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Highly Porous Organic Polymers for Hydrogen Fuel Storage
Apr 2019
Publication
Hydrogen (H2) is one of the best candidates to replace current petroleum energy resources due to its rich abundance and clean combustion. However the storage of H2presents a major challenge. There are two methods for storing H2 fuel chemical and physical both of which have some advantages and disadvantages. In physical storage highly porous organic polymers are of particular interest since they are low cost easy to scale up metal-free and environmentally friendly.
In this review highly porous polymers for H2 fuel storage are examined from five perspectives:
(a) brief comparison of H2 storage in highly porous polymers and other storage media;
(b) theoretical considerations of the physical storage of H2 molecules in porous polymers;
(c) H2 storage in different classes of highly porous organic polymers;
(d) characterization of microporosity in these polymers; and
(e) future developments for highly porous organic polymers for H2 fuel storage. These topics will provide an introductory overview of highly porous organic polymers in H2 fuel storage.
In this review highly porous polymers for H2 fuel storage are examined from five perspectives:
(a) brief comparison of H2 storage in highly porous polymers and other storage media;
(b) theoretical considerations of the physical storage of H2 molecules in porous polymers;
(c) H2 storage in different classes of highly porous organic polymers;
(d) characterization of microporosity in these polymers; and
(e) future developments for highly porous organic polymers for H2 fuel storage. These topics will provide an introductory overview of highly porous organic polymers in H2 fuel storage.
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: Joint Undertaking Programme Review 2013 Final Report
Mar 2014
Publication
The 2013 Programme Review is the third annual review of the FCH JU portfolio of projects. This edition covers over 100 projects funded through annual calls for proposals from 2008 to 2012.<br/>The Programme Review serves to evaluate the achievements of the portfolio of FCH JU-funded projects against FCH JU strategic objectives in terms of advancing technological progress addressing horizontal activities and promoting cooperation with other projects both within the FCH JU portfolio as well as externally.<br/>The 2013 Review confirms that the portfolio of projects supported within energy and transport pillars and within its cross-cutting activities is a solid one aligned with the FCH JU strategic objectives. Industry and research collaboration is strong with SMEs making up 30% of total participants. The continued expansion of demonstration activities in both pillars answers to a greater emphasis on addressing the commercialisation challenge which is bolstered by activities in basic and breakthrough research.
Value Added of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Sector in Europe
Mar 2019
Publication
Fuel cells and hydrogen (FCH) could bring significant environmental benefits across the energy system if deployed widely: low carbon and highly efficient energy conversions with zero air quality emissions. The socio-economic benefits to Europe could also be substantial through employment in development manufacturing installation and service sectors and through technology export. Major corporations are stressing the economic and environmental value of FCH technologies and the importance of including them in both transport and stationary energy systems globally while national governments and independent agencies are supporting their role in the energy systems transition.
Recognising the potential economic and industrial benefits from a strong FCH supply chain in Europe and the opportunities for initiatives to support new energy supply chains the FCH 2 JU commissioned a study to evaluate for the first time the value added that the fuel cell and hydrogen sector can bring to Europe by 2030.
The outputs of the study are divided into three reports:
The Value Chain study complements the Hydrogen Roadmap for Europe recently published by the FCH 2 JU. This lays out a pathway for the large-scale deployment of hydrogen and fuel cells to 2050 in order to achieve a 2-degree climate scenario. This study also quantified socio-economic and environmental benefits but with important differences in scope between the two studies. The Hydrogen Roadmap for Europe looked at the wider picture quantifying the scale of FCH roll-out needed to meet the 2-degree scenario objectives. It assessed the socio-economic impacts of a sector of that scale looking top-down at the entire FCH value chain. The Value Chain study presented here is a narrower and more detailed bottom-up assessment of the value-added in manufacturing activities and the immediate ecosystem of suppliers that this is likely to create.
