Canada

This paper investigates an integrated system where solar energy system (with 75MWp bifacial PV arrays) and nuclear power plant (with 2×10MWt HTR-10 type pebble bed reactors) are hybridized and integrated with a 72MWe capacity high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) unit to produce hydrogen fresh water and electrical power. Bifacial PV plant is integrated to system for supplying electricity with a low LCOE and zero-carbon system. A Rankine cycle is integrated to generate power from the steam that generated from nuclear heat. According to the available irradiance; the steam is diverted between steam turbine and high-temperature electrolyzer for hydrogen and power generation. Multi-effect desalination unit is integrated to exploit the excess heat to generate fresh water. A system performance assessment is carried out by energy and exergy efficiencies thermodynamically. The bifacial PV plant is analyzed in six selected latitudes in order to assess the feasibility and applicability of the system. Numerous time-dependent analyses are carried out to study the effects of varying inputs such as solar radiation intensity. For 20MWt nuclear 75MWp solar capacity; hydrogen productions are found to be between 0.036 and 0.562kg/s. Among the Northern Hemisphere latitudes the peak daily hydrogen production rate is expected to reach 25.9 tons of hydrogen per day for the 75 °N case mostly with the influence of low temperature and high albedo. The pitch distance change is increased the hydrogen production rate by 28% between 3 m and 7 m tracker spacing. The overall system energy efficiency is obtained between 21.8% and 24.2% where the overall system exergy efficiency is found between 18.6% and 21.1% under dynamic conditions for the 45°N latitude case.

In this paper we report the effect of adding Zr + V or Zr + V + Mn to TiFe alloy on microstructure and hydrogen storage properties. The addition of only V was not enough to produce a minimum amount of secondary phase and therefore the first hydrogenation at room temperature under a hydrogen pressure of 20 bars was impossible. When 2 wt.% Zr + 2 wt.% V or 2 wt.% Zr + 2 wt.% V + 2 wt.% Mn is added to TiFe the alloy shows a finely distributed Ti₂Fe-like secondary phase. These alloys presented a fast first hydrogenation and a high capacity. The rate-limiting step was found to be 3D growth diffusion controlled with decreasing interface velocity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the fast reaction is likely to be the presence of Ti₂Fe-like secondary phases that act as a gateway for hydrogen.

Mg-based materials are one of the most promising hydrogen storage candidates due to their high hydrogen storage capacity environmental benignity and high Clarke number characteristics. However the limited thermodynamics and kinetic properties pose major challenges for their engineering applications. Herein we review the recent progress in improving their thermodynamics and kinetics with an emphasis on the models and the influence of various parameters in the calculated models. Subsequently the impact of alloying composite and nano-crystallization on both thermodynamics and dynamics are discussed in detail. In particular the correlation between various modification strategies and the hydrogen capacity dehydrogenation enthalpy and temperature hydriding/dehydriding rates are summarized. In addition the mechanism of hydrogen storage processes of Mg-based materials is discussed from the aspect of classical kinetic theories and microscope hydrogen transferring behavior. This review concludes with an outlook on the remaining challenge issues and prospects.

In recent years the need to reduce environmental impacts and increase flexibility in the energy sector has led to increased penetration of renewable energy sources and the shift from concentrated to decentralized generation. A fuel cell is an instrument that produces electricity by chemical reaction. Fuel cells are a promising technology for ultimate energy conversion and energy generation. We see that this system is integrated where we find that the wind and photovoltaic energy system is complementary between them because not all days are sunny windy or night so we see that this system has higher reliability to provide continuous generation. At low load hours PV and electrolysis units produce extra power. After being compressed hydrogen is stored in tanks. The purpose of this study is to separate the Bahr AL-Najaf Area from the main power grid and make it an independent network by itself. The PEM fuel cells were analyzed and designed and it were found that one layer is equal to 570.96 Watt at 0.61 volts and 1.04 A/Cm2 . The number of layers in one stack is designed to be equal to 13 layers so that the total power of one stack is equal to 7422.48 Watt. That is the number of stacks required to generate the required energy from the fuel cells is equal to 203 stk. This study provided an analysis of the hybrid system to cover the electricity demand in the Bahr AL-Najaf region of 1.5 MW the attained hybrid power system TNPC cost was about 9573208 USD whereas the capital cost and energy cost (COE) were about 7750000 USD and 0.169 USD/kWh respectively for one year.

Interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier is growing as countries look to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in hard-to-abate sectors. Previous works have focused on hydrogen production well-to-wheel analysis of fuel cell vehicles and vehicle refuelling costs and emissions. These studies use high-level estimates for the hydrogen transportation systems that lack sufficient granularity for techno-economic and GHG emissions analysis. In this work we assess and compare the unit costs and emission footprints (direct and indirect) of 32 systems for hydrogen transportation. Process-based models were used to examine the transportation of pure hydrogen (hydrogen pipeline and truck transport of gaseous and liquified hydrogen) hydrogen-natural gas blends (pipeline) ammonia (pipeline) and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (pipeline and rail). We used sensitivity and uncertainty analyses to determine the parameters impacting the cost and emission estimates. At 1000 km the pure hydrogen pipelines have a levelized cost of $0.66/kg H2 and a GHG footprint of 595 gCO2eq/kg H2. At 1000 km ammonia liquid organic hydrogen carrier and truck transport scenarios are more than twice as expensive as pure hydrogen pipeline and hythane and more than 1.5 times as expensive at 3000 km. The GHG emission footprints of pure hydrogen pipeline transport and ammonia transport are comparable whereas all other transport systems are more than twice as high. These results may be informative for government agencies developing policies around clean hydrogen internationally.

A methodology for assessing the sustainability of hydrogen production using solid fuels is introduced in which three sustainability dimensions (ecological sociological and technological) are considered along with ten indicators for each dimension. Values for each indicator are assigned on a 10-point scale based on a high of 1 and a low of 0 depending on the characteristic of the criteria associated with each element or process utilizing data reported in the literature. An illustrative example is presented to compare two solid fuels for hydrogen production: coal and biomass. The results suggest that qualitative sustainability indicators can be reasonably defined based on evaluations of system feasibility and that adequate flexibility and comprehensiveness is provided through the use of ten indicators for each of the dimensions for every process or element involved in hydrogen production using solid fuels. Also the assessment index values suggest that biomasses have better sustainability than coals and that it may be advantageous to use coals in combination with biomass to increase their ecological and social sustainability. The sustainability assessment methodology can be made increasingly quantitative and is likely extendable to other energy systems but additional research and development is needed to lead to a more fully developed approach.

North American and European jurisdictions are considering repurposing natural gas infrastructure to deliver a lower carbon blend of natural gas and hydrogen; this paper evaluates the greenhouse gas reduction potential and cost-effectiveness of the repurposing. The analysis uses a bottom-up economy-wide energy-systems model of an emission-intensive jurisdiction Alberta Canada to evaluate 576 long-term scenarios from 2026 to 2050. Many scenarios were included to give the analysis broad international applicability and differ by sector hydrogen blending intensity carbon policy and hydrogen infrastructure development. Twelve hydrogen production technologies are compared in a long-term greenhouse gas and cost analysis including advanced technologies. Autothermal reforming with carbon capture provides both lower-carbon and lower-cost hydrogen compared to most other technologies in most futures even with high fugitive natural gas production emissions. Using hydrogen-natural gas blends for end-use energy applications eliminates 1–2% of economy-wide GHG emissions and marginal GHG abatement costs become negative at carbon prices over $300/tonne. The findings are useful for stakeholders expanding the international low-carbon hydrogen economy and governments engaged in formulating decarbonization policies and are considering hydrogen as an option.

