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The Evolution of Green Hydrogen in Renewable Energy Research: Insights from a Bibliometric Perspective
Dec 2024
Publication
Green hydrogen generated from water through renewable energies like solar and wind is a key player in sus tainable energy. It only produces water when used making it a clean energy source. However the inconsistent nature of solar and wind energy highlights the need for storage solutions where green hydrogen is promising. This study uniquely combines green hydrogen (GH) and renewable energy (RE) domains using a comprehensive bibliometri Read More
Bibliometric Analysis of Global Publications on Management, Trends, Energy, and the Innovation Impact of Green Hydrogen Production
Dec 2024
Publication
The aim of this bibliometric analysis was to evaluate the evolution of scientific research in hydrogen focusing on green hydrogen production storage and utilization. Articles from prominent databases were analyzed revealing a strong emphasis on sustainable hydrogen technologies through keywords like “hydrogen production” “green hydrogen” and “solar power generation”. Mature research areas include production methods and electrolysis while Read More
Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Hydrogen Production via Water Electrolysis in South Korea
Dec 2024
Publication
This study evaluated the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with hydrogen production in South Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea) using water electrolysis. Korea aims to advance hydrogen as a clean fuel for transportation and power generation. To support this goal we employed a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to evaluate the emissions across the hydrogen supply chain in a well-to-pump framework using the Korean clean hydr Read More
Temperature Control Strategy for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Based on IPSO-Fuzzy-PID
Dec 2024
Publication
Hydrogen fuel cell water-thermal management systems suffer from slow response time system vibration and large temperature fluctuations of load current changes. In this paper Logistic chaotic mapping adaptively adjusted inertia weight and asymmetric learning factors are integrated to enhance the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and combine it with fuzzy control to propose an innovative improved particle swarm optimization-Fuzzy contr Read More
Underground Hydrogen Storage in Salt Caverns: Laboratory Experiments to Determine Integrity of Rock Salt and Wellbore Through Effective Permeability Measurements
Dec 2024
Publication
Underground hydrogen storage in salt caverns is a promising solution for short-term storage allowing multiple cycles per year. This study experimentally investigates the integrity of such caverns and their wellbores under operating conditions typical of German salt caverns. Specifically we measure the permeability of rock salt cement (API Class G and High Magnesium Resistant (HMR+)) rock salt-anhydrite composites cement-salt composites and Read More
A General Criterion for the Design and Operation of Flexible Hydrogen Storage in Power-to-X Processed
Dec 2024
Publication
This paper introduces a general criterion for the optimal design and operation of hydrogen storage tanks. Specifically the proposed procedure identifies the optimal delivery schedule that minimizes the capacity of material storage systems. Indeed many manufacturing processes need some buffer storage to administer mass flows appropriately according to the operating needs (one class above all: Power-to-X processes) and have one of their highest e Read More
Seawater Treatment Technologies for Hydrogen Production by Electrolysis—A Review
Dec 2024
Publication
Green hydrogen produced by water electrolysis using renewable energy sources (RES) is an emerging technology that aligns with sustainable development goals and efforts to address climate change. In addition to energy electrolyzers require ultrapure water to operate. Although seawater is abundant on the Earth it must be desalinated and further purified to meet the electrolyzer’s feeding water quality requirements. This paper reviews seawater purifi Read More
Is it Green? Designing a Blockchain-based Certification System for the EU Hydrogen Market
Dec 2024
Publication
Energy production and consumption are major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions exacerbating one of the greatest challenges faced by modern societies: climate change. Thus societies must switch to more sustainable energy sources. Green hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative energy carrier facilitating storage and utilization across various industries. However amidst different production processes solely sustainable electr Read More
Scatter Search for Optimal Sizing of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Scheduling Green Hydrogen Production
Dec 2024
Publication
