Applications & Pathways
A Perspective on Emerging Energy Policy and Economic Research Agenda for Enabling Aviation Climate Action
Sep 2024
Publication
Due to the aviation energy sector's increasing contribution to climate change and the impact of climate change on the aviation sector determining key energy policy and economic research priorities for enabling an effective and equitable aviation climate action is becoming an increasingly important topic. In this perspective we address this research need using a four-pronged methodology. It includes (i) identifying topical matters highlighted in the media (news); (ii) formulating novel and feasible policy and economic research challenges that pertain to these contemporary issues; (iii) cross-referencing the proposed research challenges with academic literature to confirm their novelty and refining them as necessary; and (iv) validating the importance novelty and feasibility of these research challenges through consultation with a diverse group of aviation experts in fuel policy technology and infrastructure fields. Our results highlight twelve main themes. Among these the top emerging policy and economic research challenges as prioritized by expert input are – (i) frameworks for equitable responsibility allocation between developed and developing country airlines for future emissions; (ii) cost analysis of airlines' net-zero by 2050 commitments; (iii) effectiveness and opportunity cost of airlines investing in offsetting relative to reduction measures; (iv) EU aviation policies' historical and potential effects on airfares demand emissions EU air carriers' competitiveness passenger traffic through EU hubs regional economies and social climate funds' ability to mitigate distributional effects of EU aviation policies. These identified priorities can steer both industry and academic research toward creating practical recommendations for policymakers and industry participants. When it comes to future research the ever-changing nature of the challenges in achieving aviation climate action means that our findings might need regular updates.
Total Cost of Ownership Analysis for Hydrogen and Battery Powertrains: A Comparative Study in Finnish Heavy-duty Transport
Sep 2024
Publication
The road transport sector is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions as it still largely relies on traditional powertrain solutions. While some progress has been made in the passenger car sector with the diffusion of battery electric vehicles heavy-duty transport remains predominantly dependent on diesel internal combustion engines. This research aims to evaluate and compare three potential solutions for the decarbonisation of heavy-duty freight transport from an economic perspective: Battery Electric Trucks (BETs) Fuel Cell Electric Trucks (FCETs) and Hydrogen-fuelled Internal Combustion Engine Trucks (H2ICETs). The study focuses on the Finnish market and road network where affordable and low-carbon electricity creates an ideal environment for the development of alternative powertrain vehicles. The analysis employs the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method which allows for a comprehensive assessment of all cost components associated with the vehicles throughout their entire lifecycle encompassing both initial expenses and operational costs. Among the several factors affecting the results the impact of the three powertrain technologies on the admissible payloads has been taken into account. The study specifically focuses on the costs directly incurred by the truck owner. Additionally to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the proposed powertrain technologies under different scenarios a sensitivity analysis on electricity and hydrogen prices is conducted. The outcomes of this study reveal that no single powertrain solution emerges as universally optimal as the most cost-effective choice depends strongly on the truck type and its use (i.e. daily mileage). For relatively small trucks (18 t) covering short driving distances (approximately 100 to 200 km/day) BETs prove to be the best solution due to their higher efficiency and lower vehicle costs compared to FCETs. Conversely for larger trucks (42 and 76 t) engaged in longer hauls (>300 km/day) H2ICETs exhibit larger cost benefits due to their lower vehicle costs among the three options under investigation. Finally for small trucks (18 t) travelling long distances (200 km/day or more) FCETs represent a competitive choice due to their high efficiency and costeffective energy storage system. Considering future advancements in FCETs and BETs in terms of improved performance and reduced investment cost the fuel cell-based solution is expected to emerge as the best option across various combinations of truck sizes and daily mileages.