This paper aims to holistically study hydrogen production options essential for a sustainable and carbon-free future. This study also outlines the benefits and challenges of hydrogen production methods to provide sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels by meeting the global energy demand and net-zero targets. In this study sixteen hydrogen production methods are selected for sustainability investigation based on seven different criteria. The criteria selected in the comparative evaluation cover various dimensions of hydrogen production in terms of economic technical environmental and thermodynamic aspects for better sustainability. The current study results show that steam methane reforming with carbon capture could provide sustainable hydrogen in the near future while the other technologies’ maturity levels increase and the costs decrease. In the medium- and long-terms photonic and thermal-based hydrogen production methods can be the key to sustainable hydrogen production.

This review critically analyses various aspects of the most promising thermochemical cycles for clean hydrogen production. While the current hydrogen market heavily relies on fossil-fuel-based platforms the thermochemical water-splitting systems based on the reduction-oxidation (redox) looping reactions have a significant potential to significantly contribute to the sustainable production of green hydrogen at scale. However compared to the water electrolysis techniques the thermochemical cycles suffer from a low technology readiness level (TRL) which retards the commercial implementation of these technologies. This review mainly focuses on identifying the capability of the state-of-the-art thermochemical cycles to deploy large-scale hydrogen production plants and their techno-economic performance. This study also analyzed the potential integration of the hybrid looping systems with the solar and nuclear reactor designs which are evidenced to be more cost-effective than the electrochemical water-splitting methods but it excludes fossil-based thermochemical processes such as gasification steam methane reforming and pyrolysis. Further investigation is still required to address the technical issues associated with implementing the hybrid thermochemical cycles in order to bring them to the market for sustainable hydrogen production.

Anode recirculation with periodic purge is commonly used in polymer electrolyte fuel cell systems to control the accumulation of nitrogen water and other impurities that are present in the fuel or diffuse through the membrane from the cathode compartment. In this work we develop a simple generalized analytical model that simulates the time dependence of the accumulation of inert impurities in the anode compartment of such a system. It is shown that when there is transport out of the anode chamber the inert species is expected to accumulate exponentially until equilibrium is reached when the rate of inert entering the anode in the fuel supply and/or via crossover from the cathode is balanced by the rate of leakage and/or crossover to the cathode. The model is validated using recently published experimental data for the accumulation of N2 CH4 and CO2 in a recirculated system. The results show that nitrogen accumulation needs to be taken into account to properly adjust system parameters such as purge rate purge volume and recirculation rate. The use of this generalized analytical model is intended to aid the selection of these system parameters to optimize performance in the presence of inerts.

Hydrogen combustion inside a post-accident nuclear reactor containment may pose a challenge to the containment integrity which could alter the fission-product release source term to the public. Combustion-generated overpressures may be relieved by venting to adjacent compartments through relief panels or existing openings. Thus an improved understanding of the propagation of lean hydrogen deflagrations in inter-connected compartments is essential for the development of appropriate management strategies. GOTHIC is a general purpose lumped parameter thermal-hydraulic code for solving multi-phase compressible flows which is accepted as an industry-standard code for containment safety analyses. Following the Fukushima accident the application of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics methods to high-fidelity detailed analysis of hydrogen combustion processes has become more widespread. In this study a recently developed large-eddy-simulation (LES) capability is applied to the prediction of lean premixed hydrogen deflagrations in large-scale vented vessels of various configurations. The LES predictions are compared with GOTHIC predictions and experimental data obtained from the large-scale vented combustion test facility at the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories. The LES methodology makes use of a flamelet- or a progress-variable-based combustion model. An empirical burning velocity model is combined with an advanced finite-volume framework and a mesh-independent subfilter-scale model. Descriptions of the LES and GOTHIC modelling approaches used to simulate the hydrogen reactive flows in the vented vessels along with the experimental data sets are given. The potential and limitations of the lumped parameter and LES approaches for accurately describing lean premixed hydrogen deflagrations in vented vessels are discussed.

As result of the adverse effects caused by climate change the nations have decided to accelerate the transition of the energy matrix through the use of non-conventional sources free of polluting emissions. One of these alternatives is green hydrogen. In this context Chile stands out for the exceptional climate that makes it a country with a lot of renewable resources. Such availability of resources gives the nation clear advantages for hydrogen production strong gusts of wind throughout the country the most increased solar radiation in the world lower cost of production of electrical supplies among others. Due to this the nation would be between the lowest estimated cost for hydrogen production i.e. 1.5 USD/kg H2 approximately scenario that would place it as one of the cheapest green hydrogen producer in the world.

