Safety
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Releases in a Hydrogen Fueling Station with Liquid Hydrogen Storage
Feb 2025
Publication
Quantitative Risk Assessments (QRA) is an important tool for enabling safe deployment of hydrogen technologies and is increasingly embedded in the permitting process. Following the framework developed in our companion paper we conducted a detailed QRA on the uncontrolled releases from a high-capacity hydrogen fueling station with liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage. We characterized gaseous and liquid hydrogen releases determined the caus Read More
A Novel Hydrogen Leak Detection Method for PEM Fuel Cells Using Active Thermography
Feb 2025
Publication
Hydrogen leakage in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells poses critical safety efficiency and operational reliability risks. This study introduces an innovative infrared (IR) thermography-based methodology for detecting and quantifying hydrogen leaks towards the outside of PEM fuel cells. The proposed method leverages the catalytic properties of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) as an active thermal tracer facilitating real-time visualisation Read More
Large-scale Experimental Study of Open, Impinging and Confined Hydrogen Jet Fires
Mar 2025
Publication
Hydrogen tanks used in transportation are equipped with thermal pressure relief devices to prevent a tank rapture in case of fire exposure. The opening of the pressure relief valve in such a scenario would likely result in an impinging and (semi-) confined hydrogen jet fire. Therefore twelve largescale experiments of hydrogen jet fires and one large-scale propane reference experiment have been conducted with various degrees of confinement orientations o Read More
Rethinking "BLEVE Explosion" After Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank Rupture in a Fire
Sep 2022
Publication
The underlying physical mechanisms leading to the generation of blast waves after liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage tank rupture in a fire are not yet fully understood. This makes it difficult to develop predictive models and validate them against a very limited number of experiments. This study aims at the development of a CFD model able to predict maximum pressure in the blast wave after the LH2 storage tank rupture in a fire. The performed criti Read More
Numerical Investigation for Hazardous Gas Cloud Form and Dissipation of Hydrogen-blended Natural Gas in a Confined Space
Jan 2025
Publication
The safety of hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG) in a confined space is an issue especially for ventilation processes. In this study leakage and ventilation processes of low-pressure HBNG with different hydrogen-blended ratio (HBR) in a confined space are simulated and validated by experiment based on similarity criteria. For the leakage process the leak direction and HBR do not significantly affect gas accumulation behaviour. The required time for Read More
A Theoretical Assessment of the On-site Monitoring of Hydrogen-enriched Natural Gas by its Thermodynamic Properties
Mar 2025
Publication
A real-time on-site monitoring of the concentration of hydrogen and the heating value of a blend of hydrogen and natural gas is of key importance for its safe distribution in existing pipelines as proposed by the ‘Power-toGas’ concept. Although current gas chromatography (PGC) methods deliver this information accurately they are unsuitable for a quick and pipelineintegrated measurement. We analyse the possibility to monitor this blend with a combinatio Read More
Hydrogen 5.0: Interdisciplinary Development of a Proof-of-Concept Smart System for Green Hydrogen Leak Detection
Feb 2025
Publication
Green hydrogen is a promising energy vector for industrial applications. However hydrogen leaks can occur causing greenhouse effects and posing safety risks for operators and local communities potentially leading to legal liabilities. Industry 4.0 focuses on digital industrial modernization while Industry 5.0 emphasizes collaborative humancentered and sustainable processes. This study developed and analyzed an Industry 5.0 proof of concept as an a Read More
Preliminary Safety Assessment of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage System for Commercial Aviation
Mar 2025
Publication
The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents the outcomes of a preliminary safety assessment applied to this new type of storage system accounting for the hazards of hydrogen. The methodology developed is based on ha Read More
Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel System Leakage in Ships Based on Noisy-OR Gate Model Bayesian Network
Mar 2025
Publication
To mitigate the risk of hydrogen leakage in ship fuel systems powered by internal combustion engines a Bayesian network model was developed to evaluate the risk of hydrogen fuel leakage. In conjunction with the Bow-tie model fuzzy set theory and the Noisy-OR Gate model an in-depth analysis was also conducted to examine both the causal factors and potential consequences of such incidents. The Bayesian network model estimates the likelihood Read More
Pre-Test of a Stand for Testing Fire Resistance of Compressed Hydrogen Storage Systems
Mar 2025
Publication
The publication presents methods and pre-test results of a stand for testing CHSS in terms of resistance to open fire. The basis for the conducted research is the applicable provisions contained in the UN/ECE Regulation R134. The study includes an overview of contemporary solutions for hydrogen storage systems in high-pressure tanks in means of transport. Development in this area is a response to the challenge of reducing global carbon dioxide emissions Read More
A Multi-model Assessment of the Global Warming Potential of Hydrogen
Jun 2023
Publication
With increasing global interest in molecular hydrogen to replace fossil fuels more attention is being paid to potential leakages of hydrogen into the atmosphere and its environmental consequences. Hydrogen is not directly a greenhouse gas but its chemical reactions change the abundances of the greenhouse gases methane ozone and stratospheric water vapor as well as aerosols. Here we use a model ensemble of five global atmospheric c Read More
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