Poland

This paper presents a method for refining the forecast schedule of renewable energy sources (RES) generation by its intraday adjustment and investigates the measures for reserving RES with unstable generation in electric power systems (EPSs). Owing to the dependence of electricity generation by solar and wind power plants (PV and WPPs respectively) on natural conditions problems arise with their contribution to the process of balancing the power s Read More

Hydrogen is an energy carrier in which hopes are placed for an easier achievement of climate neutrality. Together with electrification energy efficiency development and RES hydrogen is expected to enable the ambitious energy goals of the European Green Deal. Hence the aim of the article is to query the development of the hydrogen economy in the Visegrad Group countries (V4). The study considers six diagnostic features: sources of hydrogen pro Read More

Blending hydrogen into the natural gas infrastructure is becoming a very promising practice to increase the exploitation of renewable energy sources which can be used to produce “green” hydrogen. Several research projects and field experiments are currently aimed at evaluating the risks associated with utilization of the gas blend in end-use devices such as the gas meters. In this paper the authors present the results of experiments aimed at asses Read More

Liquid hydrogen carriers will soon play a significant role in transporting energy. The key factors that are considered when assessing the applicability of ammonia cracking in large-scale projects are as follows: high energy density easy storage and distribution the simplicity of the overall process and a low or zero-carbon footprint. Thermal systems used for recovering H2 from ammonia require a reaction unit and catalyst that operates at a high temper Read More

This study concerns the production of hydrogen from a mixture of ethanol and water. The process was conducted in plasma generated by a spark discharge. The substrates were introduced in the liquid phase into the reactor. The gaseous products formed in the spark reactor were hydrogen carbon monoxide carbon dioxide methane acetylene and ethylene. Coke was also produced. The energy efficiency of hydrogen production was 27 mol(H2 )/kWh an Read More

Technologies that have traditionally been used in fixed installations to detect hydrogen gas leaks such as Catalytic and Electrochemical Point Sensors have one limitation: in order for a leak to be detected the gas itself must either be in close proximity to the detector or within a pre-defined area. Unfortunately outdoor environmental conditions such as changing wind directions and quick dispersion of the gas cloud from a leaking outdoor installation often Read More

This work investigates the cost-efficient integration of renewable hydrogen into steelworks for the production of methane and methanol as an efficient way to decarbonize the steel industry. Three case studies that utilize a mixture of steelworks off-gases (blast furnace gas coke oven gas and basic oxygen furnace gas) which differ on the amount of used off-gases as well as on the end product (methane and/or methanol) are analyzed and evaluated in terms Read More

This article presents the conceptual assumptions for the process of identifying and evaluating the formal & legal factors that impact the choice of a hydrogen buffer location to stabilize the operation of power distribution networks. The assumption for the research process was establishing a methodological framework for an in-depth analysis of legislative acts (the EU legislation and the national law) to enable identification of synthetic groups of formal Read More

The state of environmental pollution brought about as a result of the modern civilization has been monitored in the interests of the environment and human health since the seventies of the last century. Ensuring the energy security is one of the most basic existential requirements for a functional civilized society. The growing civilizational needs caused by broadly understood development generate demand for the production of all kinds of goods in all sector Read More

Nanoporous carbons remain the most promising candidates for effective hydrogen storage by physisorption in currently foreseen hydrogen-based scenarios of the world’s energy future. An optimal sorbent meeting the current technological requirement has not been developed yet. Here we first review the storage limitations of currently available nanoporous carbons then we discuss possible ways to improve their storage performance. We focus on two funda Read More

The gasification technology of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) can represent a future alternative to the global hydrogen production and a pathway for the development of the circular economy. The paper presents an innovative way of utilizing RDF through their oxygen/steam co-gasification with bituminous coal to hydrogen rich gas. Five different RDF samples (RDF1÷RDF5) were investigated. The in-depth analyses of the co-gasification of bituminous coal b Read More

A huge amount of organic waste is generated annually around the globe. The main sources of solid and liquid organic waste are municipalities and canning and food industries. Most of it is disposed of in an environmentally unfriendly way since none of the modern recycling technologies can cope with such immense volumes of waste. Microbiological and biotechnological approaches are extremely promising for solving this environmental problem. Mo Read More

