Production & Supply Chain

According to new findings the use of alternative energy sources such as wind energy is needed to supply the energy demand of future generations. On the other hand combined renewable energy systems can be more efficient than their stand-alone systems. Therefore clean energy-based hybrid energy systems can be a suitable solution for fossil fuels. However for their widespread commercialization more detailed and powerful studies are needed. On the Read More

The most profitable offshore energy resources are usually found away from the coast. Nevertheless the accessibility and grid integration in those areas are more complicated. To avoid this problematic large scale hydrogen production is being promoted for far offshore applications. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the ability of wave energy converters to maximize hydrogen production in hybrid wind and wave far offshore farms. To that end wind Read More

Green hydrogen produced by power‐to‐gas will play a major role in the defossilization of the energy system as it offers both carbon‐neutral chemical energy and the chance to provide flexibility. This paper provides an extensive analysis of hydrogen production in decentralized energy systems as well as possible operation modes (H2 generation or system flexibility). Modelling was realized for municipalities—the lowest administrative unit in Germany thus pr Read More

Ni3S2 and NiS supported on carbon spheres are successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. And then a series of physical characterizations included XRD (X-ray diffraction) EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy) and XPS (X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy) were used to analyze the samples. XRD was used to confirm that NiNi3S2 S2 and NiS were successfully fabricated. FESEM indicated Read More

Rod-like molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) microcrystals were obtained from the pyrolysis of Mo-containing organic-inorganic hybrid composite. We investigated the photocatalytic H2 evolution activity of Mo2C by constructing a Mo2C-dye sensitizer photocatalyst system. A high quantum efficiency of 29.7% was obtained at 480 nm. Moreover Mo2C catalyst can be easily recycled by simple filtration.

Hydrothermal gasification (HTG) experiments were carried out to extract hydrogen from biomass. Although extensive research has been conducted on hydrogen production with HTG limited research exists on the use of biochar as a raw material. In this study woodland residues (wood chip) and biochar from wood-chip pyrolysis were used in HTG treatment to generate hydrogen. This research investigated the effect of temperature (300–425 °C) and bio Read More

Green hydrogen i.e. the hydrogen generated from renewable energy sources (RES) will significantly contribute to a successful energy transition. Besides to facilitate the integration and storage of RES this promising energy carrier is well capable to efficiently link various energy sectors. By introduction of green hydrogen as a new flexibility source to power systems it is necessary to investigate its possible impacts on the generation scheduling and power sy Read More

Environmental pollution and energy shortage are substantial fears to the modern world's long-term sustainability. Water splitting is an essential technique for eco - friendly and sustainable energy storage as well as a pollution-free method to produce hydrogen. In this regards Metal–organic frameworks have emerged as the most competent multifunctional materials in recent times due to its large surface areas adjustable permeability easy composition Read More

The problem of anthropogenically driven climate change and its inextricable link to our global society’s present and future energy needs are arguably the greatest challenge facing our planet. Hydrogen is now widely regarded as one key element of a potential energy solution for the twenty-first century capable of assisting in issues of environmental emissions sustainability and energy security. Hydrogen has the potential to provide for energy in transportat Read More

Recently ammonia is being considered for fuelling gas turbines as a new sustainable source. It can undergo thermal cracking producing nitrogen hydrogen and unburned ammonia thus enabling the use of these chemicals most efficiently for combustion purposes. Ammonia being carbon-free may allow the transition towards a hydrogen economy. However one of the main constraints of this fuelling technique is that although the combustion of ammon Read More

A key challenge for future clean power or hydrogen projects via gasification is the need to reduce the overall cost while achieving significant levels of CO2 capture. The current state of the art technology for capturing CO2 from sour syngas uses a physical solvent absorption process (acid gas removal–AGR) such as Selexol™ or Rectisol® to selectively separate H2S and CO2 from the H2. These two processes are expensive and require significant utility cons Read More

Application of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) in gasification-based power plants would represent a turning point in the power generation sector allowing to considerably increase the electric efficiency of coal-fired power stations while reducing CO2 and other pollutant emissions. The aim of this paper is the thermodynamic assessment of a SOFC-based IGFC plant with methanation reactor hydrogen post-firing and CO2 capture by physical absorption. T Read More

Carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) technology is a significant means by which China can achieve its ambitious carbon neutrality goal. It is necessary to explore the behavioral strategies of relevant companies in adopting CCU technology. In this paper an evolutionary game model is established in order to analyze the interaction process and evolution direction of local governments and coal-fired power plants. We develop a replicator dynamic system Read More