At present energy demands are mainly covered by the use of fossil fuels. The process of fossil fuel production increases pollution from oil extraction transport to processing centers treatment to obtain lighter fractions and delivery and use by the final consumers. Such polluting circumstances are aggravated in the case of accidents involving fossil fuels. They are also linked to speculative markets. As a result the trend is towards the decarbo Read More
Brazil’s New Green Hydrogen Industry: An Assessment of Its Macroeconomic Viability Through an Input–Output Approach
Dec 2024
Publication
This manuscript explores the role of green hydrogen produced through ethanol reforming in accelerating Brazil’s transition to a low-carbon economic framework. Despite ongoing efforts to lessen carbon dependence Brazil’s reliance on biofuels and other renewable energy sources remains inadequate for fully achieving its decarbonization objectives. Green hydrogen presents a vital opportunity to boost energy sustainability especially in sectors that Read More
Country Risks Analysis for the Development of Green Hydrogen and Synthetic Fuel Sectors in the MENA Region
Nov 2024
Publication
Hydrogen plays a pivotal role in global efforts to decarbonize energy and industrial sectors. The European Union particularly Germany anticipate a significant reliance on hydrogen imports in the medium to long term identifying the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region as a key potential producer and exporter of green hydrogen and its downstream products. Yet investment risks pose significant challenges to advancing the region’s green hydrogen and sy Read More
An Optimization-Based Power-Following Energy Management Strategy for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
Dec 2024
Publication
This paper presents an energy management algorithm based on an extended proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. To validate the proposed algorithm comprehensive simulation models were developed including a longitudinal dynamics-based vehicle model an ampere–hour integration-based power battery model a fuel cell model based on the Nernst equation and a hydrogen consumption model. An economic assessment was conducte Read More
Modelling and Simulation of an Integrated Coupled Reactor for Hydrogen Production and Carbon Dioxide Utilisation in an Integrated Fuel Cell Power System
Dec 2024
Publication
In today’s world the need for sustainable energy solutions is paramount to address the ongoing crisis of increasing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Industries heavily reliant on fossil fuels must explore alternative energy sources. Hydrogen with its high heating value and zero direct emissions has emerged as a promising fuel for the future. Electrolytic hydrogen production has gained significance as it enables demand-side response grid stab Read More
The Potential of Polymers and Glass to Enhance Hydrogen Storage Capicity: A Mathematical Approach
Dec 2024
Publication
This manuscript contributes to understanding the role of hydrogen in different materials emphasizing polymers and composite materials to increase hydrogen storage capacity in those materials. Hydrogen storage is critical in advancing and optimizing sustainable energy solutions that are essential for improving their performance. Capillary arrays which offer increased surface area and optimized storage geometries present a promising avenue f Read More
Thermo-economic Analysis of Green Hydrogen Production Onboard LNG Carriers through Solid Oxide Electrolysis Powered by Organic Rankine Cycles
Nov 2024
Publication
LNG carriers play a crucial role in the shipping industry meeting the global demand for natural gas (NG). However the energy losses resulting from the propulsion system and the excess boil-off gas (BOG) cannot be overlooked. The present article investigates the H2 production on board LNG carriers employing both the engine's waste heat (WH) and the excess BOG. Conventional (ORC) and dual-pressure (2P-ORC) organic Rankine cycles couple Read More
Design of Energy Management Strategy for Integrated Energy System Including Multi-Component Electric–Thermal–Hydrogen Energy Storage
Dec 2024
Publication
To address the challenges of multi-energy coupling decision-making caused by the complex interactions and significant conflicts of interest among multiple entities in integrated energy systems an energy management strategy for integrated energy systems with electricity heat and hydrogen multi-energy storage is proposed. First based on the coupling relationship of electricity heat and hydrogen multi-energy flows the architecture of the integrated energy Read More
Techno-economic Analysis of Wind-powered Green Hydrogen Production to Facilitate the Decarbonization of Hard-to-abate Sectors: A Case Study on Steelmaking
Apr 2023
Publication
Green hydrogen is among the most promising energy vectors that may enable the decarbonization of our society. The present study addresses the decarbonization of hard-to-abate sectors via the deployment of sustainable alternatives to current technologies and processes where the complete replacement of fossil fuels is deemed not nearly immediate. In particular the investigated case study tackles the emission reduction potential of st Read More
