Belgium
Complex Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage – New Perspectives
Apr 2014
Publication
Since the 1970s hydrogen has been considered as a possible energy carrier for the storage of renewable energy. The main focus has been on addressing the ultimate challenge: developing an environmentally friendly successor for gasoline. This very ambitious goal has not yet been fully reached as discussed in this review but a range of new lightweight hydrogen-containing materials has been discovered with fascinating properties. State-of-the-art and future Read More
First Hydrogen Fuel Sampling from a Fuel Cell Hydrogen Electrical Vehicle–Validation of Hydrogen Fuel Sampling System to Investigate FCEV Performance
Aug 2022
Publication
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) are developing quickly from passenger vehicles to trucks or fork-lifts. Policymakers are supporting an ambitious strategy to deploy fuel cell electrical vehicles with infrastructure as hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) as the European Green deal for Europe. The hydrogen fuel quality according to international standard as ISO 14687 is critical to ensure the FCEV performance and that poor hydrogen quality may not cause FCEV l Read More
The Direct Reduction of Iron Ore with Hydrogen
Aug 2022
Publication
The steel industry represents about 7% of the world’s anthropogenic CO2 emissions due to the high use of fossil fuels. The CO2 -lean direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen is considered to offer a high potential to reduce CO2 emissions and this direct reduction of Fe2O3 powder is investigated in this research. The H2 reduction reaction kinetics and fluidization characteristics of fine and cohesive Fe2O3 particles were examined in a vibrated fluidized bed r Read More
THyGA - Roadmap H2NG for Europe
May 2023
Publication
This report aims at summarizing the different stakeholders’ opinions on H2NG blends and cross them with the THyGA results to recommend some necessary actions to prepare the field for operational large-scale blending (liability delayed ignition adjustment…).
Phasing Out Steam Methane Reformers with Water Electrolysis in Producing Renewable Hydrogen and Ammonia: A Case Study Based on the Spanish Energy Markets
Jul 2023
Publication
Deploying renewable hydrogen presents a significant challenge in accessing off-takers who are willing to make long-term investments. To address this challenge current projects focus on large-scale deployment to replace the demand for non-renewable hydrogen particularly in ammonia synthesis for fertiliser production plants. The traditional process involving Steam Methane Reformers (SMR) connected to Haber-Bosch synthesis could potentiall Read More
Hydrogen Europe Podcast: Wind and Hydrogen - Delivering REPower EU
Jun 2022
Publication
In this episode of Hydrogen Europe's podcast "Hydrogen the first element" our CEO Jorgo Chatzimarkakis discusses with Wind Europe's CEO Giles Dickson. Starting off on how Giles joined Wind Europe the two CEOs discuss the responsibilities their industries have in the new energy strategy set in the REPowerEU as well as the fruitful synergies between hydrogen and wind.
Hydrogen Europe Podcast: The Commision's Support to the Hydrogen Ecosystem
Jul 2022
Publication
In this episode titled "The Commission's support to the hydrogen ecosystem" our CEO Jorgo Chatzimarkakis discusses with Rosalinde van der Vlies Clean Planet Director DG RTD - European Commission. Starting off on how Rosalinde joined the Commission the two speakers discuss the Commission's support in developing a hydrogen ecosystem also in light of its participation in the Clean Hydrogen Partnership and the implications arising from the REPowerEU.