The non-interconnected islands of Greece can benefit from the comprehensive use of RES to avoid water droughts and ensure energy autonomy. The present paper analyzes an HRES with two possible operating scenarios. Both of them include a wind park of 27.5 MW capacity an 1175 m3/day desalination plant and a 490000 m3/day water tank in Lemnos Greece. Regarding the wind power 70% is used in the HRES while the rest is channeled directly t Read More

An energy production from the combination of dehydrogenation and combined cycle power generation is proposed. The delivered system is established from three main modules: dehydrogenation combustion and combined cycle. The heat in the system is circulated thoroughly to enhance the energy efficiency due to optimum energy recovery. The Pt/Al2O3 catalyst is applied in the dehydrogenation module due to superior activity to accelerate the dehydroge Read More

Low-temperature electrolysis by using polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) can play an important role in hydrogen energy transition. This work presents a study on the performance of a proton exchange membrane in the water electrolysis process at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In the perspective of applications that need a device with small volume and low weight a miniaturized electrolysis cell with a 36 cm2 active area of PEM Read More

This work focuses on the use of solar photovoltaic energy to capture carbon dioxide by means of a combined electrolyzer–absorption system and compares operating results obtained in two cases studies (operation during one clear and one cloudy day in March) in which real integration of solar photovoltaics electrolyzer and absorption technologies is made at the bench-scale. The system is a part of a larger process (so-called EDEN⃝R Electrochemically Read More

A new method of hydrogen generation from water by irradiation with CW infrared laser diode of graphene scaffold immersed in solution is reported. Hydrogen production was extremely efficient upon admixing NaCl into water. The efficiency of hydrogen production increased exponentially with laser power. It was shown that hydrogen production was highly efficient when the intense white light emission induced by laser irradiation of graphene foam w Read More

In this paper we present a detailed design study of a novel apparatus for safely generating hydrogen (H2) on demand according to a novel method using a controlled chemical reaction between water (H2O) and sodium (Na) metal that yields hydrogen gas of sufficient purity for direct use in fuel cells without risk of contaminating sensitive catalysts. The apparatus consists of a first pressure vessel filled with liquid H2O with an overpressure of nitrogen (N2) g Read More

The high variability and intermittency of wind and solar farms raise questions of how to operate electrolyzers reliably economically and sustainably using pre-dominantly or exclusively variable renewables. To address these questions we develop a comprehensive cost framework that extends to include factors such as performance degradation efficiency financing rates and indirect costs to assess the economics of 10 MW scale alkaline and proton-exchange m Read More

Solar-hydrogen generation represents a promising alternative to fossil fuels for the large-scale implementation of a clean-fuel transportation infrastructure. A significant amount of research resources has been allocated to the development of photoelectrochemical components (i.e. photovoltaic and water splitting catalysts) that are able to spontaneously split water in the presence of solar irradiation which has led to major advances in the solar-fuels field. At Read More

The need for energy storage to balance intermittent and inflexible electricity supply with demand is driving interest in conversion of renewable electricity via electrolysis into a storable gas. But high capital cost and uncertainty regarding future cost and performance improvements are barriers to investment in water electrolysis. Expert elicitations can support decision-making when data are sparse and their future development uncertain. Therefore this st Read More

We investigated a simple and safe method for producing hydrogen using Si powder which is discarded in the semiconductor industry. Using the reaction of generating hydrogen from Si powder and an aqueous NaOH solution a simple hydrogen generator that imitated Kipp’s apparatus was produced. Then by combining this apparatus with a polymer electrolyte fuel cell an automatic hydrogen generation system based on the amount of electric power re Read More

Hydrogen will presumably become an important substitute for carbon as a reductant in the metallurgical industry for processes such as steel production. However the challenge to supply enough CO2 -free hydrogen for metallurgical processes has not been resolved yet. This paper reviews different production technologies for hydrogen and their advantages and drawbacks. Additionally it will highlight the development of plasma technology to produce hy Read More

As the offshore energy landscape transitions to renewable energy useful decommissioned or abandoned oil and gas infrastructure can be repurposed in the context of the circular economy. Oil and gas platforms for example offer opportunity for hydrogen (H2) production by desalination and electrolysis of sea water using offshore wind power. However as H2 storage and transport may prove challenging this study proposes to react this H2 with the carbo Read More