Recognising the potential economic and industrial benefits from a strong FCH supply chain in Europe and the opportunities for initiatives to support new energy supply chains the FCH 2 JU commissioned a study to evaluate for the first time the value added that the fuel cell and hydrogen sector can bring to Europe by 2030.
The outputs of the study are divided into three reports:
- A ‘Summary’ report that provides a synthetic overview of the study conclusions;
- a ‘Findings’ report that presents the approach and findings of the study;
- and an ‘Evidence’ report that provides the detailed background information and analysis that supports the findings and recommendations.
The Value Chain study complements the Hydrogen Roadmap for Europe recently published by the FCH 2 JU. This lays out a pathway for the large-scale deployment of hydrogen and fuel cells to 2050 in order to achieve a 2-degree climate scenario. This study also quantified socio-economic and environmental benefits but with important differences in scope between the two studies. The Hydrogen Roadmap for Europe looked at the wider picture quantifying the scale of FCH roll-out needed to meet the 2-degree scenario objectives. It assessed the socio-economic impacts of a sector of that scale looking top-down at the entire FCH value chain. The Value Chain study presented here is a narrower and more detailed bottom-up assessment of the value-added in manufacturing activities and the immediate ecosystem of suppliers that this is likely to create.
Transition of Future Energy System Infrastructure; through Power-to-Gas Pathways
Jul 2016
Publication
Power-to-gas is a promising option for storing interment renewables nuclear baseload power and distributed energy and it is a novel concept for the transition to increased renewable content of current fuels with an ultimate goal of transition to a sustainable low-carbon future energy system that interconnects power transportation sectors and thermal energy demand all together. The aim of this paper is to introduce different Power-to-gas “pathways” including Power to Hydrogen Power to Natural Gas End-users Power to Renewable Content in Petroleum Fuel Power to Power Seasonal Energy Storage to Electricity Power to Zero Emission Transportation Power to Seasonal Storage for Transportation Power to Micro grid Power to Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) to Pipeline (“Methanation”) and Power to Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) to Seasonal Storage. In order to compare the different pathways the review of key technologies of Power-to-gas systems are studied and the qualitative efficiency and benefits of each pathway is investigated from the technical points of view. Moreover different Power-to-gas pathways are discussed as an energy policy option that can be implemented to transition towards a lower carbon economy for Ontario’s energy systems
CFD Validation Against Large Scale Liquified Helium Release
Sep 2019
Publication
The ADREA-HF CFD code is validated against a large scale liquefied helium release experiment on flat ground performed by INERIS in the past. The predicted release and dispersion behavior is evaluated against the experimental using temperature time histories at sensors deployed at various distances and heights downstream the source. For the selected sensors the temperature predictions are generally in good agreement with the experimental with a tendency to under-predict temperature as the source is approached.
The Role of Initial Tank Temperature on Refuelling of On-board Hydrogen Tanks
Jun 2016
Publication
The influence of the initial tank temperature on the evolution of the internal gas temperature during the refuelling of on-board hydrogen tanks is investigated in this paper. Two different types of tanks four different fuel delivery temperatures (from ambient temperature refuelling to a pre-cooled hydrogen at −40 °C) several filling rates and initial pressures are considered. It has been found that the final gas temperature increases linearly with the increase of the initial tank temperature while the temperature increase (ΔT) and the final state of charge (SOC) decrease linearly with increasing the initial temperature. This dependency has been found to be larger on type III than on type IV tank and larger the larger the initial pressure. Additionally CFD simulations are performed to better understand the role of the relevant phenomena on the gas temperature histories e.g. gas compression gas mixing and heat transfer. By comparing the results of calculations with adiabatic and diathermal tank walls the effect of the initial gas temperature has been separated from the effect of the initial wall temperature on the process.