Policy Toolbox for Low Carbon and Renewable Hydrogen
Nov 2021
Publication
The report “Policy Toolbox for Low Carbon and Renewable Hydrogen” is based on an assessment of the performance of hydrogen policies in different stages of market maturity and segments of the value chain. 48 policies were shortlisted based on their economic efficiency and effectiveness and mapped to barriers across the value chain and over time. These policies were subsequently clustered into policy packages for three country archetypes: a sel Read More
2022 EU and National Policies Report
Mar 2022
Publication
Purpose: The policy module of the FCHO presents an overview of EU and national policies across various hydrogen and fuel cell related sectors. It provides a snapshot of the current state of hydrogen legislation and policy. Scope: This report covers 34 entities and it reflects data collected January 2022 – February 2022. Key Findings: Hydrogen policies are relatively commonplace among European countries but with large differences between member states. Read More
Assessing the Performance of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Using Synthetic Hydrogen Fuel
Mar 2024
Publication
The deployment of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) is critical to achieve zero emissions. A key parameter influencing FCEV performance and durability is hydrogen fuel quality. The real impact of contaminants on FCEV performance is not well understood and requires reliable measurements from real-life events (e.g. hydrogen fuel in poor-performing FCEVs) and controlled studies on the impact of synthetic hydrogen fuel on FCEV performan Read More
2022 Hydrogen Supply Capacity and Demand
Mar 2022
Publication
Purpose: The purpose of the hydrogen supply and demand data stream is to provide an overview of the hydrogen market in Europe and to track industry’s progress in deploying clean hydrogen technologies. Scope: Data about hydrogen production capacity and consumption in EU countries together with Switzerland Norway Iceland and the United Kingdom. Hydrogen production capacity is presented by country and by production technology wherea Read More
2021 Education & Training Report
Jul 2021
Publication
Purpose: The Training section of the Education and Training module of the FCHO offers a repository of training available in Europe. In addition to the training programmes Educational materials which are publicly accessible online are also available to access on the FCHO. https://www.fchobservatory.eu/observatory/education-and-training Scope: The training courses are displayed by location within a map and users c Read More
2021 EU and National Policies Report
Jul 2021
Publication
Purpose: The policy module of the FCHO presents an overview of EU and national policies across various hydrogen and fuel cell related sectors. It provides a snapshot of the current state of hydrogen legislation and policy. https://www.fchobservatory.eu/observatory/policy-and-rcs/eu-policies https://www.fchobservatory.eu/index.php/observatory/policy-and-rcs/nationalpolicies Scope: While FCHO covers 38 entities around the world due to Read More
2022 Standards Report
Feb 2022
Publication
Purpose: The standards module of the FCHO (https://www.fchobservatory.eu/observatory/Policyand-RCS/Standards) presents a large number of standards relevant for the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cells. The standards are categorized per application enhancing ease of access and findability. The development of sector-relevant standards facilitate and enhance economies of scale interoperability comparability safety and many other issues. Read More
Towards a Prioritization of Alternative Energy Sources for Sustainable Shipping
Apr 2023
Publication
Studies on the prospects of the use of alternative fuels in the maritime industry have rarely been assessed in the context of developing countries. This study assesses seven energy sources for shipping in the context of Bangladesh with a view to ranking their prospects based on sustainability as well as identifying the energy transition criteria. Data were collected from maritime industry experts including seafarers shipping company executives government r Read More
Assessing the Balance Between Direct Electrification and the Use of Decarbonised Gases in the 2050 EU Energy System
Jan 2023
Publication
If Europe is to meet its 2050 decarbonisation objectives a change of paradigm needs to materialise. The energy sector cannot be understood any more as the sum of independent silos consisting of different energy vectors. Indeed a large number of technologies that are essential to meeting our decarbonisation targets are linking systems and markets currently being planned and operated without fully considering the potential benefits of adopting a holistic Read More
2021 Technology & Markets Report
Jul 2021
Publication
Purpose: The technology and market module of the FCHO presents a range of statistical data as an indicator of the health of the sector and the progress in market development over time. https://www.fchobservatory.eu/observatory/technology-and-market Scope: Fuel cell shipment data is presented on a global basis. Other sections of the technology and market chapter (HRS data and FCEV data) are presented on a European basis. The report spans Janua Read More
2050 No-regret Options and Technology Lock-ins
Jan 2023
Publication
The present study (in the following referred to as study S4) takes a deeper look at the 2050 EU energy system. It builds upon a decarbonisation scenario developed in an earlier study of the METIS 2 project (study S61) which focusses on the EU electricity sector and its interlinkage with the hydrogen and the heat sectors. While study S6 aimed for a cost-optimal dimensioning of the EU power system the present study goes a step further and aims to deri Read More
THyGA - Test Report on Mitigation Solutions for Residential Natural Gas Appliances Not Designed for Hydrogen Admixture
Apr 2023
Publication
This report from the WP5 “Mitigation” provides information and test results regarding perturbations that hydrogen could cause to gas appliances when blended to natural gas especially on anatural draught for exhaust fumes or acidity for the condensates. The important topic of on-site adjustment is also studied with test results on alternative technologies and proposals of mitigation approaches.