Characterizing Hydrogen-diesel Dual-fuel Performance and Emissions in a Commercial Heavy-duty Diesel Truck
Sep 2024
Publication
This study investigates hydrogen (H2) as a supplementary fuel in heavy-duty diesel engines using pre-manifold injection. A H2-diesel dual-fuel (H2DF) system was implemented on a commercial class-8 heavy-duty diesel truck without modifying the original diesel injection system and engine control unit (ECU). Tests were conducted on a chassis dynamometer at engine speeds between 1000 and 1400 rpm with driver-demanded torques from 10 to 75%. The hydrogen energy fraction (HEF) was strategically controlled in the range between 10 and 30%. Overall CO2 reduction (comparable to the HEF level) was achieved with similar brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) at all loads and speeds. To maintain the same shaft torque the driver-demanded torque was reduced in H2DF operation which resulted in a lower boost pressure. At higher loads engine-out BSNOx slightly decreased while BSCO and black carbon (BC) increased significantly due to lower oxygen concentration resulting from the lower boost pressure. At lower loads engine-out BSCO and BSBC decreased moderately while NO2/NO ratio increased substantially in H2DF operation. Deliberate air path and diesel injection control are expected to enable higher HEF and GHG reductions.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Hydrogen Consumption and Battery Cycle Optimization Using Bald Eagle Search Algorithm
Sep 2024
Publication
In this study the Bald Eagle Search Algorithm performed hydrogen consumption and battery cycle optimization of a fuel cell electric vehicle. To save time and cost the digital vehicle model created in Matlab/Simulink and validated with real-world driving data is the main platform of the optimization study. The digital vehicle model was run with the minimum and maximum battery charge states determined by the Bald Eagle Search Algorithm and hydrogen consumption and battery cycle values were obtained. By using the algorithm and digital vehicle model together hydrogen consumption was minimized and range was increased. It was aimed to extend the life of the parts by considering the battery cycle. At the same time the number of battery packs was included in the optimization and its effect on consumption was investigated. According to the study results the total hydrogen consumption of the fuel cell electric vehicle decreased by 57.8% in the hybrid driving condition 23.3% with two battery packs and 36.27% with three battery packs in the constant speed driving condition.
Comparative Study and Optimization of Energy Management Strategies for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
Sep 2024
Publication
Fuel cell hybrid systems due to their combination of the high energy density of fuel cells and the rapid response capability of power batteries have become an important category of new energy vehicles. This paper discusses energy management strategies in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Firstly a detailed comparative analysis of existing PID control strategies and Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies (A-ECMSs) is conducted. It was found that although A-ECMS can balance the energy utilization of the fuel cell and power battery well the power fluctuations of the fuel cell are significant leading to increased hydrogen consumption. Therefore this paper proposes an improved Adaptive Low-Pass Filter Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-LPF-ECMS). By introducing low-pass filtering technology transient changes in fuel cell power are smoothed effectively reducing fuel consumption. Simulation results show that under the 6*FTP75 cycle the energy loss of A-LPF-ECMS is reduced by 10.89% (compared to the PID strategy) and the equivalent hydrogen consumption is reduced by 7.1%; under the 5*WLTC cycle energy loss is reduced by 5.58% and equivalent hydrogen consumption is reduced by 3.18%. The research results indicate that A-LPF-ECMS performs excellently in suppressing fuel cell power fluctuations under idling conditions significantly enhancing the operational efficiency of the fuel cell and showing high application value.
Empowering Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Towards Sustainable Transportation: An Analytical Assessment, Emerging Energy Management, Key Issues, and Future Research Opportunities
Oct 2024
Publication
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have received significant attention in recent times due to various advantageous features such as high energy efficiency zero emissions and extended driving range. However FCEVs have some drawbacks including high production costs; limited hydrogen refueling infrastructure; and the complexity of converters controllers and method execution. To address these challenges smart energy management involving appropriate converters controllers intelligent algorithms and optimizations is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of FCEVs towards sustainable transportation. Therefore this paper presents emerging energy management strategies for FCEVs to improve energy efficiency system reliability and overall performance. In this context a comprehensive analytical assessment is conducted to examine several factors including research trends types of publications citation analysis keyword occurrences collaborations influential authors and the countries conducting research in this area. Moreover emerging energy management schemes are investigated with a focus on intelligent algorithms optimization techniques and control strategies highlighting contributions key findings issues and research gaps. Furthermore the state-of-the-art research domains of FCEVs are thoroughly discussed in order to explore various research domains relevant outcomes and existing challenges. Additionally this paper addresses open issues and challenges and offers valuable future research opportunities for advancing FCEVs emphasizing the importance of suitable algorithms controllers and optimization techniques to enhance their performance. The outcomes and key findings of this review will be helpful for researchers and automotive engineers in developing advanced methods control schemes and optimization strategies for FCEVs towards greener transportation.
