduction agent or for the productio Read More

This article investigates the economic and environmental implications of implementing green ammonia production plants in Spain. To this end one business-as-usual scenario for gray ammonia production was compared with three green ammonia scenarios powered with different renewable energy sources (i.e. solar photovoltaic (PV) wind and a combination of solar PV and wind). The results illustrated that green ammonia scenarios reduced the environm Read More

At present energy demands are mainly covered by the use of fossil fuels. The process of fossil fuel production increases pollution from oil extraction transport to processing centers treatment to obtain lighter fractions and delivery and use by the final consumers. Such polluting circumstances are aggravated in the case of accidents involving fossil fuels. They are also linked to speculative markets. As a result the trend is towards the decarbo Read More

The use of compression ignition engines (CIEs) is associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions. It is therefore necessary to research sustainable solutions and reduce the negative environmental impact of these engines. A widely studied alternative is the use of H2 in dual-fuel mode. This review has been developed to include the most recent studies on the subject to collect and compare their main conclusions on performance and emissions. Read More

With renewable energy sources projected to become the dominant source of electricity hydrogen has emerged as a crucial energy carrier to mitigate their intermittency issues. Water electrolysis is the most developed alternative to generate green hydrogen so far. However in the past two decades steam electrolysis has attracted increasing interest and aims to become a key player in the portfolio of electrolytic hydrogen. In practice steam electroly Read More

In recent years there has been a significant increase in the adoption of autonomous vehicles for marine and submarine missions. The advancement of emerging imaging navigation and communication technologies has greatly expanded the range of operational capabilities and opportunities available. The ENDURUNS project is a European research endeavor focused on identifying strategies for achieving minimal environmental impact. To measure th Read More

The use of aluminum-based products is widespread and growing particularly in industries such as automotive food packaging and construction. Obtaining aluminum is expensive and energy-intensive making the recycling of existing products essential for economic and environmental viability. This work explores the potential of using green hydrogen as a replacement for natural gas in the smelting and refining furnaces in aluminum recycling facilities. The Read More

Europe’s heavy reliance on diesel power for nearly half of its railway lines for both goods and passengers has significant implications for carbon emissions. To address this challenge the European Union advocates for a shift towards hydrogen-based mobility necessitating the development of robust and cost-effective hydrogen supply chains at regional and national levels. Leveraging renewable energy sources such as wind farms and solid biomass could foster t Read More

Renewable hydrogen is emerging as the key to a sustainable energy transition with multiple applications and uses. In the field of transport in addition to fuel cell vehicles it is necessary to develop an extensive network of hydrogen refueling stations (hereafter HRSs). The characteristics and properties of hydrogen make ensuring the safe operation of these facilities a crucial element for their successful deployment and implementation. This paper shows the o Read More

The current work presents the electro-oxidation of olive mill and biodiesel wastewaters in an alkaline medium with the aim of hydrogen production and simultaneous reduction in the organic pollution content. The process is performed at laboratory scale in an own-design single cavity electrolyzer with graphite electrodes and no membrane. The system and the procedures to generate hydrogen under ambient conditions are described. The gas flow gener Read More

Green hydrogen production is a sustainable energy solution with great potential offering advantages such as adaptability storage capacity and ease of transport. However there are challenges such as high energy consumption production costs demand and regulation which hinder its largescale adoption. This study explores the role of simulation models in optimizing the technical and economic aspects of green hydrogen production. The proposed syste Read More

The recovery of energy and valuable compounds from exhaust gases in the iron and steel industry deserves specialattention due to the large power consumption and CO 2 emissions of the sector. In this sense the hydrogen content of coke oven gas(COG) has positioned it as a promising source toward a hydrogen-based economy which could lead to economic and environmentalbenefits in the iron and steel industry. COG is presently used for heatin Read More

Hydrogen technologies are evolving to decarbonise the transport sector. The present work focuses on the technical design of a Hydrogen Refueling Station to supply hydrogen to five buses in the city of Valencia Spain. The study deals with the technical selection of the components from production to consumption setting an efficient standardisation method. Different calculation are used to size the storage systems for 70.8 kg of hydrogen produced by the ele Read More

In the automotive sector hydrogen is being increasingly explored as an alternative fuel to replace conventional carbon-based fuels. Its combustion characteristics make it well-suited for adaptation to internal combustion engines. The wide flammability range of hydrogen allows for higher dilution conditions resulting in enhanced combustion efficiency. When combined with lean combustion strategies hydrogen significantly reduces environm Read More