Study on Early Business Cases for H2 In Energy Storage and More Broadly Power to H2 Applications
Jun 2017
Publication
Hydrogen is widely recognised as a promising option for storing large quantities of renewable electricity over longer periods. For that reason in an energy future where renewables are a dominant power source opportunities for Power to- Hydrogen in the long-term appear to be generally acknowledged. The key challenge today is to identify concrete short-term investment opportunities based on sound economics and robust business cases. The focus of this study is to identify these early business cases and to assess their potential replicability within the EU from now until 2025. An essential part and innovative approach of this study is the detailed analysis of the power sector including its transmission grid constraints.
Direct Route from Ethanol to Pure Hydrogen through Autothermal Reforming in a Membrane Reactor: Experimental Demonstration, Reactor Modelling and Design
Nov 2020
Publication
This work reports the integration of thin (~3e4 mm thick) Pd-based membranes for H2 separation in a fluidized bed catalytic reactor for ethanol auto-thermal reforming. The performance of a fluidized bed membrane reactor has been investigated from an experimental and numerical point of view. The demonstration of the technology has been carried out over 50 h under reactive conditions using 5 thin Pd-based alumina-supported membranes and a 3 wt%Pt-10 wt%Ni catalyst deposited on a mixed CeO2/SiO2 support. The results have confirmed the feasibility of the concept in particular the capacity to reach a hydrogen recovery factor up to 70% while the operation at different fluidization regimes oxygen-to-ethanol and steam-to-ethanol ratios feed pressures and reactor temperatures have been studied. The most critical part of the system is the sealing of the membranes where most of the gas leakage was detected. A fluidized bed membrane reactor model for ethanol reforming has been developed and validated with the obtained experimental results. The model has been subsequently used to design a small reactor unit for domestic use showing that 0.45 m2 membrane area is needed to produce the amount of H2 required for a 5 kWe PEM fuel-cell based micro-CHP system.
Accidental Hydrogen Release in Gc-laboratory: A Case Study
Oct 2015
Publication
A 50-litre standard hydrogen gas cylinder was temporarily placed in a laboratory to supply hydrogen gas to a flame ionization detector (FID) for use in gas chromatography (GC). On 20 January 2015 the safety relief valve on the pressure regulator failed and released about 0.34 kg of hydrogen into the laboratory. The gas cloud did not ignite so there was no injury or damage. The results of a full investigation with a complete course of action and reconstruction are presented that verify the cause of the leakage and estimate the gas concentration of the dispersion and gas cloud. A preliminary simulation of the likely explosion is provided. If the gas cloud had ignited the explosion would most likely have caused significant structural damage to doors windows and possibly the walls.
Hydrogen and Hydrogen-derived Fuels through Methane Decomposition of Natural Gas – GHG Emissions and Costs
May 2020
Publication
Hydrogen can be produced from the decomposition of methane (also called pyrolysis). Many studies assume that this process emits few greenhouse gas (GHG) because the reaction from methane to hydrogen yields only solid carbon and no CO2. This paper assesses the life-cycle GHG emissions and the levelized costs for hydrogen provision from methane decomposition in three configurations (plasma molten metal and thermal gas). The results of these configurations are then compared to electrolysis and steam methane reforming (SMR) with and without CO2capture and storage (CCS). Under the global natural gas supply chain conditions hydrogen from methane decomposition still causes significant GHG emissions between 43 and 97 g CO2-eq./MJ. The bandwidth is predominately determined by the energy source providing the process heat i.e. the lowest emissions are caused by the plasma system using renewable electricity. This configuration shows lower GHG emissions compared to the “classical” SMR (99 g CO2-eq./MJ) but similar emissions to the SMR with CCS (46 g CO2-eq./MJ). However only electrolysis powered with renewable electricity leads to very low GHG emissions (3 g CO2-eq./MJ). Overall the natural gas supply is a decisive factor in determining GHG emissions. A natural gas supply with below-global average GHG emissions can lead to lower GHG emissions of all methane decomposition configurations compared to SMR. Methane decomposition systems (1.6 to 2.2 €/kg H2) produce hydrogen at costs substantially higher compared to SMR (1.0 to 1.2 €/kg) but lower than electrolyser (2.5 to 3.0 €/kg). SMR with CCS has the lowest CO2abatement costs (24 €/t CO2-eq. other > 141 €/t CO2-eq.). Finally fuels derived from different hydrogen supply options are assessed. Substantially lower GHG emissions compared to the fossil reference (natural gas and diesel/gasoline) are only possible if hydrogen from electrolysis powered by renewable energy is used (>90% less). The other hydrogen pathways cause only slightly lower or even higher GHG emissions.