Global Hydrogen Flows
Oct 2022
Publication
Authored by the Hydrogen Council in collaboration with McKinsey and Company Global Hydrogen Flows addresses the midstream challenge of aligning and optimizing global supply and demand. It finds that trade can reduce overall system costs.In doing so it provides a perspective on how the global trade of hydrogen and derivatives including hydrogen carriers ammonia methanol synthetic kerosene and green steel (which uses hydrogen in its producti Read More
Hydrogen Insights 2022
Sep 2022
Publication
Authored by the Hydrogen Council in collaboration with McKinsey and Company Hydrogen Insights 2022 presents an updated perspective on hydrogen market development and actions required to unlock hydrogen at scale.The pipeline of hydrogen projects is continuing to grow but actual deployment is lagging.680 large-scale project proposals worth USD 240 billion have been put forward but only about 10% (USD 22 billion) have reached final inve Read More
Going Global: An Update on Hydrogen Valleys and their Role in the New Hydrogen Economy
Sep 2022
Publication
Hydrogen is a key cornerstone of the green transformation of the global economy and a major lever to diversify energy supplies and accelerate the clean energy transition. Hydrogen will be essential to replace natural gas coal and oil in hard-to-decarbonise sectors in industry mobility and energy. Hydrogen Valleys will become an important cornerstone in producing importing transporting and using clean hydrogen in Europe.
Techno-economic Assessment on Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Comprising Hydrogen and Batteries: A Case Study in Belgium
Jun 2023
Publication
This paper introduces a Techno-Economic Assessment (TEA) on present and future scenarios of different energy storage technologies comprising hydrogen and batteries: Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Hydrogen Energy Storage System (H2ESS) and Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS). These three configurations were assessed for different time horizons: 2019 2022 and 2030 under both on-grid and off-grid conditions. For 2030 a sensitivity an Read More
Global Land and Water Limits to Electrolytic Hydrogen Production Using Wind and Solar Resources
Sep 2023
Publication
Proposals for achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 include scaling-up electrolytic hydrogen production however this poses technical economic and environmental challenges. One such challenge is for policymakers to ensure a sustainable future for the environment including freshwater and land resources while facilitating low-carbon hydrogen production using renewable wind and solar energy. We establish a country-by-country reference Read More
Modelling Flexibility Requirements in Deep Decarbonisation Scenarios: The Role of Conventional Flexibility and Sector Coupling Options in the European 2050 Energy System
Feb 2024
Publication
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has reaffirmed the importance of scaling up renewable energy to decarbonise Europe’s economy while rapidly reducing its exposure to foreign fossil fuel suppliers. Therefore the question of sources of flexibility to support a fully decarbonised European energy system is becoming even more critical in light of a renewable-dominated energy system. We developed and used a Pan-European energy system model to systematic Read More
Risky Business? Evaluating Hydrogen Partnerships Established by Germany, The Netherlands, and Belgium
Dec 2023
Publication
Following the introduction of the EU’s Hydrogen Strategy in 2020 as part of the European Green Deal some EU member states have deployed a very active hydrogen diplomacy. Germany The Netherlands and Belgium have been the most active ones establishing no less than 40 bilateral hydrogen trade partnerships with 30 potential export countries in the last three years. However concerns have been voiced about whether such hydrogen trade r Read More
A Non-dimensional Surrogate Model of Stratified Filling During Indoor, Plume-look Hydrogen Releases
Sep 2023
Publication
Hydrogen is commonly used as feedstock in industrial processes and is regarded as a potential future energy carrier. However its reactivity and low density make it difficult to handle and store safely. Indoor hydrogen dispersion can cause a fire or explosion hazard if encountering an ignition source. Safety practices often use time expensive modelling techniques to estimate risk associated with hydrogen. A neural network based surrogate model coul Read More
Research & Innovation for Climate Neutrality 2050: Challenges, Opportunities & the Path Forward
Jan 2024