The Influence of Gas Fuel Enrichment with Hydrogen on the Combustion Characteristics of Combustors: A Review
Oct 2024
Publication
Hydrogen is a promising fuel because it has good capabilities to operate gas turbines. Due to its ignition speed which exceeds the ignition of traditional fuel it achieves a higher thermal efficiency while the resulting emissions are low. So it was used as a clean and sustainable energy source. This paper reviews the most important research that was concerned with studying the characteristics of hydrogen combustion within incinerators and power generation equipment where hydrogen was used as a fuel mixed with traditional fuel in the combustion chambers of gas turbines. It also includes an evaluation of the combustion processes and flame formation resulting from the enrichment of gaseous fuels with hydrogen and partial oxidation. A large amount of theoretical and experimental work in this field has been reviewed. This review summarizes the predictive and experimental results of various research interests in the field of hydrogen combustion and also production.
Considering Carbon–Hydrogen Coupled Integrated Energy Systems: A Pathway to Sustainable Energy Transition in China Under Uncertainty
Oct 2024
Publication
The low-carbon construction of integrated energy systems is a crucial path to achieving dual carbon goals with the power-generation side having the greatest potential for emissions reduction and the most direct means of reduction which is a current research focus. However existing studies lack the precise modeling of carbon capture devices and the cascaded utilization of hydrogen energy. Therefore this paper establishes a carbon capture power plant model based on a comprehensive flexible operational mode and a coupled model of a two-stage P2G (Power-to-Gas) device exploring the “energy time-shift” characteristics of the coupled system. IGDT (Information Gap Decision Theory) is used to discuss the impact of uncertainties on the power generation side system. The results show that by promoting the consumption of clean energy and utilizing the high energy efficiency of hydrogen while reducing reliance on fossil fuels the proposed system not only meets current energy demands but also achieves a more efficient emission reduction laying a solid foundation for a sustainable future. By considering the impact of uncertainties the system ensures resilience and adaptability under fluctuating renewable energy supply conditions making a significant contribution to the field of sustainable energy transition.
Electrification or Hydrogen? The Challenge of Decarbonizing Industrial (High-Temperature) Process Heat
Oct 2024
Publication
The decarbonization of industrial process heat is one of the bigger challenges of the global energy transition. Process heating accounts for about 20% of final energy demand in Germany and the situation is similar in other industrialized nations around the globe. Process heating is indispensable in the manufacturing processes of products and materials encountered every day ranging from food beverages paper and textiles to metals ceramics glass and cement. At the same time process heating is also responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions as it is heavily dependent on fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal. Thus process heating needs to be decarbonized. This review article explores the challenges of decarbonizing industrial process heat and then discusses two of the most promising options the use of electric heating technologies and the substitution of fossil fuels with low-carbon hydrogen in more detail. Both energy carriers have their specific benefits and drawbacks that have to be considered in the context of industrial decarbonization but also in terms of necessary energy infrastructures. The focus is on high-temperature process heat (>400 ◦C) in energy-intensive basic materials industries with examples from the metal and glass industries. Given the heterogeneity of industrial process heating both electricity and hydrogen will likely be the most prominent energy carriers for decarbonized high-temperature process heat each with their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Hydrogen Engine Conversion Aspects
Oct 2024
Publication
The transition from traditional petrol-based combustion engines to hydrogen-powered systems represents a promising advancement in sustainable and clean energy solutions. This review paper explores the intricacies of converting a conventional internal combustion engine to operate on hydrogen gas. Key topics include the performance limitations of hydrogen engines the role of water injection in combustion modulation and the investigation of direct injection and port injection systems. This review also examines challenges associated with lean and rich mixtures risks of backfire and pre-ignition and the conversion’s overall impact on engine performance and longevity. Additionally this paper discusses hydrogen lubrication to prevent mechanical wear and addresses emission-related considerations.