Hydrogen vehicles encompassing fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are pivotal within the UK’s energy landscape as it pursues the goal of net-zero emissions by 2050. By markedly diminishing dependence on fossil fuels FCEVs including hydrogen vehicles wield substantial influence in shaping the circular economy (CE). Their impact extends to optimizing resource utilization enabling zero-emission mobility facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources supplying adaptable energy storage solutions and interconnecting diverse sectors. The widespread adoption of hydrogen vehicles accelerates the UK’s transformative journey towards a sustainable CE. However to fully harness the benefits of this transition a robust investigation and implementation of safety measures concerning hydrogen vehicle (HV) use are indispensable. Therefore this study takes a holistic approach integrating quantitative risk assessment (QRA) and an adaptive decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) framework as pragmatic instruments. These methodologies ensure both the secure deployment and operational excellence of HVs. The findings underscore that the root causes of HV failures encompass extreme environments material defects fuel cell damage delivery system impairment and storage system deterioration. Furthermore critical driving factors for effective safety intervention revolve around cultivating a safety culture robust education/training and sound maintenance scheduling. Addressing these factors is pivotal for creating an environment conducive to mitigating safety and risk concerns. Given the intricacies of conducting comprehensive hydrogen QRAs due to the absence of specific reliability data this study dedicates attention to rectifying this gap. A sensitivity analysis encompassing a range of values is meticulously conducted to affirm the strength and reliability of our approach. This robust analysis yields precise dependable outcomes. Consequently decision-makers are equipped to discern pivotal underlying factors precipitating potential HV failures. With this discernment they can tailor safety interventions that lay the groundwork for sustainable resilient and secure HV operations. Our study navigates the intersection of HVs safety and sustainability amplifying their importance within the CE paradigm. Using the careful amalgamation of QRA and DEMATEL methodologies we chart a course towards empowering decision-makers with the insights to steer the hydrogen vehicle domain to safer horizons while ushering in an era of transformative eco-conscious mobility.

This study presents an enhancement to the Switch optimization model for hydrogen energy planning by integrating the capability to consider the construction and operation of hydrogen electrolysis plants and the operation of water distribution systems. This integration was achieved through the addition of two new modules and their effectiveness is demonstrated through their application in a case study for Durham region. The study highlights the significance of incorporating water distribution systems into energy planning demonstrating how optimal locations for hydrogen plants can significantly influence water and power demand as well as alter the total operating costs. The enhanced Switch model showcases its improved capability to assist policymakers and stakeholders in transitioning towards a sustainable energy future.

Based on the concept of sustainable development to promote the development and application of renewable energy and enhance the capacity of renewable energy consumption this paper studies the design and optimization of renewable energy hydrogen production systems. For this paper six different scenarios for grid-connected and off-grid renewable energy hydrogen production systems were designed and analyzed economically and technically and the optimal grid-connected and off-grid systems were selected. Subsequently the optimal system solution was optimized by analyzing the impact of the load data and component capacity on the grid dependency of the grid-connected hydrogen production system and the excess power rate of the off-grid hydrogen production system. Based on the simulation results the most matched load data and component capacity of different systems after optimization were determined. The grid-supplied power of the optimized grid-connected hydrogen production system decreased by 3347 kWh and the excess power rate of the off-grid hydrogen production system decreased from 38.6% to 10.3% resulting in a significant improvement in the technical and economic performance of the system.