Social Life Cycle Assessment of Green Hydrogen Production: Evaluating a Projected Portuguese Industrial Production Plant
Sep 2024
Publication
The increase in industrial production and energy consumption has led to excessive exploitation of non-renewable resources resulting in serious environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions. In response there’s a growing investment in renewable energies such as hydroelectric wind and solar power. However these sources are unable to fully meet demand leading to imbalances between consumption and production. An emerging solution to thi Read More
Reversible Solid Oxide Cell Coupled to an Offshore Wind Turbine as a Poly-generation Energy System for Auxiliary Backup Generaiton and Hydrogen Production
Nov 2022
Publication
The coupling of a reversible Solid Oxide Cell (rSOC) with an offshore wind turbine is investigated to evaluate the mutual benefits in terms of local energy management. This integrated system has been simulated with a dynamic model under a control algorithm which manages the rSOC operation in relation to the wind resource implementing a local hydrogen storage with a double function: (i) assure power supply to the wind turbine auxiliary systems dur Read More
Hydrogen Addition to a Commercial Self-aspirating Burner and Assessment of a Practical Burner Modification Strategy to Improve Performance
Jul 2023
Publication
The ability for existing burners to operate safely and efficiently on hydrogen-blended fuels is a primary concern for the many industries looking to adopt hydrogen as an alternative fuel. This study investigates the efficacy of increasing fuel injector diameter as a simple modification strategy to extend the hydrogen-blending limits before flashback. The collateral effects of this modification are quantified with respect to a set of key performance criteri Read More
Competitive Analysis of Heavy Trucks with Five Types of Fuels under Different Scenarios—A Case Study of China
Aug 2024
Publication
As the country that emits the most carbon in the world China needs significant and urgent changes in carbon emission control in the transportation sector in order to achieve the goals of reaching peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. Therefore the promotion of new energy vehicles has become the key factor to achieve these two objectives. For the reason that the comprehensive transportation cost directly affects the Read More
Techno-economic-environmental Assessment of Green Hydrogen and Ammonia Synthesis Using Solar and Wind Resources for Three Selected Sites in Egypt
Sep 2024
Publication
The primary motivation of the present study is to mitigate the severe impact of ongoing energy resource shortages while offering clean and sustainable energy carriers such as hydrogen and ammonia. The present system mainly encompasses water splitting and the Haber-Bosch (HB) processes for green hydrogen and ammonia synthesis using solar and wind power respectively. Pointwise quantification analyses are conducted to quantify the power Read More
Development of a Dynamic Mathematical Model of PEM Electrolyser for Integration into Large-scale Power Systems
May 2024
Publication
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser stands as a promising candidate for sustainable hydrogen pro duction from renewable energy sources (RESs). Given the fluctuating nature of RESs accurate modelling of the PEM electrolyser is crucial. Nonetheless complex models of the PEM electrolyser demand substantial time and resource investments when integrating them into a large-scale power system. The majority of introduced models in Read More
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Hydrogen Containing Streams
Jul 2020
Publication
he use of hydrogen (H2) as a substitute for fossil fuel which accounts for the majority of the world’s energy is environmentally the most benign option for the reduction of CO2 emissions. his will require gigawatt-scale storage systems and as such H2 storage in porous rocks in the subsurface will be required. ccurate estimation of the thermodynamic and transport properties of H2 mixed with other gases found within the storage system is therefore essential for Read More
Development of a Reliable Simulation Framework for Techno-economic Analyses on Green Hydrogen Production from Wind Farms using Alkaline Electrolyzers
Mar 2024
Publication
The present study investigates the feasibility of coupling the intermittent electric power generation from a wind farm with alkaline electrolyzers to produce green hydrogen. A physically accurate model of commercial elec trolytic modules has been first developed accounting for conversion efficiency drop due to modules’ cool down effects of shutdowns due to the intermittence of wind power and voltage degradation over the working time frame. The mod Read More