Hydrogen Energy Systems: Technologies, Trends, and Future Prospects
May 2024
Publication
This review critically examines hydrogen energy systems highlighting their capacity to transform the global energy framework and mitigate climate change. Hydrogen showcases a high energy density of 120 MJ/kg providing a robust alternative to fossil fuels. Adoption at scale could decrease global CO2 emissions by up to 830 million tonnes annually. Despite its potential the expansion of hydrogen technology is curtailed by the inefficiency of current electrolysis methods and high production costs. Presently electrolysis efficiencies range between 60 % and 80 % with hydrogen production costs around $5 per kilogram. Strategic advancements are necessary to reduce these costs below $2 per kilogram and push efficiencies above 80 %. Additionally hydrogen storage poses its own challenges requiring conditions of up to 700 bar or temperatures below −253 °C. These storage conditions necessitate the development of advanced materials and infrastructure improvements. The findings of this study emphasize the need for comprehensive strategic planning and interdisciplinary efforts to maximize hydrogen's role as a sustainable energy source. Enhancing the economic viability and market integration of hydrogen will depend critically on overcoming these technological and infrastructural challenges supported by robust regulatory frameworks. This comprehensive approach will ensure that hydrogen energy can significantly contribute to a sustainable and low-carbon future.
Net-zero Energy Management through Multi-criteria Optimizations of a Hybrid Solar-Hydrogen Energy Production System for an Outdoor Laboratory in Toronto
Apr 2024
Publication
Hydrogen production and storage in hybrid systems is a promising solution for sustainable energy transition decoupling the energy generation from its end use and boosting the deployment of renewable energy. Nonetheless the optimal and cost-effective design of hybrid hydrogen-based systems is crucial to tackle existing limitations in diffusion of these systems. The present study explores net-zero energy management via a multi-objective optimization algorithm for an outdoor test facility equipped with a hydrogen-based hybrid energy production system. Aimed at enabling efficient integration of hydrogen fuel cell system the proposed solution attempts to maximize the renewable factor (RF) and carbon mitigation in the hybrid system as well as to minimize the grid dependency and the life cycle cost (LCC) of the system. In this context the techno-enviroeconomic optimization of the hybrid system is conducted by employing a statistical approach to identify optimal design variables and conflictive objective functions. To examine interactions in components of the hybrid system a series of dynamic simulations are carried out by developing a TRNSYS code coupled with the OpenStudio/EnergyPlus plugin. The obtained results indicate a striking disparity in the monthly RF values as well as the hydrogen production rate and therefore in the level of grid dependency. It is shown that the difference in LCC between optimization scenarios suggested by design of experiments could reach $15780 corresponding to 57% of the mean initial cost. The LCOE value yielded for optimum scenarios varies between 0.389 and 0.537 $/kWh. The scenario with net-zero target demonstrates the lowest LCOE value and the highest carbon mitigation i.e. 828 kg CO2/yr with respect to the grid supply case. However the LCC in this scenario exceeds $57370 which is the highest among all optimum scenarios. Furthermore it was revealed that the lowest RF in optimal scenarios is equal to 66.2% and belongs to the most economical solution.
Coupling Wastewater Treatment with Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technology
Apr 2024
Publication
Fuel cells (FCs) and hydrogen technologies are emerging renewable energy sources with promising results when applied to wastewater treatment (WWT). These devices serve not only for power generation but some specific FCs can be employed for degradation of pollutants and synthesis of intermediates needed in WWT. Microbial FCs are potent devices for WWT even containing refractory pollutants. Despite being a nascent technology with high capital expenses the use of cost-effective materials reduction of operational cost and increased generation of energy and value-added chemicals such as hydrogen will facilitate the market penetration through selected niches and hybridization with alternative WWT technologies.
Towards Low-carbon Power Networks: Optimal Location and Sizing of Renewable Energy Sources and Hydrogen Storage
Apr 2024
Publication
This paper proposes a systematic optimization framework to jointly determine the optimal location and sizing decisions of renewables and hydrogen storage in a power network to achieve the transition to low-carbon networks efficiently. We obtain these strategic decisions based on the multi-period alternating current optimal power flow (AC MOPF) problem that jointly analyzes power network renewable and hydrogen storage interactions at the operational level by considering the uncertainty of renewable output seasonality of electricity demand and electricity prices. We develop a tailored solution approach based on second-order cone programming within a Benders decomposition framework to provide globally optimal solutions. In a test case we show that the joint integration of renewable sources and hydrogen storage and consideration of the AC MOPF model significantly reduces the operational cost of the power network. In turn our findings can provide quantitative insights to decision-makers on how to integrate renewable sources and hydrogen storage under different settings of the hydrogen selling price renewable curtailment cost emission tax price and conversion efficiency.