A Roadmap for Financing Hydrogen Refueling Networks – Creating Prerequisites for H2-based Mobility
Sep 2014
Publication
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are zero tailpipe emission vehicles. Their large-scale deployment is expected to play a major role in the de-carbonization of transportation in the European Union (EU) and is therefore an important policy element at EU and Member State level.<br/>For FCEVs to be introduced to the market a network of hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS) first has to exist. From a technological point of view FCEVs are ready for serial production already: Hyundaiand Toyota plan to introduce FCEVs into key markets from 2015 and Daimler Ford and Nissan plan to launch mass-market FCEVs in 2017.<br/>At the moment raising funds for building the hydrogen refuelling infrastructure appears to be challenging.<br/>This study explores options for financing the HRS rollout which facilitate the involvement of private lenders and investors. It presents a number of different financing options involving public-sector bank loans funding from private-sector strategic equity investors commercial bank loans private equity and funding from infrastructure investors. The options outline the various requirements forn accessing these sources of funding with regard to project structure incentives and risk mitigation. The financing options were developed on the basis of discussions with stakeholders in the HRS rollout from industry and with financiers.<br/>This study was prepared by Roland Berger in close contact with European Investment banks and a series of private banks.<br/>This study explores in details the business cases for HRS in Germany and UK. The conclusion can be easily extrapolate to other countries.
A Hybrid Energy Storage System Using Compressed Air and Hydrogen as the Energy Carrier
Feb 2020
Publication
In this paper an innovative concept of an energy storage system that combines the idea of energy storage through the use of compressed air and the idea of energy storage through the use of hydrogen (with its further conversion to synthetic natural gas) has been proposed. The thermal integration of two sub-systems allows for efficient storage of large amounts of energy based on the use of pressure tanks with limited volumes. A thermodynamic assessment of the integrated hybrid system was carried out. For the assumed operation parameters an energy storage efficiency value of 38.15% was obtained which means the technology is competitive with intensively developed pure hydrogen energy storage technologies. The results obtained for the hybrid system were compared to the results obtained for three reference systems each of which uses hydrogen generators. The first is a typical Power-to-H2-to-Power system which integrates hydrogen generators with a fuel cell system. The other two additionally use a compressed air energy storage installation. In the first case the compressed air energy storage system consists of a diabatic system. In the second case the compressed air energy storage system is adiabatic. The article has discussed the disadvantages and advantages of all the analyzed systems.
Net Zero and Geospheric Return: Actions Today for 2030 and Beyond
Sep 2020
Publication
In a report co-authored by Columbia University’s Centre on Global Energy Policy (CGEP) and the Global CCS Institute titled ‘Net Zero and Geospheric Return: Actions today for 2030’ findings reveal that climate finance policies and the development of carbon dioxide removal technologies need to grow rapidly within the next 10 years in order to curb climate change and hit net-zero targets.
The report unveils key climate actions required to avoid climate catastrophe:
With 2020 set to close the hottest decade on record CO2 emissions need to drop by 50% to achieve net-zero climate goals by 2030 The rapid deployment of climate mitigating infrastructure needs to occur including the expansion of CO2 pipelines from the current 8000 km to 43000 km by 2030 Clear climate polices which reduce the financial and regulatory risk of CO2 capture and storage and increase CO2 storage options need to be quickly developed and implemented.