This paper focuses on hydrogen production for green mobility applications (other applications are currently under investigation). Firstly a brief state of the art of hydrogen generation by hydrolysis with magnesium is shown. The hydrolysis performance of Magnesium powder ball–milled along with different additives (graphite and transition metals TM = Ni Fe and Al) is taken for comparison. The best performance was observed with Mg–10 wt.% g mixtures (95% Read More

We report volumetric analysis techniques to analyze the transport properties of hydrogen dissolved in cylindrical-shaped polymers. The techniques utilize the volume measurement of the released hydrogen from rubber by gas collection in a graduated cylinder after charging sample with high-pressure hydrogen and subsequent decompression. We further improve the graduated cylinder with some modifications such as reading the electrical capacitance of Read More

Mg attracts much research interest as anode material for Ni-MH batteries thanks to its lightweight cost-effectiveness and high theoretical capacity (2200 mA h g−1). However its practical application is tremendously challenged by the poor hydrogen sorption kinetics passivation from aggressive aqueous electrolytes and insulating nature of MgH2. Mg-based alloys exhibit enhanced hydrogen sorption kinetics and electrical conductivity but significant amount of c Read More

The widescale distribution of hydrogen through gas networks is promoted as a viable and cost-efficient option for optimising its application in heat industry and transport. It is a key step towards achieving decarbonisation targets in the UK. A key consideration before the injection of hydrogen into the UK gas networks is an assessment of the difference in hydrogen contaminants presence from different production methods. This information is essential f Read More

Hydrogen technologies have received increased attention in research and development to foster the shift towards carbon-neutral energy systems. Depending on the specific production techniques transportation concepts and application areas hydrogen supply chains (HSCs) can be anything from part of the energy transition problem to part of the solution: Even more than battery-driven electric mobility hydrogen is a polyvalent technology and can Read More

Today as a result of the advancement of technology and increasing environmental problems the need for clean energy has considerably increased. In this regard hydrogen which is a clean and sustainable energy carrier with high energy density is among the well-regarded and effective means to deliver and store energy and can also be used for environmental remediation purposes. Renewable hydrogen energy carriers can successfully substitute fossil Read More

The current hydrogen generation technologies especially biomass gasification using fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) were rigorously reviewed. There are involute operational parameters in a fluidized bed gasifier that determine the anticipated outcomes for hydrogen production purposes. However limited reviews are present that link these parametric conditions with the corresponding performances based on experimental data collection. Using the Read More

Renewable power-to-hydrogen (P2H) technology is one of the most promising solutions for fulfilling the increasing global demand for hydrogen and to buffer large-scale fluctuating renewable energies. The high-power high-current ac/dc converter plays a crucial role in P2H facilities transforming medium-voltage (MV) ac power to a large dc current to supply hydrogen electrolyzers. This work introduces the general requirements and overviews several powe Read More

Functionalization of semiconductors by metallic nanoparticle is considered to be one of the most effective procedure to improve photocatalytic hydrogen production. Photodeposition is frequently used for functionalization but particle sizes and dispersions are still difficult to control. Here Pt functionalization is achieved in a one-pot synthesis. The as-prepared samples are compared to reference materials prepared by conventional photodeposition and ou Read More

In order to study the effect of halogen bond on tautomerism in β-diketones in the solid-state we have prepared a series of cocrystals derived from an asymmetric β-diketone benzoyl-4-pyridoylmethane (b4pm) as halogen bond acceptor and perfluorinated iodobenzenes: iodopentaflourobenzene (ipfb) 12- 13- and 14-diiodotetraflorobenzene (12tfib 13tfib and 14tfib) and 135-triiodo-246-trifluorobenzene (135titfb). All five cocrystals are assembled by I Read More

This work reports the integration of thin (~3e4 mm thick) Pd-based membranes for H2 separation in a fluidized bed catalytic reactor for ethanol auto-thermal reforming. The performance of a fluidized bed membrane reactor has been investigated from an experimental and numerical point of view. The demonstration of the technology has been carried out over 50 h under reactive conditions using 5 thin Pd-based alumina-supported membranes a Read More

Kinetic rate data for steam methane reforming (SMR) coupled with water gas shift (WGS) over an 18 wt. % NiO/α-Al2O3 catalyst are presented in the temperature range of 300–700 °C at 1 bar. The experiments were performed in a plug flow reactor under the conditions of diffusion limitations and away from the equilibrium conditions. The kinetic model was implemented in a one-dimensional heterogeneous mathematical model of catalytic packed Read More

In view of the recent interest in the transformation of renewable energy into a new energy vector that did not produce by combustion greenhouse gases emissions the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) commissioned this report to a con­sultancy to get a better understanding of the industrial perspectives of water electrolysis in Europe. and the role that public support has in that evolution.