The Geopolitics of Hydrogen, Volume 1: European Strategies in Global Perspective
Jan 2024
Publication
Rainer Quitzow,
Yana Zabanova,
Almudena Nunez,
Ines Bouacida,
Michał Smoleń,
Wojciech Żelisko,
John Szabo,
Ignacio Urbasos,
Gonzalo Escribano,
Andrea Prontera,
Roelof Stam,
Coby van der Linder,
Pier Stapersma,
Stefan Ćetković,
Janek Stockburger,
Jon Birger Skjærseth,
Per Ove Eikeland,
Tor Håkon Jackson Inderberg and
Mari Lie Larsen
Chapters:♦ Introduction by Rainer Quitzow and Yana Zabanova♦ The EU in the Global Hydrogen Race: Bringing Together Climate Action Energy Security and Industrial Policy by Yana Zabanova♦ Germany’s Hydrogen Strategy: Securing Industrial Leadership in a Carbon–Neutral Economy by Almudena Nunez and Rainer Quitzow♦ France’s Hydrogen Strategy: Focusing on Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility by Ines Bouacida♦ Read More
A Review of the Use of Hydrogen in Compression Ignition Engines with Dual-Fuel Technology and Techniques for Reducing NOx Emissions
Apr 2024
Publication
The use of compression ignition engines (CIEs) is associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions. It is therefore necessary to research sustainable solutions and reduce the negative environmental impact of these engines. A widely studied alternative is the use of H2 in dual-fuel mode. This review has been developed to include the most recent studies on the subject to collect and compare their main conclusions on performance and emissions. Read More
Challenges and Opportunities in Green Hydrogen Adoption for Decarbonizing Hard-to-Abate Industries: A Comprehensive Review
Feb 2024
Publication
The decarbonization of hard-to-abate industries is crucial for keeping global warming to below 2◦C. Green or renewable hydrogen synthesized through water electrolysis has emerged as a sustainable alternative for fossil fuels in energy-intensive sectors such as aluminum cement chemicals steel and transportation. However the scalability of green hydrogen production faces challenges including infrastructure gaps energy losses excessive power consumption Read More
Green Hydrogen in Focus: A Review of Production Technologies, Policy Impact, and Market Developments
Aug 2024
Publication
This paper navigates the critical role of hydrogen in catalyzing a sustainable energy transformation. This review delves into hydrogen production methodologies spotlighting green and blue hydrogen as pivotal for future energy systems because of their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Through a comprehensive literature review and a bibliometric analysis this study underscores the importance of technological advance Read More
Expectations for the Role of Hydrogen and Its Derivatives in Different Sectors through Analysis of the Four Energy Scenarios: IEA-STEPS, IEA-NZE, IRENA-PES, and IRENA-1.5◦C
Jan 2024
Publication
Recently worldwide the attention being paid to hydrogen and its derivatives as alternative carbon-free (or low-carbon) options for the electricity sector the transport sector and the industry sector has increased. Several projects in the field of low-emission hydrogen production (particularly electrolysis-based green hydrogen) have either been constructed or analyzed for their feasibility. Despite the great ambitions announced by some nations with respe Read More
Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment to Minimize Nox Emissions from Hydrogen-fueled Internal Combustion Engines
Oct 2023
Publication
Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines are a promising CO2-free and zero-impact emission alternative to battery or fuel cell electric powertrains. Advantages include long service life robustness against fuel impurities and a strong infrastructural base with existing production lines and workshop stations. In order to make hydrogen engines harmless in terms of pollutant emissions as well NOX emissions at the tailpipe must be reduced as low as the z Read More
The UK Hydrogen Innovation Opportunity: Hydrogen Technology Roadmaps
Apr 2024
Publication
This report lays out roadmaps for the nine technology families identified in the UK Hydrogen Innovation Opportunity. The content in these roadmaps has been developed through a combination of extensive industrial engagement and aggregation of existing sector and technology roadmaps. This document also signposts to reports that highlight innovation challenges and opportunities for two underpinning technology families - materials and digital. The tec Read More
Spray Characterization of Direct Hydrogen Injection as a Green Fuel with Lower Emissions
May 2024
Publication
A viable green energy source for heavy industries and transportation is hydrogen. The internal combustion engine (ICE) when powered by hydrogen offers an economical and adaptable way to quickly decarbonize the transportation industry. In general two techniques are used to inject hydrogen into the ICE combustion chamber: port injection and direct injection. The present work examined direct injection technology highlighting the need to understan Read More