The hydrogen economy is one of the possible directions of development for the European Union economy which in the perspective of 2050 can ensure climate neutrality for the member states. The use of hydrogen in the economy on a larger scale requires the creation of a storage system. Due to the necessary volumes the best sites for storage are geological structures (salt caverns oil and gas deposits or aquifers). This article presents an analy Read More

The main purpose of this paper is the techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production from biogas via steam reforming in a pilot plant. Process flow modeling based on mass and energy balance is used to estimate the total equipment purchase and operating costs of hydrogen production. The pilot plant installation produced 250.67 kg/h hydrogen from 1260 kg/h biomethane obtained after purification of 4208 m3/h biogas using a heat and mass int Read More

Ensuring the energy transition in order to decrease CO2 and volatile organic compounds emissions and improve the efficiency of energy processes requires the development of advanced materials and technologies for the electrical energy sector. The article reviews superconducting materials functional nanomaterials used in the power industry mainly due to their magnetic electrical optical and dielectric properties and the thin layers of amorphou Read More

The use of alternative fuels remains an important factor in solving the problem of reducing harmful substances caused by vehicles and decarbonising transport. It is also important to ensure the energy efficiency of vehicle power plants when using different fuels at a sufficient level. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the conversion of diesel engine to alternative fuels with hydrogen admixtures. Methanol is consid Read More

The valorization of integrated steelworks process off-gases as feedstock for synthesizing methane and methanol is in line with European Green Deal challenges. However this target can be generally achieved only through process off-gases enrichment with hydrogen and use of cutting-edge syntheses reactors coupled to advanced control systems. These aspects are addressed in the RFCS project i3 upgrade and the central role of hydrogen was Read More

To reach climate neutrality by 2050 a goal that the European Union set itself it is necessary to change and modify the whole EU’s energy system through deep decarbonization and reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions. The study presents a current insight into the global energy-transition pathway based on the hydrogen energy industry chain. The paper provides a critical analysis of the role of clean hydrogen based on renewable energy sources (gree Read More

The European steel industry is experiencing new challenges related to the market situation and climate policy. Experience from the period of pandemic restrictions and the effects of Russia’s armed invasion of Ukraine has given many countries a basis for including steel along with raw materials (coke iron ore electricity) in economic security products (CRMA). Steel is needed for economic infrastructure and construction development as well as a material Read More

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the selected properties of HCNG fuel calculations and a literature review of the other fuels that allow the storage of ecologically produced hydrogen. Hydrogen has the most significant CO2 reduction potential of all known fuels. However its transmission in pure form is still problematic and its use as a component of fuels modified by it has now become an issue of interest for researchers. Many types of hydrogen-enri Read More

Storing energy in hydrogen deposits balances the operation of energy systems and is an effective tool in the process of energy transformation towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals. To assess the validity of its use as an alternative renewable energy carrier in dispersed energy systems of hybrid configuration a comprehensive review of scientific literature was conducted in this study based on bibliometric analysis. The bibliographic databas Read More

The main results highlighted in this article underline the critical significance of hydrogen technologies in the move towards carbon neutrality. This research focuses on several key areas including the production storage safety and usage of hydrogen alongside innovative approaches for assessing hydrogen purity and production-related technologies. This study emphasizes the vital role of hydrogen storage technology for the future utilization of hydrogen as Read More

The gasification of Polish coal to produce hydrogen could help to make the country independent of oil and gas imports and assist in the rational energy transition from gray to green hydrogen. When taking strategic economic or legislative decisions one should be guided not only by the level of CO2 emissions from the production process but also by other environmental impact factors obtained from comprehensive environmental analyses. This paper pr Read More

The use of hydrogen exists in various sectors in Poland and Germany. Hydrogen can be used in industry transport decarbonisation of the Polish steel industry and as one of the low-emission alternatives to the existing coal applications in this sector. Limiting climate change requires efforts on a global scale from all countries of the world. Significant economic benefits will be realized by stimulating the development of new technologies to deal with climate chan Read More

The energy production market based on hydrogen technologies is an innovative solution that will allow the industry to achieve climate neutrality in the future in Poland and in the world. The paper presents the idea of using hydrogen as a modern energy carrier and devices that in cooperation with renewable energy sources produce the so-called green hydrogen and the applicable legal acts that allow for the implementation of the new technology were analyze Read More