Link to document on Global CCS Institute Website
The report unveils key climate actions required to avoid climate catastrophe:
With 2020 set to close the hottest decade on record CO2 emissions need to drop by 50% to achieve net-zero climate goals by 2030 The rapid deployment of climate mitigating infrastructure needs to occur including the expansion of CO2 pipelines from the current 8000 km to 43000 km by 2030 Clear climate polices which reduce the financial and regulatory risk of CO2 capture and storage and increase CO2 storage options need to be quickly developed and implemented.
Link to document on Global CCS Institute Website
Study on the Use of Fuel Cells and Hydrogen in the Railway Environment
Jun 2019
Publication
This study outlines a pathway for commercialisation of stationary fuel cells in distributed generation across Europe. It has been sponsored by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) a public-private partnership between the European Commission the fuel cell and hydrogen industry and a number of research bodies and associations. The FCH JU supports research technology development and demonstration activities in the field of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies in Europe. The study explores how stationary fuel cells can benefit users how they can be brought to the market what hurdles still exist and how their diffusion may foster Europe's transition into a new energy age.
Design and Dynamics Simulations of Small Scale Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Trigeneration System
Dec 2018
Publication
This paper presents the design of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) tri-generation system that consists of an SOFC-combined heat and power subsystem an adsorption refrigeration subsystem and coupling devices between the two subsystems. Whereas typical extant designs use absorption techniques the proposed design employs adsorption refrigeration. In this paper the dynamics of adsorption refrigeration are reported in detail to evaluate the feasibility of the tri-generation system design. The design of the coupling devices and instrumentation strategies of the overall system are discussed in detail. Simulation results indicate that the proposed SOFC trigeneration system can output 4.35 kW of electrical power 2.448 kW of exhaust heat power and 1.348 kW of cooling power. The energy efficiency is 64.9% and the coefficient of performance of the refrigeration is 0.32. Varying the electrical output power results in the variation of exhaust heat power but not the cooling power; varying the cooling power affects the exhaust heat power but not the electrical power. These favorable features can be attributed to the proposed heat exchange sequence and active temperature controls of the system.
Kinetics Study and Modelling of Steam Methane Reforming Process Over a NiO/Al2O3 Catalyst in an Adiabatic Packed Bed Reactor
Dec 2016
Publication
Kinetic rate data for steam methane reforming (SMR) coupled with water gas shift (WGS) over an 18 wt. % NiO/α-Al2O3 catalyst are presented in the temperature range of 300–700 °C at 1 bar. The experiments were performed in a plug flow reactor under the conditions of diffusion limitations and away from the equilibrium conditions. The kinetic model was implemented in a one-dimensional heterogeneous mathematical model of catalytic packed bed reactor developed on gPROMS model builder 4.1.0®. The mathematical model of SMR process was simulated and the model was validated by comparing the results with the experimental values. The simulation results were in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The effect of various operating parameters such as temperature pressure and steam to carbon ratio on fuel and water conversion (%) H2 yield (wt. % of CH4) and H2 purity was modelled and compared with the equilibrium values.
Study of the Effect of Addition of Hydrogen to Natural Gas on Diaphragm Gas Meters
Jun 2020
Publication
Power-to-gas technology plays a key role in the success of the energy transformation. This paper addresses issues related to the legal and technical regulations specifying the rules for adding hydrogen to the natural gas network. The main issue reviewed is the effects of the addition of hydrogen to natural gas on the durability of diaphragm gas meters. The possibility of adding hydrogen to the gas network requires confirmation of whether within the expected hydrogen concentrations long-term operation of gas meters will be ensured without compromising their metrological properties and operational safety. Methods for testing the durability of gas meters applied at test benches and sample results of durability tests of gas meters are presented. Based on these results a metrological and statistical analysis was carried out to establish whether the addition of hydrogen affects the durability of gas meters over time. The most important conclusion resulting from the conducted study indicates that for the tested gas meter specimens there was no significant metrological difference between the obtained changes of errors of indications after testing the durability of gas meters with varying hydrogen content (from 0% to 15%).