Impact of Hydrogen Direct Injection on Engine Combustion and Emissions in a GDI Engine
Sep 2023
Publication
The combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrogen engine were investigated through experimental analysis using a GDI engine. To enable hydrogen in-cylinder direct injection a specialized hydrogen gas injector was employed. A comparative analysis of the combustion performance between gasoline and hydrogen fuels in a spark-ignited engine was conducted. Additionally the study experimentally explored the thermal efficiency and emission reduct Read More
Recent Advances in Combustion Science Related to Hydrogen Safety
Dec 2024
Publication
Hydrogen is a key pillar in the global Net Zero strategy. Rapid scaling up of hydrogen production transport distribution and utilization is expected. This entails that hydrogen which is traditionally an industrial gas will come into proximity of populated urban areas and in some situations handled by the untrained public. To realize all their benefits hydrogen and its technologies must be safely developed and deployed. The specific properties of hydrogen invol Read More
Status and Perspectives of Key Materials for PEM Electrolyzer
Sep 2024
Publication
Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) represents a promising technology for the sustainable production of hydrogen which is capable of efficiently coupling to intermittent electricity from renewable energy sources (e.g. solar and wind). The technology with compact stack structure has many notable advantages including large current density high hydrogen purity and great conversion efficiency. However the use of expensive electrocat Read More
Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Integration of Steel Industries: Recent Development, Challenges and Technoeconomics Analysis
Feb 2023
Publication
The steel industry is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions with significant energy demand. Currently 73% of the world’s steel is manufactured through the coal-coke-based blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace route (BF-BOF) emitting about two tonnes of CO2 per tonne of steel produced. This review reports the major technologies recent developments challenges and technoeconomic comparison of steelmaking technol o Read More
Integrating Alkaline Electrolysis with Oxyfuel Combustion for Hydrogen and Electricity Production
Feb 2024
Publication
The present study explores the potential of integrating the NET Zero Cycle (NZC) with hydrogen production by alkaline electrolyzers. To achieve this an Aspen Plus model was developed for the NZC and its accuracy was first confirmed by comparing it with literature data. The creation of a model for an alkaline electrolyzer was achieved using Aspen Custom Modeler and later imported into Aspen Plus. A comprehensive simulation was conducted in Aspen Read More
Life Cycle Assessment of a 5 MW Polymer Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Plant
Jan 2024
Publication
This study performs a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of a 5 MW protonexchange membrane water electrolysis plant. The analysis follows a thoroughengineering-based bottom-up design based on the electrochemical model of thesystem. Three scenarios are analyzed comprising a state-of-the-art (SoA) plantoperated with the German electricity grid-mix a SoA plant operated with acompletely decarbonized energy system and a future develo Read More
Projecting Technological Advancement of Electrolyzers and the Impact on the Competitiveness of Hydrogen
Dec 2024
Publication
Green hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors and processes and should therefore play an important role in the energy system in achieving climate goals. However the main hydrogen supply is still based on fossil fuels and only limited amounts of electrolyzers have been installed. Switching from fossil-based fuel sources to green hydrogen is highly dependent on when and at what price green hydrogen will become available Read More
Impact of an Electrode-diaphragm Gap on Diffusive Hydrogen Crossover in Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Oct 2023
Publication
Hydrogen crossover limits the load range of alkaline water electrolyzers hindering their integration with renewable energy. This study examines the impact of the electrode-diaphragm gap on crossover focusing on diffusive transport. Both finite-gap and zero-gap designs employing the state-of-the-art Zirfon UTP Perl 500 and UTP 220 diaphragms were investigated at room temperature and with a 12 wt% KOH electrolyte. Experimental results reveal a relati Read More
Leakage Rates of Hydrogen-methane Gas Blends under Varying Pressure Conditions
Nov 2024
Publication
Integration of hydrogen into the existing natural gas infrastructure is considered a potential pathway that can accelerate the incorporation of hydrogen into the energy sector. While blending renewable hydrogen with natural gas offers advantages such as reduced carbon intensity and the ability to utilize existing infrastructure for hydrogen storage and transportation there are several concerns including leakage and associated issues. Un derstanding the be Read More