In this study a theoretical–experimental methodology for determining the stress–strain state in pipeline systems taking into account the hydrogen environment was developed. A complex of theoretical and experimental studies was conducted to determine the specific energy of destruction as an invariant characteristic of the material’s resistance to strain at different hydrogen concentrations. The technique is based on the construction of c Read More

Geological structures in deep aquifers and salt caverns can play an important role in large-scale hydrogen storage. However more work needs to be done to address the hydrogen storage demand for zero-emission energy systems. Thus the aim of the article is to present the demand for hydrogen storage expressed in the number of salt caverns in bedded rock salt deposits and salt domes or the number of structures in deep aquifers. The analysis co Read More

The novel constructions of hybrid energy sources using polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs) and supercapacitors are developed. Studies on the energy demand and peak electrical power of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) weighing up to 100 kg were conducted under various conditions. It was found that the average electrical power required does not exceed ~2 kW under all conditions studied. However under the dynamic electrical load of the elect Read More

The perspective of natural hydrogen as a clear carbon-free and renewable energy source appears very promising. There have been many studies reporting significant concentrations of natural hydrogen in different countries. However natural hydrogen is being extracted to generate electricity only in Mali. This issue originates from the fact that global attention has not been dedicated yet to the progression and promotion of the natural hydrogen field. The Read More

According to the European Hydrogen Strategy hydrogen will solve many of the problems with energy storage for balancing variable renewable energy sources (RES) supply and demand. At the same time we can see increasing popularity of the so-called energy communities (e.g. cooperatives) which (i) enable groups of entities to invest in manage and benefit from shared RES energy infrastructure; (ii) are expected to increase the energy indepen Read More

The analysis of Carbon Footprint (CF) for technology of hydrogen production from cleaned coke oven gas was performed. On the basis of real data and simulation calculations of the production process of hydrogen from coke gas emission indicators of carbon dioxide (CF) were calculated. These indicators are associated with net production of electricity and thermal energy and direct emission of carbon dioxide throughout a whole product life cycle. Prod Read More

This research investigates the potential of using bedded salt formations for underground hydrogen storage. We present a novel artificial intelligence framework that employs spatial data analysis and multi-criteria decision-making to pinpoint the most appropriate sites for hydrogen storage in salt caverns. This methodology incorporates a comprehensive platform enhanced by a deep learning algorithm specifically a convolutional neural network (CN Read More

The desire to maintain CO2 concentrations in the global atmosphere implies the need to introduce ’new’ energy carriers for transport applications. Therefore the operational consumption of each such potential medium in the ’natural’ exploitation of vehicles must be assessed. A useful assessment method may be the vehicle’s energy footprint resulting from the theory of cumulative fuel consumption presented in the article. Using a (very modest) database o Read More

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of methane addition in methane-hydrogen-air mixture (φ = 0.8 – 1.6) on the critical conditions for transition to detonation in a 90-deg wedge corner. Similar to hydrogen-air mixtures investigated previously [1] methane-hydrogen-air mixtures results showed three ignition modes weak ignition followed by deflagration with ignition delay time higher than 1 μs strong ignition with instantaneous tra Read More

Hydrogen-fueled engines require large values of the excess air ratio in order to achieve high thermal efficiency. A low value of this coefficient promotes knocking combustion. This paper analyzes the conditions for the occurrence of knocking combustion in an engine with a turbulent jet ignition (TJI) system with a passive pre-chamber. A single-cylinder engine equipped with a TJI system was running with an air-to-fuel equivalence ratio λ in the range of 1.25 Read More

Integrated steelworks off-gases are generally exploited to produce heat and electricity. However further valorization can be achieved by using them as feedstock for the synthesis of valuable products such as methane and methanol with the addition of renewable hydrogen. This was the aim of the recently concluded project entitled “Intelligent and integrated upgrade of carbon sources in steel industries through hydrogen intensified synthesis process Read More

Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) are characterized by high unevenness cyclicality and seasonality of energy production. Due to the trends in the production of electricity itself and the utilization of hydrogen distributed generation systems are preferred. They can be connected to the energy distribution network or operate without its participation (off-grid). However in both cases such distributed energy sources should be balanced in terms of power generatio Read More