Hydrogen is gaining prominence as a sustainable energy source in the UK aligning with the country’s commitment to advancing sustainable development across diverse sectors. However a rigorous examination of the interplay between the hydrogen economy and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is imperative. This study addresses this imperative by comprehensively assessing the risks associated with hydrogen production storage transportation and utilization. The overarching aim is to establish a robust framework that ensures the secure deployment and operation of hydrogen-based technologies within the UK’s sustainable development trajectory. Considering the unique characteristics of the UK’s energy landscape infrastructure and policy framework this paper presents practical and viable recommendations to facilitate the safe and effective integration of hydrogen energy into the UK’s SDGs. To facilitate sophisticated decision making it proposes using an advanced Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) tool incorporating regret theory and a 2-tuple spherical linguistic environment. This tool enables a nuanced decision-making process yielding actionable insights. The analysis reveals that Incident Reporting and Learning Robust Regulatory Framework Safety Standards and Codes are pivotal safety factors. At the same time Clean Energy Access Climate Action and Industry Innovation and Infrastructure are identified as the most influential SDGs. This information provides valuable guidance for policymakers industry stakeholders and regulators. It empowers them to make well-informed strategic decisions and prioritize actions that bolster safety and sustainable development as the UK transitions towards a hydrogen-based energy system. Moreover the findings underscore the varying degrees of prominence among different SDGs. Notably SDG 13 (Climate Action) exhibits relatively lower overall distinction at 0.0066 and a Relation value of 0.0512 albeit with a substantial impact. In contrast SDG 7 (Clean Energy Access) and SDG 9 (Industry Innovation and Infrastructure) demonstrate moderate prominence levels (0.0559 and 0.0498 respectively) each with its unique influence emphasizing their critical roles in the UK’s pursuit of a sustainable hydrogen-based energy future.

Aerospace parts made of high strength steels such as landing gears and helicopter transmissions are often electroplated to satisfy various engineering specifications. However plated parts are occasionnaly rejected because of hydrogen embrittlement and the industry has few means of evaluating quantitatively the actual damage caused by hydrogen. In the present article we developed a novel method to measure the stress intensity threshold for hydrogen embrittlement (Kth) in industrial plating conditions. The method consists in plating side-grooved CT samples in industrial plating baths and measuring Kth with an incremental step loading methodology. We validated the method with a benchmark case known to produce embrittlement (omitted post-plating bake) and we used the method on a test case for which the level of embrittlement was unknown (delayed bake). For the benchmark case we measured a Kth of 49.0 MPa m0.5 for non-baked samples. This value is significantly lower than the fracture toughness of the unplated material which is 63.8 MPa m0.5 . We conclude that this novel combination of geometry and test method is efficient in quantifying hydrogen embrittlement of samples plated in industrial conditions. For the test case the Kth are respectively 57.9 MPa m0.5 and 58.8 MPa m0.5 for samples baked 100 h and 4 h after plating. We conclude that delaying the post-plating bake does not cause hydrogen embrittlement in the studied conditions. Using a finite element hydrogen diffusion analysis we argue that the side grooves on CT samples increase the sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement in comparison to smooth samples. In smooth samples a zone of plane stress at the surface of the specimen shields hydrogen from penetrating to the center of the specimen a phenomenon which is alleviated with machining side grooves.

A process where power and biomass are converted to Fischer-Tropsch liquid fuels (PBtL) is compared to a conventional Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL) process concept. Based on detailed process models it is demonstrated that the carbon efficiency of a conventional Biomass to Liquid process can be increased from 38 to more than 90% by adding hydrogen from renewable energy sources. This means that the amount of fuel can be increased by a factor of 2.4 with the same amount of biomass. Electrical power is applied to split water/steam at high temperature over solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC). This technology is selected because part of the required energy can be replaced by available heat. The required electrical power for the extra production is estimated to be 11.6 kWh per liter syncrude (C ) 5+ . By operating the SOEC iso-thermally close to 850 °C the electric energy may be reduced to 9.5 kWh per liter which is close to the energy density of jet fuel. A techno-economic analysis is performed where the total investments and operating costs are compared for the BtL and PBtL. With an electrical power price of 0.05 $/kWh and with SOEC investment cost of the 1000 $/kW(el) the levelized cost of producing advanced biofuel with the PBtL concept is 1.7 $/liter which is approximately 30% lower than for the conventional BtL. Converting excess renewable electric power to advanced biofuel in a PBtL plant is a sensible way of storing energy as a fuel with a relatively high energy density.