City Blood: A Visionary Infrastructure Solution for Household Energy Provision through Water Distribution Networks
May 2013
Publication
This paper aims to expand current thinking about the future of energy and water utility provision by presenting a radical idea: it proposes a combined delivery system for household energy and water utilities which is inspired by an analogy with the human body. It envisions a multi-functional infrastructure for cities of the future modelled on the human circulatory system. Red blood cells play a crucial role as energy carriers in biological energy distribution; they are suspended in the blood and distributed around the body to fuel the living cells. So why not use an analogous system e an urban circulatory system or “city blood” e to deliver energy and water simultaneously via one dedicated pipeline system? This paper focuses on analysing the scientific technological and economic feasibilities and hurdles which would need to be overcome in order to achieve this idea.<br/>We present a rationale for the requirement of an improved household utility delivery infrastructure and discuss the inspirational analogy; the technological components required to realise the vignette are also discussed. We identify the most significant advance requirement for the proposal to succeed: the utilisation of solid or liquid substrate materials delivered through water pipelines; their benefits and risks are discussed.
Using the Jet Stream for Sustainable Airship and Balloon Transportation of Cargo and Hydrogen
Jul 2019
Publication
The maritime shipping sector is a major contributor to CO2 emissions and this figure is expected to rise in coming decades. With the intent of reducing emissions from this sector this research proposes the utilization of the jet stream to transport a combination of cargo and hydrogen using airships or balloons at altitudes of 10–20 km. The jet streams flow in the mid-latitudes predominantly in a west–east direction reaching an average wind speed of 165 km/h. Using this combination of high wind speeds and reliable direction hydrogen-filled airships or balloons could carry hydrogen with a lower fuel requirement and shorter travel time compared to conventional shipping. Jet streams at different altitudes in the atmosphere were used to identify the most appropriate circular routes for global airship travel. Round-the-world trips would take 16 days in the Northern Hemisphere and 14 in the Southern Hemisphere. Hydrogen transport via the jet stream due to its lower energy consumption and shorter cargo delivery time access to cities far from the coast could be a competitive alternative to maritime shipping and liquefied hydrogen tankers in the development of a sustainable future hydrogen economy.
Numerical Investigation of Hydrogen-air Deflagrations in a Repeated Pipe Congestion
Sep 2019
Publication
Emerging hydrogen energy technologies are creating new avenues for bring hydrogen fuel usage into larger public domain. Identification of possible accidental scenarios and measures to mitigate associated hazards should be well understood for establishing best practice guidelines. Accidentally released hydrogen forms flammable mixtures in a very short time. Ignition of such a mixture in congestion and confinements can lead to greater magnitudes of overpressure catastrophic for both structure and people around. Hence understanding of the permissible level of confinements and congestion around the hydrogen fuel handling and storage unit is essential for process safety. In the present study numerical simulations have been performed for the hydrogen-air turbulent deflagration in a well-defined congestion of repeated pipe rig experimentally studied by [1]. Large Eddy Simulations (LES) have been performed using the in-house modified version of the OpenFOAM code. The Flame Surface Wrinkling Model in the LES context is used for modelling deflagrations. Numerical predictions concerning the effects of hydrogen concentration and congestion on turbulent deflagration overpressure are compared with the measurements [1] to provide validation of the code. Further insight about the flame propagation and trends of the generated overpressures over the range of concentrations are discussed.