The global transport sector a significant contributor to energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions requires innovative solutions to meet sustainability goals. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology offering opportunities to enhance energy efficiency and reduce GHG emissions in transport systems. This study provides a comprehensive review of AI’s role in optimizing vehicle energy management traffic flow Read More

A transient pipeline flow model with gas composition tracking is solved for studying the operation of a natural gas pipeline under nonisothermal flow conditions in a hydrogen injection scenario. Two approaches to high-resolution pipeline flow modeling based on the WENO scheme are presented and compared with the implicit finite difference method. The high-resolution models are capable of capturing fast fluid transients and tracking the step Read More

This study conducted a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of alternative (electric and hydrogen) and conventional diesel buses in a large metropolitan area. The primary focus was on hydrogen derived from coke oven gas a byproduct of the coking process which is a crucial step in the steel production value chain. The functional unit was 1000000 km traveled over 15 years. LCA analysis using SimaPro v9.3 revealed significant environmental differences between t Read More

The article presents the application of the metalog family of probability distributions to predict the energy production of photovoltaic systems for the purpose of generating small amounts of green hydrogen in distributed systems. It can be used for transport purposes as well as to generate energy and heat for housing purposes. The monthly and daily amounts of energy produced by a photovoltaic system with a peak power of 6.15 kWp were analyzed usi Read More

To inject green hydrogen (H2) into the existing natural gas (NG) infrastructure is one way to decarbonize the European energy system. However asset readiness is necessary to be successful. Preliminary analysis and experimental results about the compatibility of hydrogen and natural gas mixtures (H2NG) with the actual gas grids make the scientific community confident about the feasibility. Nevertheless specific technical questions need more resear Read More

This article describes an example of using the measurement data from photovoltaic systems and wind turbines to perform practical probabilistic calculations around green hydrogen generation. First the power generated in one month by a ground-mounted photovoltaic system with a peak power of 3 MWp is described. Using the Metalog family of probability distributions the probability of generating selected power levels corresponding to the amount of Read More

Climate change is projected to have substantial economic social and environmental impacts worldwide. Currently the leading solutions for hydrogen storage are in salt caverns and depleted natural gas reservoirs. However the required geological formations are limited to certain regions. To increase alternatives for hydrogen storage this paper proposes storing hydrogen in pipes filled with gravel in lakes hydropower and pumped hydro storage reservoirs. Hydr Read More

The use of green hydrogen as a high-energy fuel of the future may be an opportunity to balance the unstable energy system which still relies on renewable energy sources. This work is a comprehensive review of recent advancements in green hydrogen production. This review outlines the current energy consumption trends. It presents the tasks and challenges of the hydrogen economy towards green hydrogen including production purification tran Read More

Green hydrogen production is expected to play a major role in the context of the shift towards sustainable energy stipulated in the Fit for 55 package. Green hydrogen and its derivatives have the capacity to act as effective energy storage vectors while fuel cell-powered vehicles will foster net-zero emission mobility. This study evaluates the potential of green hydrogen production in Power-to-Gas (P2G) systems operated in former mining sites where sa Read More

Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in salt caverns is a sustainable energy solution to reduce global warming. Salt rocks provide an exceptional insulator to store natural hydrogen as they have low porosity and permeability. Nevertheless the salt creeping nature and hydrogeninduced impact on the operational infrastructure threaten the integrity of the injection/production wells. Furthermore the scarcity of global UHS initiatives indicates that investigation Read More

This paper presents an analysis of a treatment system selection for municipal wastewater stream based on the DuPont Water Solutions WAVE software. The results obtained based on an analysis of 7 different processing cases studies (ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis) confirmed that the application of 2-pass membrane systems enables the reclamation of water from municipal wastewater that fulfills the requirements concerning the quality of water int Read More

This study investigates the techno-economic feasibility of an off-grid integrated solar/wind/hydrokinetic plant to co-generate electricity and hydrogen for a remote micro-community. In addition to the techno-economic viability assessment of the proposed system via HOMER (hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources) a sensitivity analysis is conducted to ascertain the impact of ±10% fluctuations in wind speed solar radiation temperature and water ve Read More

This article summarizes current research on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) in road transport. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change are pushing the transport sector to intensify efforts toward decarbonization. One promising solution is the adoption of hydrogen technologies whose development is supported by European Union regulations such as the “Fit for 55” package. FCEVs are characterized Read More