H2 production from solar electricity in the region of the Atacama Desert – Chile – has been identified as strategical for global hydrogen exportation. In this study the full supply chain of solar hydrogen has been investigated for 2018 and projected to scenarios for 2025-2030. Multi-year hourly electrical profiles data have been used from real operating PV plants and simulated Concentrated Solar Power “CSP” plants with Thermal Energy Storage “TES” as Read More

We utilized nanoporous mayenite (12CaO·7Al2O3) a cost-effective material in the hydride state (H−) to explore the possibility of its use for hydrogen storage and transportation. Hydrogen desorption occurs by a simple reaction of mayenite with water and the nanocage structure transforms into a calcium aluminate hydrate. This reaction enables easy desorption of H− ions trapped in the structure which could allow the use of this material in future p Read More

Power-to-gas is a key area of interest for decarbonisation and increasing flexibility in energy systems as it has the potential both to absorb renewable electricity at times of excess supply and to provide backup energy at times of excess demand. By integrating power-to-gas with the natural gas grid it is possible to exploit the inherent linepack flexibility of the grid and shift some electricity variability onto the gas grid. Furthermore provided the gas i Read More

The synthesis of a Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) that is compatible with the gas grid composition requirements by using surplus electricity from renewable energy sources looks a favourable solution to store large quantities of electricity and to decarbonise the gas grid network while maintaining the same infrastructure. The most promising layouts for SNG production and the conditions under which SNG synthesis reduces the environmental impacts i Read More

Power- and biomass-to-liquid fuel processes (PBtL) can utilize renewable energy and residual forestry waste to produce liquid synthetic fuels which have the potential to mitigate the climate impacts of the current transportation infrastructure including the long-haul aviation sector. In a previous study we demonstrated that implementing a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) in the PBtL process can significantly increase the energy efficiency of fuel pr Read More

Photoelectrochemical reforming of plastic waste offers an environmentally-benign and sustainable route for hydrogen generation. Nonetheless little attention was paid to develop electrocatalysts that can efficiently and selectively catalyze oxidative transformation of valueless plastic wastes into valued chemicals. Herein we report on facile electrosynthesis of nickel-phosphorus nanospheres (nanoNi-P) and their versatility in catalyzing hydrogen generation w Read More

The aim of this work is to study the influence of the sulphur source (elemental sulphur thiourea and L-cysteine) in the solvothermal synthesis of Ag-CdS over its growth structuration and state of Ag and how these changes influence on its photoactivity. The differences in the generation rate of the S2− from the sulphur sources during the solvothermal synthesis determine the nucleation and growth pathways of CdS affecting to the silver state and its incorp Read More

Hydrogen is recognized as the “future fuel” and the most promising alternative of fossil fuels due to its remarkable properties including exceptionally high energy content per unit mass (142 MJ/kg) low mass density and massive environmental and economical upsides. A wide spectrum of methods in H2 production especially carbon-free approaches H2purification and H2storage have been investigated to bring this energy source closer to the tech Read More

One of the most important requirements concerning the quality of natural gases guaranteeing their safe use involves providing the proper level of their odorization. This allows for the detection of uncontrolled leakages of gases from gas networks installations and devices. The concentration of an odorant should be adjusted in such a manner that the gas odor in a mixture with air would be noticeable by users (gas receivers). A permanent odor of ga Read More

In search a hydrogen source we synthesized TiO2-Cu-graphene composite photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. The catalyst is a new and unique material as it consists of copper-decorated TiO2 particles covered tightly in graphene and obtained in a fluidized bed reactor. Both reduction of copper from Cu(CH3COO) at the surface of TiO2 particles and covering of TiO2-Cu in graphene thin layer by Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) were performed subsequentl Read More

Copper cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CCO NPs) were synthesized as an oxygen evolution electrocatalyst via a simple co-precipitation method with the composition being controlled by altering the precursor ratio to 1:1 1:2 and 1:3 (Cu:Co) to investigate the effects of composition changes. The effect of the ratio of Cu2+/Co3+ and the degree of oxidation during the co-precipitation and annealing steps on the crystal structure morphology and electroca Read More

Environmental issues make the quest for better and cleaner energy sources a priority. Worldwide researchers and companies are continuously working on this matter taking one of two approaches: either finding new energy sources or improving the efficiency of existing ones. Hydrogen is a well-known energy carrier due to its high energy content but a somewhat elusive one for being a gas with low molecular weight. This review examines the current ele Read More