Publication
Transforming Europe into a climate neutral economy and society by 2050 requires extraordinary efforts and the mobilisation of all sectors and economic actors coupled with all the creative and brain power one can imagine. Each sector has to fundamentally rethink the way it operates to ensure it can be transformed towards this new net-zero paradigm without jeopardising other environmental and societal objectives both within the EU and globally. Read More
Analysis of Operational Parameters and Emissions in a Domestic Natural Gas Heating Appliance with Hydrogen Blending
Dec 2024
Publication
The weather-dependent nature of renewable energy production has led to periodic overproduction making hydrogen production a practical solution for storing excess energy. In addition to conventional storage methods such as physical tanks or chemical bonding using the existing natural gas network as a storage medium has also proven to be effective. Households can play a role in this process as well. The purpose of these experiments is to evaluat Read More
Development of a Dynamic Mathematical Model of PEM Electrolyser for Integration into Large-scale Power Systems
May 2024
Publication
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser stands as a promising candidate for sustainable hydrogen pro duction from renewable energy sources (RESs). Given the fluctuating nature of RESs accurate modelling of the PEM electrolyser is crucial. Nonetheless complex models of the PEM electrolyser demand substantial time and resource investments when integrating them into a large-scale power system. The majority of introduced models in Read More
Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells: A Vision of our Future
Jan 2003
Publication
This report of the High Level Group for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies sets out a vision for these technologies in future sustainable energy systems - improving energy security of supply and air quality whilst mitigating climate change. The report recommends actions for developing world-class European hydrogen technologies and fostering their commercial exploitation.
Comparison of Battery Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell Vehicles
Sep 2023
Publication
In the current context of the ban on fossil fuel vehicles (diesel and petrol) adopted by several European cities the question arises of the development of the infrastructure for the distribution of alternative energies namely hydrogen (for fuel cell electric vehicles) and electricity (for battery electric vehicles). First we compare the main advantages/constraints of the two alternative propulsion modes for the user. The main advantages of hydrogen vehicles are au Read More
Cost-optimal Design and Operation of Hydrogen Refueling Stations with Mechanical and Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressors
Sep 2024
Publication
Hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) can cause a significant fraction of the hydrogen refueling cost. The main cost contributor is the currently used mechanical compressor. Electrochemical hydrogen compression (EHC) has recently been proposed as an alternative. However its optimal integration in an HRS has yet to be investigated. In this study we compare the performance of a gaseous HRS equipped with different compressors. First we develop dynamic mod Read More
Electrochemical Compression Technologies for High-pressure Hydrogen: Current Status, Challenges and Perspective
Aug 2020
Publication
Hydrogen is an ideal energy carrier in future applications due to clean byproducts and high efciency. However many challenges remain in the application of hydrogen including hydrogen production delivery storage and conversion. In terms of hydrogen storage two compression modes (mechanical and non-mechanical compressors) are generally used to increase volume density in which mechanical compressors with several classifcations including re Read More
The Effect of Carbon Taxonomy on Renewable Hydrogen Production: A Techno-economic and Environmental Assessment
Dec 2024
Publication
From navigating the rainbow of colours to the lack of consensus in establishing a common taxonomy the labelling and definition of green or renewable hydrogen presents a growing challenge. In this context carbon taxonomy is understood through five critical aspects: carbon intensity temporal and geographical correlation additionality of renewable energy generation and different system boundaries in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This study Read More
European Hydrogen Train the Trainer Programme for Responders: The Impact of HyResponder on Training Across Europe
