Netherlands

The manuscript firstly describes the data collection and validation process for the European Hydrogen Incidents and Accidents Database (HIAD 2.0) a public repository tool collecting systematic data on hydrogen-related incidents and near-misses. This is followed by an overview of HIAD 2.0 which currently contains 706 events. Subsequently the approaches and procedures followed by the authors to derive lessons learned and formulate recommendations fro Read More

The EC 6th framework research project HyApproval will draft a Handbook which will describe all relevant issues to get approval to construct and operate a Hydrogen Refuelling Station (HRS) for hydrogen vehicles. In WP3 of the HyApproval project it is under investigation which safety information competent authorities require to give a licence to construct an operate an HRS. The paper describes the applied methodology to collect the information from Read More

The transition period towards the situation in which hydrogen will become an important energy carrier will be lengthy (decades) costly and needs a significant R&D effort. It’s clear therefore that the development of a hydrogen system requires a practical strategy within the context of the existing assets. Examining the potential of the existing extensive natural gas chain (transmission - distribution - end user infrastructures and appliances) is a logical first step Read More

High pressure storage of hydrogen in tanks is a promising option to provide the necessary fuel for transportation purposes. The fill process of a high-pressure tank should be reasonably short but must be designed to avoid too high temperatures in the tank. The shorter the fill should be the higher the maximum temperature in the tank climbs. For safety reasons an upper temperature limit is included in the requirements for refillable hydrogen tanks (ISO 1 Read More

The thermal behaviour of several commercial hydrogen tanks has been studied during high pressure (70-84 MPa) hydrogen cycling. The temperature of the gas at different points inside the tank the temperature at the bosses and the tank outer wall temperature have been measured under different filling and emptying conditions. From the experimental results the effect of the filling rate (1.5-4 g/s) and the influence of the liner material in the thermal be Read More

For refuelling on-board hydrogen tanks table-based or formula based protocols are commonly used. These protocols are designed to achieve a tank filling close to 100% SOC (State of Charge) in s safe way: without surpassing temperature (-40°C to 85°C) and pressure limits (125% Nominal Working Pressure NWP). The ambient temperature the initial pressure and the volume category of the (compressed hydrogen storage system CHSS are used as inp Read More

Hydrogen has the potential to be used by many countries as part of decarbonising the future energy system. Hydrogen can be used as a fuel ‘vector’ to store and transport energy produced in low-carbon ways. This could be particularly important in applications such as heating and transport where other solutions for low and zero carbon emission are difficult. To enable the safe uptake of hydrogen technologies it is important to develop the international scien Read More

Low-carbon gases are indispensable to any energy system that is reliable clean affordable safe and is suited to spatial integration and zero-carbon hydrogen is a crucial link in that chain1. The most common element in the universe seems to have a highly bonding effect in the Netherlands – particularly as a result of the unique starting position of our country. This is made clear in the agreements of the National Climate Agreement which includes an ambitious t Read More

The development of the temperature field in hydrogen tanks during the filling process has been investigated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Measurements from experiments undertaken at the JRC GasTef facility have been used to develop and validate the CFD modelling strategy; by means of the CFD calculations the effect of the injector direction on the temperature distribution has been analysed. It has been found that the dynamics of the Read More

The Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission together with the European Association of Research and Technology Organisations (EARTO) the European Standards Organisations (ESO) CEN and CENELEC and the European Commission Directorate-General Enterprise and Industry (ENTR) have launched an initiative within the context of the European Forum on Science and Industry to bring the scientific and standardization communities cl Read More

Hydrogen is a promising avenue for decarbonising energy systems and providing flexibility. In this paper the JRC-EU-TIMES model – a bottom-up technology-rich model of the EU28 energy system – is used to assess the role of hydrogen in a future decarbonised Europe under two climate scenarios current policy initiative (CPI) and long-term decarbonisation (CAP). Our results indicate that hydrogen could become a viable option already in 2030 – however a Read More

This paper addresses how a global climate target may influence iron and steel production technology deployment and scrap use. A global energy system model ETSAP-TIAM was used and a Scrap Availability Assessment Model (SAAM) was developed to analyse the relation between steel demand recycling and the availability of scrap and their implications for steel production technology choices. Steel production using recycled materials has a continuous Read More

Expectations for energy storage are high but large-scale underground hydrogen storage in porous media (UHSP) remains largely untested. This article identifies and discusses the scientific challenges of hydrogen storage in porous media for safe and efficient large-scale energy storage to enable a global hydrogen economy. To facilitate hydrogen supply on the scales required for a zero-carbon future it must be stored in porous geological formations Read More