Advancing Hydrogen Gas Utilization in Industrial Boilers: Impacts on Critical Boiler Components, Mitigation Measures, and Future Perspectives
Sep 2024
Publication
This review sets out to investigate the detrimental impacts of hydrogen gas (H2 ) on critical boiler components and provide appropriate state-of-the-art mitigation measures and future research directions to advance its use in industrial boiler operations. Specifically the study focused on hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and high-temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) and their effects on boiler components. The study provided a fundamental understanding of the evolution of these damage mechanisms in materials and their potential impact on critical boiler components in different operational contexts. Subsequently the review highlighted general and specific mitigation measures hydrogen-compatible materials (such as single-crystal PWA 1480E Inconel 625 and Hastelloy X) and hydrogen barrier coatings (such as TiAlN) for mitigating potential hydrogen-induced damages in critical boiler components. This study also identified strategic material selection approaches and advanced approaches based on computational modeling (such as phase-field modeling) and data-driven machine learning models that could be leveraged to mitigate potential equipment failures due to HE and HTHA under elevated H2 conditions. Finally future research directions were outlined to facilitate future implementation of mitigation measures material selection studies and advanced approaches to promote the extensive and sustainable use of H2 in industrial boiler operations.
Life Cycle Assessment Comparison of Orchard Tractors Powered by Diesel and Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Sep 2024
Publication
To reduce the impact of the agricultural sector on the environment human health and resource depletion several steps should be taken to develop innovative powertrain systems. The agricultural sector must be involved in this innovation since diesel-powered tractors are an important source in terms of pollution. In this context fuel-cell systems have gained importance making them one of the possible substitutes due to their characteristics featuring almost zero local emissions low refueling time and high efficiency. However to effectively assess the sustainability of a fuel-cell tractor a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment comprising production use phase and end of life must be performed. This article presents a comparative analysis according to different impact categories of the life cycle impacts of a traditional diesel-powered tractor and a fuel-cell hybrid tractor designed considering operative requirements and functional constraints. The study was conducted according to the LCA technique (defined by ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards) combining secondary data mainly derived from studies and reports available in the literature with the use of the Ecoinvent 3.0 database. The results are presented according to ten different impact categories defined by ReCiPe 2016 v 1.03 at the midpoint level. The findings obtained showed that the fuel-cell tractor allows for a relevant reduction in all the considered categories. The highest-impact reduction more than 92% was obtained in the human toxicity non-carcinogenic category while the lowest reduction around 4.55% was observed for the fossil fuel scarcity category mainly due to the adoption of gray hydrogen which is produced from fossil fuels. As for the climate change category the fuel-cell tractor showed a reduction of more than 34% in the life cycle impact. Finally the authors also considered the case of green hydrogen produced using solar energy. In this case further reductions in the impact on climate change and fossil fuel resource depletion were obtained. However for the other impact categories the results were worse compared to using gray hydrogen.
Potentials of Green Hydrogen Production in P2G Systems Based on FPV Installations Deployed on Pit Lakes in Former Mining Sites by 2050 in Poland
Sep 2024
Publication
Green hydrogen production is expected to play a major role in the context of the shift towards sustainable energy stipulated in the Fit for 55 package. Green hydrogen and its derivatives have the capacity to act as effective energy storage vectors while fuel cell-powered vehicles will foster net-zero emission mobility. This study evaluates the potential of green hydrogen production in Power-to-Gas (P2G) systems operated in former mining sites where sand and gravel aggregate has been extracted from lakes and rivers under wet conditions (below the water table). The potential of hydrogen production was assessed for the selected administrative unit in Poland the West Pomerania province. Attention is given to the legal and organisational aspects of operating mining companies to identify the sites suitable for the installation of floating photovoltaic facilities by 2050. The method relies on the use of GIS tools which utilise geospatial data to identify potential sites for investments. Basing on the geospatial model and considering technical and organisational constraints the schedule was developed showing the potential availability of the site over time. Knowing the surface area of the water reservoir the installed power of the floating photovoltaic plant and the production capacity of the power generation facility and electrolysers the capacity of hydrogen production in the P2G system can be evaluated. It appears that by 2050 it should be feasible to produce green fuel in the P2G system to support a fleet of city buses for two of the largest urban agglomerations in the West Pomerania province. Simulations revealed that with a water coverage ratio increase and the planned growth of green hydrogen generation it should be feasible to produce fuel for net-zero emission urban mobility systems to power 200 buses by 2030 550 buses by 2040 and 900 buses by 2050 (for the bus models Maxi (40 seats) and Mega (60 seats)). The results of the research can significantly contribute to the development of projects focused on the production of green hydrogen in a decentralised system. The disclosure of potential and available locations over time can be compared with competitive solutions in terms of spatial planning environmental and societal impact and the economics of the undertaking.
