An Optimization-Based Power-Following Energy Management Strategy for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

This paper presents an energy management algorithm based on an extended proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. To validate the proposed algorithm, comprehensive simulation models were developed, including a longitudinal dynamics-based vehicle model, an ampere–hour integration-based power battery model, a fuel cell model based on the Nernst equation, and a hydrogen consumption model. An economic assessment was conducted through integrated simulation across all subsystems. The extended PID power regulation method was compared with the conventional power regulation method and the on–off power regulation method in a simulation environment using the China heavy-duty commercial vehicle test cycleB (CHTC-B) criterion. Additionally, the power consumption of the lithium battery was converted into equivalent hydrogen consumption, combining it with the hydrogen consumption of the fuel cell. The results showed that the extended PID strategy achieves an equivalent hydrogen consumption of 19.64 kg per 100 km, compared to 20.41 kg for the traditional power–following strategy and 21.54 kg for the on–off strategy. Therefore, the extended PID power–following strategy reduces equivalent hydrogen consumption by 8.8% compared to the on–off strategy and by 3.7% compared to the traditional power–following strategy.