Fuel cell electric vehicles convert chemical energy of hydrogen into electricity to power their motor. Since cars are used for transport only during a small part of the time energy stored in the on-board hydrogen tanks of fuel cell vehicles can be used to provide power when cars are parked. In this paper we present a community microgrid with photovoltaic systems wind turbines and fuel cell electric vehicles that are used to provide vehicle-to-grid power when re Read More

Delft University of Technology under its ‘‘Green Village” programme has an initiative to build a power plant (car parking lot) based on the fuel cells used in vehicles for motive power. It is a trigeneration system capable of producing electricity heat and hydrogen. It comprises three main zones: a hydrogen production zone a parking zone and a pump station zone. This study focuses mainly on the hydrogen production zone which assesses four differen Read More

Globally the accelerating use of renewable energy sources enabled by increased efficiencies and reduced costs and driven by the need to mitigate the effects of climate change has significantly increased research in the areas of renewable energy production storage distribution and end-use. Central to this discussion is the use of hydrogen as a clean efficient energy vector for energy storage. This review by experts of Task 32 “Hydrogen-based Energy Read More

Because of differences in irradiation levels it could be more efficient to produce solar electricity and hydrogen in North Africa and import these energy carriers to Europe rather than generating them at higher costs domestically in Europe. From a global climate change mitigation point of view exploiting such efficiencies can be profitable since they reduce overall renewable electricity capacity requirements. Yet the construction of this capacity in North A Read More

Sustainable fuel-range hydrocarbons can be produced via the catalytic decarboxylation of biomass-derived carboxylic acids without the need for hydrogen addition. In this present study 5 wt% platinum on carbon (Pt/C) has been found to be an effective catalyst for hydrothermally decarboxylating butyric acid in order to produce mainly propane and carbon dioxide. However optimisation of the reaction conditions is required to minimise secondary reactions Read More

Hydrogen is crucial to Europe’s transformation into a climate-neutral continent by mid-century. This study concludes that the European Union (EU) and UK could see a hydrogen demand of 2300 TWh (2150-2750 TWh) by 2050. This corresponds to 20-25% of EU and UK final energy consumption by 2050. Achieving this future role of hydrogen depends on many factors including market frameworks legislation technology readiness and consumer choi Read More

The first applications of hydrogen in a natural gas grid will be the admixing of low concentrations in an existing distribution grid. For easy quality and process control it is essential to monitor the hydrogen concentration in real time preferably using cost effective monitoring solutions. In this paper we introduce the use of a platinum based hydrogen sensor that can accurately (at 0.1 vol%) and reversibly monitor the concentration of hydrogen in a carrier gas. Read More

In this review we provide a short overview of the Molecular Dynamics (MD) method and how it can be used to model the water splitting process in photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. We cover classical non-reactive and reactive MD techniques as well as multiscale extensions combining classical MD with quantum chemical and continuum methods. Selected examples of MD investigations of various aqueous semiconductor interfaces with a Read More

The utilization of the captured CO2 as a carbon source for the production of energy storage media offers a technological solution for overcoming crucial issues in current energy systems. Solar energy production generally does not match with energy demand because of its intermittent and non-programmable nature entailing the adoption of storage technologies. Hydrogen constitutes a chemical storage for renewable electricity if it is produced by water Read More

In this analysis life cycle environmental burdens and total costs of ownership (TCO) of current (2017) and future (2040) passenger cars with different powertrain configurations are compared. For all vehicle configurations probability distributions are defined for all performance parameters. Using these a Monte Carlo based global sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the input parameters that contribute most to overall variability of results. Read More

The paper presents an overview of the main achievements of the internal project InsHyde of the HySafe NoE. The scope of InsHyde was to investigate realistic small-medium indoor hydrogen leaks and provide recommendations for the safe use/storage of indoor hydrogen systems. Additionally InsHyde served to integrate proposals from HySafe work packages and existing external research projects towards a common effort. Following a state of t Read More

This paper introduces a risk-based methodology for hydrogen refuelling stations. Momentarily four stations are present in the Netherlands. This number is expected to increase to around twenty in the next years. For these stations a quantitative risk analysis (QRA) must be carried out to account for spatial planning. The presented method identifies the loss of containment scenarios and failure frequencies. Additionally the results of this study may be Read More