Techno-economic Assessment of Hydrogen Supply Solutions for Industrial Site
Sep 2024
Publication
In Austria one of the highest priorities of hydrogen usage lies in the industrial sector particularly as a feedstock and for high-temperature applications. Connecting hydrogen producers with consumers is challenging and requires comprehensive research to outline the advantages and challenges associated with various hydrogen supply options. This study focuses on techno-economic assessment of different supply solutions for industrial sites mainly depicted in two categories: providing hydrogen by transport means and via on-site production. The technologies needed for the investigation of these scenarios are identified based on the predictions of available technologies in near future (2030). The transportation options analyzed include delivering liquid hydrogen by truck liquid hydrogen by railway and gaseous hydrogen via pipeline. For on-site low-carbon hydrogen production a protonexchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis was selected as resent research suggests lower costs for PEM electrolysis compared to alkaline electrolysis (AEL). The frequency of deliveries and storage options vary by scenario and are determined by the industrial demand profile transport capacity and electrolyser production capacity. The assessment evaluates the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of each option considering factors such as infrastructure requirements energy efficiency and economic viability. At a hydrogen demand of 80 GWh the transport options indicate hydrogen supply costs in the range of 14–24 ct/kWh. In contrast the scenarios investigating on-site production of hydrogen show costs between 29 and 49 ct/ kWh. Therefore transport by truck rail or pipeline is economically advantageous to own-production under the specific assumptions and conditions. However the results indicate that as energy demand increases on-site production becomes more attractive. Additionally the influence of electricity prices and the hydrogen production/import price were identified as decisive factors for the overall hydrogen supply costs.
Hydrogen in Burners: Economic and Environmental Implications
Nov 2024
Publication
For centuries fossil fuels have been the primary energy source but their unchecked use has led to significant environmental and economic challenges that now shape the global energy landscape. The combustion of these fuels releases greenhouse gases which are critical contributors to the acceleration of climate change resulting in severe consequences for both the environment and human health. Therefore this article examines the potential of hydrogen as a sustainable alternative energy source capable of mitigating these climate impacts. It explores the properties of hydrogen with particular emphasis on its application in industrial burners and furnaces underscoring its clean combustion and high energy density in comparison to fossil fuels and also examines hydrogen production through thermochemical and electrochemical methods covering green gray blue and turquoise pathways. It discusses storage and transportation challenges highlighting methods like compression liquefaction chemical carriers (e.g. ammonia) and transport via pipelines and vehicles. Hydrogen combustion mechanisms and optimized burner and furnace designs are explored along with the environmental benefits of lower emissions contrasted with economic concerns like production and infrastructure costs. Additionally industrial and energy applications safety concerns and the challenges of large-scale adoption are addressed presenting hydrogen as a promising yet complex alternative to fossil fuels.
Wind-coupled Hydrogen Integration for Commercial Greenhouse Food and Power Production: A Case Study
Oct 2024
Publication
This study investigates the feasibility of using green hydrogen technology produced via Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis powered by a 200 MW wind farm for a commercial Greenhouse in Ontario Canada. Nine different scenarios are analyzed exploring various approaches to hydrogen (H2) production transportation and utilization for electricity generation. The aim is to transition from using natural gas to using varying combinations of H2 and natural gas that include 10 % 20 % and 100 % of H2 with 90 % 80 % and 0 % of natural gas to generate 13.3 MW from Combined Heat and Power (CHP) engines. The techno-economic parameters considered for the study are the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) payback period (PBT) internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback period (DPB). The study found that a 10 % H2-Natural Gas blend using existing wired or transmission line (W-10H2) with 5 days of storage capacity and 2190 h of CHP operation per year had the lowest cost with a LCOH of USD 3.69/kg. However 100 % of H2 using existing wired or transmission line (W-100H2) with the same storage and operation hours revealed better PBT IRR and DPB with values of 6.205 years 15.16 % and 7.993 years respectively. It was found impractical to build a new pipeline or transport H2 via tube trailer from wind farm site to greenhouse. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to understand what factors affect the LCOH value the most.
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