Environmental issues related to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions have pushed the development of new technologies that will allow the economic production of low-carbon energy vectors such as hydrogen (H2 ) methane (CH4 ) and liquid fuels. Dry reforming of methane (DRM) has gained increased attention since it uses CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) which are two main greenhouse gases (GHG) as feedstock for the production of syngas which is a mixture of H2 and carbon monoxide (CO) and can be used as a building block for the production of fuels. Since H2 has been identified as a key enabler of the energy transition a lot of studies have aimed to benefit from the environmental advantages of DRM and to use it as a pathway for a sustainable H2 production. However there are several challenges related to this process and to its use for H2 production such as catalyst deactivation and the low H2/CO ratio of the syngas produced which is usually below 1.0. This paper presents the recent advances in the catalyst development for H2 production via DRM the processes that could be combined with DRM to overcome these challenges and the current industrial processes using DRM. The objective is to assess in which conditions DRM could be used for H2 production and the gaps in literature data preventing better evaluation of the environmental and economic potential of this process.

Electrolytic hydrogen produced from wind and solar energy is considered a long-term option for multi-sectoral decarbonization. The study objective is to develop a framework for assessing country-level hydrogen technical potential from wind and solar energy. We apply locational suitability and zonal statistical analyses methods in a geographic information system-based environment to derive granular insights on non-captive technically exploitable hydrogen potential in high-resource locations. Seven setback factors were considered for locational suitability and integrated with modules developed for evaluating the wind and solar resource penetration from open-source theoretical renewable resource geospatial data and electricity-to-hydrogen conversion analyses. The technique applied in this study would be a relevant contribution to determining national and regional-wide electrolytic hydrogen production potentials in other jurisdictions with requisite adjustments to data and technical constraints. The results from the case study country Canada – a major hydrogen-producing country – show that the technical hydrogen potentials from wind and solar energy are approximately 1897 and 448 million metric tonnes per year respectively at least 6.3 times greater than global hydrogen demand in 2019. When we integrated locational data on enabling infrastructure we discovered that the lack of access to power transmission lines in low-population-density areas of the country significantly reduces the exploitable wind- and solar-based hydrogen potential by over 80% and 6% respectively. The findings of this study show that in the absence of spatial data on infrastructural constraints the exploitable hydrogen potential in a jurisdiction can be overestimated leading to improper guidance for policy and decision-makers.

Severe accidents in nuclear power plants are potentially dangerous to both humans and the environment. To prevent and/or mitigate the consequences of these accidents it is paramount to have adequate accident management measures in place. During a severe accident combustible gases — especially hydrogen and carbon monoxide — can be released in significant amounts leading to a potential explosion risk in the nuclear containment building. These gases need to be managed to avoid threatening the containment integrity which can result in the releases of radioactive material into the environment. The main objective of the AMHYCO project is to propose innovative enhancements in the way combustible gases are managed in case of a severe accident in currently operating reactors. For this purpose the AMHYCO project pursues three specific activities including experimental investigations of relevant phenomena related to hydrogen / carbon monoxide combustion and mitigation with PARs (Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners) improvement of the predictive capabilities of analysis tools used for explosion hazard evaluation inside the reactor containment as well as enhancement of the Severe Accident Management Guidelines (SAMGs) with respect to combustible gases risk management based on theoretical and experimental results. Officially launched on 1 October 2020 AMHYCO is an EU-funded Horizon 2020 project that will last 4 years from 2020 to 2024. This international project consists of 12 organizations (six from European countries and one from Canada) and is led by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM). AMHYCO will benefit from the worldwide experts in combustion science accident management and nuclear safety in its Advisory Board. The paper will give an overview of the work program and planned outcome of the project.