Jan 2025
Publication
Síle Brennan,
Christian Brauner,
Dennis Davis,
Natalie DeBacker,
Alexander Dyck,
César García Hernández,
André Vagner Gaathaug,
Petr Kupka,
Laurence Grand-Clement,
Etienne Havret,
Deborah Houssin-Agbomson,
Laurent Lecomte,
Eric Maranne,
Pippa Steele,
Paola Russo,
Adolfo Pinilla,
Gerhard Schoepf,
Tom Van Esbroeck and
Vladimir V. Molkov
The impact of the HyResponder project on the training of responders in 10 European countries is described. An overview is presented of training activities undertaken within the project in Austria Belgium Czech Republic France Germany Italy Norway Spain Switzerland and the United Kingdom. National leads with training expertise are given and the longer-term plans in each region are mentioned. Responders from each region took part in a specially tailored Read More
Hydrogen Europe Podcast Episode 6 - Exploring Opportunities for EU-Canada Hydrogen Cooperation
Dec 2023
Publication
In the sixth episode titled Exploring Opportunities for EU-Canada Hydrogen Cooperation our CEO Jorgo Chatzimarkakis discusses with John Risley Charmain and CEO of CFFI Ventures and Stefan Kaufmann former Innovation Commissioner for Green Hydrogen of the German government and now adviser to Thyssenkrupp. In the discussion about hydrogen market and technology's development in Canada and in Germany the businessman and the policy Read More
Hydrogen Europe Podcast Episode 5 - Industry & Research - Important Cooperation for H2 Sector
Dec 2023
Publication
In this podcast episode Hydrogen Europe CEO Jorgo Chatzimarkakis engages in a dynamic conversation with Hydrogen Europe Research President Luigi Crema. Together they delve into the crucial partnership between industry and research within the hydrogen sector. The episode explores the symbiotic relationship between innovative research initiatives and practical industry applications shedding light on how collaboration fosters advancements i Read More
Modeling and Technical-Economic Analysis of a Hydrogen Transport Network for France
Feb 2025
Publication
This work aims to study the technical and economical feasibility of a new hydrogen transport network by 2035 in France. The goal is to furnish charging stations for fuel cell electrical vehicles with hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water using low-carbon energy. Contrary to previous research works on hydrogen transport for road transport we assume a more realistic assumption of the demand side: we assume that only drivers driving more than Read More
The Bright Future of Solar-driven Hydrogen Production
Dec 2024
Publication
Hydrogen production from sunlight using innovative photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical systems offers decentralized sustainable energy solutions with potential applications in remote off-grid locations.Photocatalytic hydrogen production has the potential to transform clean cooking by reducing dependency on wood and charcoal in low-resource settings addressing significant health and environmental challenges.Photocatalytic reactors could also be u Read More
A Design Guide to Tapered Conformable Pressure Tanks for Liquid Hydrogen Storage
Feb 2025
Publication
Liquid hydrogen has the potential to significantly reduce in-flight carbon emissions in the aviation industry. Among the most promising aircraft configurations for future hydrogen-powered aviation are the blended wing body and the pure flying wing configurations. However their tapered and flattened airframe designs pose a challenge in accommodating liquid hydrogen storage tanks. This paper presents a design guide to tapered conformable pressure t Read More
Investment Needs of European Energy Infrastructure to Enable a Decarbonised Economy
Jan 2025
Publication
The aim of this project is to identify the investment requirements for energy infrastructure across each TEN-E infrastructure category as well as for non-TEN-E electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure in order to enable a decarbonised economy in the EU. It also evaluates the need for EU financial support and explores possible forms of EU funding to address the identified needs within the scope of this study's assessment.
Hydrogen for a Sustainable Europe
Nov 2024
Publication
This brochure provides a detailed overview of the EU’s funding mechanisms and an inspiring look at real projects managed by CINEA. These examples illustrate how diverse stakeholders from industry leaders to research institutions are translating hydrogen ambitions into impactful on-the-ground solutions that address both technological and societal needs.
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