Biomass Derived Porous Nitrogen Doped Carbon for Electrochemical Devices
Mar 2017
Publication
Biomass derived porous nanostructured nitrogen doped carbon (PNC) has been extensively investigated as the electrode material for electrochemical catalytic reactions and rechargeable batteries. Biomass with and without containing nitrogen could be designed and optimized to prepare PNC via hydrothermal carbonization pyrolysis and other methods. The presence of nitrogen in carbon can provide more active sites for ion absorption improve the electronic conductivity increase the bonding between carbon and sulfur and enhance the electrochemical catalytic reaction. The synthetic methods of natural biomass derived PNC heteroatomic co- or tri-doping into biomass derived carbon and the application of biomass derived PNC in rechargeable Li/Na batteries high energy density Li–S batteries supercapacitors metal-air batteries and electrochemical catalytic reaction (oxygen reduction and evolution reactions hydrogen evolution reaction) are summarized and discussed in this review. Biomass derived PNCs deliver high performance electrochemical storage properties for rechargeable batteries/supercapacitors and superior electrochemical catalytic performance toward hydrogen evolution oxygen reduction and evolution as promising electrodes for electrochemical devices including battery technologies fuel cell and electrolyzer.
Development of Water Electrolysis in the European Union
Feb 2014
Publication
In view of the recent interest in the transformation of renewable energy into a new energy vector that did not produce by combustion greenhouse gases emissions the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) commissioned this report to a consultancy to get a better understanding of the industrial perspectives of water electrolysis in Europe. and the role that public support has in that evolution.
Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenolysis as an Efficient Route in Cleavage of Lignin and Model Compounds
Aug 2018
Publication
Cleavage of aromatic ether bonds through hydrogenolysis is one of the most promising routes for depolymerisation and transformation of lignin into value-added chemicals. Instead of using pressurized hydrogen gas as hydrogen source some reductive organic molecules such as methanol ethanol isopropanol as well as formates and formic acid can serve as hydrogen donor is the process called catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis. This is an emerging and promising research field but there are very few reports. In this paper a comprehensive review of the works is presented on catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis of lignin and lignin model compounds aiming to breakdown the aromatic ethers including α-O-4 β-O-4 and 4-O-5 linkages with focus on reaction mechanisms. The works are organised regarding to different hydrogen donors used to gain an in-depth understanding of the special role of various hydrogen donors in this process. Perspectives on current challenges and opportunities of future research to develop catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis as a competitive and unique strategy for lignin valorisation are also provided.
Dynamic Simulation of Different Transport Options of Renewable Hydrogen to a Refinery in a Coupled Energy System Approach
Sep 2018
Publication
Three alternative transport options for hydrogen generated from excess renewable power to a refinery of different scales are compared to the reference case by means of hydrogen production cost overall efficiency and CO2 emissions. The hydrogen is transported by a) the natural gas grid and reclaimed by the existing steam reformer b) an own pipeline and c) hydrogen trailers. The analysis is applied to the city of Hamburg Germany for two scenarios of installed renewable energy capacities. The annual course of excess renewable power is modelled in a coupled system approach and the replaceable hydrogen mass flow rate is determined using measurement data from an existing refinery. Dynamic simulations are performed using an open-source Modelica® library. It is found that in all three alternative hydrogen supply chains CO2 emissions can be reduced and costs are increased compared to the reference case. Transporting hydrogen via the natural gas grid is the least efficient but achieves the highest emission reduction and is the most economical alternative for small to medium amounts of hydrogen. Using a hydrogen pipeline is the most efficient option and slightly cheaper for large amounts than employing the natural gas grid. Transporting hydrogen by trailers is not economical for single consumers and realizes the lowest CO2 reductions.
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: Joint Undertaking Programme Review 2014 Final Report
Apr 2015
Publication
The 2014 Review is the fourth review of the FCH JU project portfolio. The reviews began in 2011 following a recommendation arising from the interim evaluation of the FCH JU which identified the need to ensure that the FCH JU project portfolio as a whole fulfilled the objectives of the Multi-Annual Implementation or Work Plan.