Optimization of Renewable Energy Supply Chain for Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Production from Plastic Waste
Dec 2023
Publication
Disposing of plastic waste through burial or burning leads to air pollution issues while also contributing to gas emissions and plastic waste spreading underground into seas via springs. Henceforth this research aims at reducing plastic waste volume while simultaneously generating clean energy. Hydrogen energy is a promising fuel source that holds great value for humanity. However achieving clean hydrogen energy poses challenges including high Read More
Cost Modelling-based Route Applicablity Analysis of United Kingdom Pasenger Railway Decarbonization Options
Jun 2024
Publication
The UK government plans to phase out pure diesel trains by 2040 and fully decarbonize railways by 2050. Hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) trains electrified trains using pantographs (Electrified Trains) and battery electric multiple unit (BEMU) trains are considered the main solutions for decarbonizing railways. However the range of these decarbonization options’ line upgrade cost advantages is unclear. This paper analyzes the upgrade costs of three types of train Read More
Techno-economic Analysis of Stand-alone Hybrid PV-Hydrogen-Based Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Station
Sep 2024
Publication
The increase in the feasibility of hydrogen-based generation makes it a promising addition to the realm of renewable energies that are being employed to address the issue of electric vehicle charging. This paper presents technical and an economical approach to evaluate a newer off-grid hybrid PV-hydrogen energy-based recharging station in the city of Jamshoro Pakistan to meet the everyday charging needs of plug-in electric vehicles. The concept is Read More
Social Risk Approach for Assessing Public Safety of Large-scale Hydrogen Systems
Sep 2023
Publication
Social risk is a comprehensive concept that considers not only internal/external physical risks but also risks (which are multiple varied and diverse) associated with social activity. It should be considered from diverse perspectives and requires a comprehensive evaluation framework that takes into account the synergistic impact of each element on others rather than evaluating each risk individually. Social risk assessment is an approach that is not limited Read More
Composition Tracking of Natural Gas-Hydrogen Mixtures in Pipeline Flow Using High-resolution Schemes
Jul 2024
Publication
A transient pipeline flow model with gas composition tracking is solved for studying the operation of a natural gas pipeline under nonisothermal flow conditions in a hydrogen injection scenario. Two approaches to high-resolution pipeline flow modeling based on the WENO scheme are presented and compared with the implicit finite difference method. The high-resolution models are capable of capturing fast fluid transients and tracking the step Read More
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in Tandem with Electrolysis: A Technology Review for Green Hydrogen Production
Jun 2024
Publication
The global shift toward sustainable energy solutions emphasises the urgent need to harness renewable sources for green hydrogen production presenting a critical opportunity in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Despite its potential integrating renewable energy with electrolysis to produce green hydrogen faces significant technological and economic challenges particularly in achieving high efficiency and cost-effectiveness at scale. This review syste Read More
Freshwater Supply for Hydrogen Production: An Underestimated Challenges
Jun 2024
Publication
This paper presents a thorough critical literature review aimed at understanding the challenges associated with freshwater supply associated with rapidly growing global hydrogen economies. The review has been prompted by the fact that the hydrogen production projected for 2030 will create at least an additional demand of 2.1 billion cubic meters for freshwater which needs to be addressed to support sustainable development of emerging hydro Read More
Environmental Implications and Levelized Cost Analysis of E-fuel Production under Photovoltaic Energy, Direct Air Capture, and Hydrogen
Jan 2024
Publication
The ecological transition in the transport sector is a major challenge to tackle environmental pollution and European legislation will mandate zero-emission new cars from 2035. To reduce the impact of petrol and diesel vehicles much emphasis is being placed on the potential use of synthetic fuels including electrofuels (e-fuels). This research aims to examine a levelised cost (LCO) analysis of e-fuel production where the energy source is renewable. Th Read More
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