The MC method refuelling protocol in SAE J2601 has been published by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in order to safely and quickly refuel hydrogen vehicles. For the calculation method of the pressure target to control the refuelling stop we introduced a dual-zone dual-temperature model that distinguishes the hydrogen temperature in the tank from the wall temperature to replace the dual-zone single-temperature model of the original MC method. The total amount of heat transferred by convection between hydrogen and the inner tank wall during the filling process was expressed as an equation of final hydrogen temperature final wall temperature final refuelling time tank inner surface area and the correction factor. The correction factor equations were determined by fitting simulation data from the 0D1D model where hydrogen inside the tank is lumped parameter model (0D) and the tank wall is a one-dimensional model (1D). For the correction factor of the linear equation its first-order coefficient and constant term have a linear relationship with the initial pressure of the storage tank and their R2 values obtained from the fitting are greater than 0.99. Finally we derived a new equation to calculate the final hydrogen temperature which can be combined with the 100% SOC inside the vehicle tank to determine the pressure target. The simulation results show that the final SOC obtained are all greater than 96% using the modified pressure target and the correction factor of the linear equation.

Limiting global warming and the pursuit of a net-zero global society by 2050 emphasizes the need to transform the hard-to-abate industrial sectors. The cement sector is the second-largest source of global industrial emissions accounting for 8% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Fuel switching in the cement sector is a decarbonization pathway that has not been explored in detail; previous studies involving fuel switching in the sector either view it from an energy efficiency lens or focus on a single technology. In this study a framework is developed to evaluate and directly compare six fuel switching options (including hydrogen biomass municipal solid waste and natural gas) from 2020 to 2050. Capital costs non-energy operating costs energy costs and carbon costs are used to calculate marginal abatement costs and emulate cost based-market decisions. The developed framework is used to conduct a case study for Canada using the LEAP-Canada model. This study shows that cumulative energy-related greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by up to 21% between 2020 and 2050 with negative marginal abatement costs. Multiple fuel switching decarbonization pathways were established reducing the likelihood that locality prevents meaningful emissions reduction and suggesting that with low-carbon fuel and electricity policies the sector can take significant steps towards emissions reduction. The developed framework can be applied to jurisdictions around the world for decision making as nations move towards eliminating emissions from cement production.

Due to the increase in electric energy consumption and the significant growth in the number of electric vehicles (EV) at the level of the distribution network new networks have started using new fuels such as hydrogen to improve environmental indicators and at the same time better efficiency from the excess capacity of renewable resources. In this article the services that can be provided by hydrogen refueling stations and charging electric vehicles in the optimal performance of microgrids have been investigated. The model proposed in this paper includes a two-stage stochastic framework for scheduling resources in microgrids especially hydrogen refueling stations and electric vehicle charging. In this model two main goals of cost minimization and greenhouse gas emissions are considered. In the proposed framework and in the first stage the service range of microgrids is determined precisely according to the electrical limitations of distribution systems in emergency situations. Then in the second stage the problem of energy management in each microgrid will be solved centrally. In this situation various indicators including the output energy of renewable sources smart charging of hydrogen and electric vehicle charging stations (EV/FCV) and flexible loads (FL) are evaluated. The final mathematical model is implemented as a multivariate integer multiple linear problem (MILP) using the GUROBI solver in GAMS software. The simulation results on the modified IEEE 118-Bus network show the positive effect of the presence of flexible loads and smart charging strategies by charging stations. Also the numerical derivation shows that the operating costs of the entire system can be reduced by 4.77% and the use of smart charging strategies can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 49.13%.

The world is rapidly adopting renewable energy alternatives at a remarkable rate to address the ever-increasing environmental crisis of CO2 emissions. Renewable Energy Systems (RES) offers enormous potential to decarbonize the environment because they produce no greenhouse gases or other polluting emissions. However the RES relies on natural resources for energy generation such as sunlight wind water geothermal which are generally unpredictable and reliant on weather season and year. To account for these intermittencies renewable energy can be stored using various techniques and then used in a consistent and controlled manner as needed. Several researchers from around the world have made substantial contributions over the last century to developing novel methods of energy storage that are efficient enough to meet increasing energy demand and technological break-throughs. This review attempts to provide a critical review of the advancements in the Energy Storage System (ESS) from 1850–2022 including its evolution classification operating principles and comparison