France

Turbulence is a key aspect in hydrogen explosions. Unfortunately only limited experimental data is available and the current understanding of flame turbulence interactions is too limited to permit safe predictions. New experimental data are presented in which the flame trajectory and pressure history are interpreted for unconfined explosions of H2/O2/N2 clouds of 7 m3. The intensity of the turbulence is varied between 0 and 5 m/s and the integral s Read More

PEM water electrolysis offers an efficient and flexible way to produce “green-hydrogen” from renewable (intermittent) energy sources. Most research papers published in the open literature on the subject are addressing performances issues and to date very few information is available concerning the mechanisms of performance degradation and the associated consequences. Results reported in this communication have been used to analyze the failure mec Read More

Hydrogen energy applications can be used outdoor and thus exposed to environmental varying conditions like wind. In several applications natural ventilation is the first mitigation means studied to limit hydrogen build-up inside a confined area. This study aims at observing and understanding the influence of wind on light gas build-up in addition. Experiments were performed with helium as releasing gas in a 1-m 3 enclosure equipped with ventilation opening Read More

Efficient storage of hydrogen is crucial for the success of hydrogen energy markets (early markets as well as transportation market). Hydrogen can be stored either as a compressed gas a refrigerated liquefied gas a cryo-compressed gas or in hydrides. This paper gives an overview of hydrogen storage technologies and details the specific issues and constraints related to the materials behaviour in hydrogen and conditions representative of hydro Read More

In the event of a fire composite pressure vessels behave very differently from metallic ones: the material is degraded potentially leading to a burst without significant pressure increase. Hence such objects are when necessary protected from fire by using thermally-activated devices (TPRD) and standards require testing cylinder and TPRD together. The pre-normative research project FireComp aimed at understanding better the conditions which may lead t Read More

Hydrogen Infrastructures are currently being built up to support the initial commercialization of the fuel cell vehicle by multiple automakers. Three primary markets are presently coordinating a large build up of hydrogen stations: Japan; USA; and Europe to support this. Hydrogen Fuelling Station General Safety and Performance Considerations are important to establish before a wide scale infrastructure is established.This document introduces the ISO Tec Read More

Buffers are key components for hydrogen filling stations that are currently being developed. Type 1 or composite cylinders are used for this application. The type used depends on many parameters including pressure level cost and space available for the filling station. No international standards exist for such high pressure vessels whereas many standards exist covering Types 123 and 4 used for transport of gas or on-board fuel tanks. It is suggested to use t Read More

Within the scope of the HyResponse project the development of a specialised training programme is currently underway. Utilizing an andragogy approach to teaching distance learning is mixed with classroom instructors-led activities while hands-on training on a full-scale simulator is coupled with an innovative virtual reality based experience. Although the course is dedicated mainly to first responders provision has been made to incorporate not only simp Read More

This work deals with a comparative study of regulations codes and standards for hydrogen fuelling station dedicated for light duty land vehicles in the following countries: United States (California) United Kingdom Italy Germany Canada Sweden Norway Denmark and Spain.The following technical components of a hydrogen fuelling station are included in the scope of the study: the hydrogen storage systems (cryogenic or compressed gases) Read More

In the event of a fire the TPRD (Thermally activated Pressure Relief Device) prevents the high-pressure full composite cylinder from bursting by detecting high temperatures and releasing the pressurized gas. The current safety performance of both the vessel and the TPRD is demonstrated by an engulfing bonfire test. However there is no requirement concerning the effect of the TPRD release which may produce a hazardous hydrogen flame due to t Read More