Comparing Exergy Losses and Evaluating the Potential of Catalyst-filled Plate-fin and Spiral-wound Heat Exchangers in a Large-scale Claude Hydrogen Liquefaction Process
Jan 2020
Publication
Detailed heat exchanger designs are determined by matching intermediate temperatures in a large-scale Claude refrigeration process for liquefaction of hydrogen with a capacity of 125 tons/day. A comparison is made of catalyst filled plate-fin and spiral-wound heat exchangers by use of a flexible and robust modelling framework for multi-stream heat exchangers that incorporates conversion of ortho-to para-hydrogen in the hydrogen feed stream accurate thermophysical models and a distributed resolution of all streams and wall temperatures. Maps of the local exergy destruction in the heat exchangers are presented which enable the identification of several avenues to improve their performances.<br/>The heat exchanger duties vary between 1 and 31 MW and their second law energy efficiencies vary between 72.3% and 96.6%. Due to geometrical constraints imposed by the heat exchanger manufacturers it is necessary to employ between one to four parallel plate-fin heat exchanger modules while it is possible to use single modules in series for the spiral-wound heat exchangers. Due to the lower surface density and heat transfer coefficients in the spiral-wound heat exchangers their weights are 2–14 times higher than those of the plate-fin heat exchangers.<br/>In the first heat exchanger hydrogen feed gas is cooled from ambient temperature to about 120 K by use of a single mixed refrigerant cycle. Here most of the exergy destruction occurs when the high-pressure mixed refrigerant enters the single-phase regime. A dual mixed refrigerant or a cascade process holds the potential to remove a large part of this exergy destruction and improve the efficiency. In many of the heat exchangers uneven local exergy destruction reveals a potential for further optimization of geometrical parameters in combination with process parameters and constraints.<br/>The framework presented makes it possible to compare different sources of exergy destruction on equal terms and enables a qualified specification on the maximum allowed pressure drops in the streams. The mole fraction of para-hydrogen is significantly closer to the equilibrium composition through the entire process for the spiral-wound heat exchangers due to the longer residence time. This reduces the exergy destruction from the conversion of ortho-hydrogen and results in a higher outlet mole fraction of para-hydrogen from the process.<br/>Because of the higher surface densities of the plate-fin heat exchangers they are the preferred technology for hydrogen liquefaction unless a higher conversion to heat exchange ratio is desired.
Exploring the Evidence on Potential Issues Associated with Trialling Hydrogen Heating in Communities
Dec 2020
Publication
Replacing natural gas with hydrogen in an everyday setting – piping hydrogen to homes and businesses through the existing gas network – is a new and untested proposition. At the same time piloting this proposition is an essential ingredient to a well-managed low carbon transition.<br/>The Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) has commissioned CAG Consultants to undertake a literature review and conduct a set of four focus groups to inform the development of work to assess issues associated with setting up a hypothetical community hydrogen trial. This report sets out the findings from the research and presents reflections on the implications of the findings for any future community hydrogen heating trials.<br/>The literature review was a short focused review aimed at identifying evidence relevant to members of the public being asked to take part in a hypothetical community trial. Based primarily on Quick Scoping Review principles the review involved the analysis of evidence from 26 items of literature. The four focus groups were held in-person in two city locations Manchester and Birmingham in November 2019. They involved consumers who either owned or rented houses (i.e. not flats) connected to the gas grid. Two of the focus groups involved owner-occupiers one was with private landlords and the other was with a mixture of tenants (private social and student).<br/>This report was produced in October 2019 and published in December 2020.
Cohesive Zone Modelling of Hydrogen Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth: The Role of Trapping
Apr 2022
Publication
We investigate the influence of microstructural traps in hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth. To this end a new formulation combining multi-trap stress-assisted diffusion mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity and a hydrogen- and fatigue-dependent cohesive zone model is presented and numerically implemented. The results show that the ratio of loading frequency to effective diffusivity governs fatigue crack growth behaviour. Increasing the density of beneficial traps not involved in the fracture process results in lower fatigue crack growth rates. The combinations of loading frequency and carbide trap densities that minimise embrittlement susceptibility are identified providing the foundation for a rational design of hydrogen-resistant alloys.
Contrasting European Hydrogen Pathways: An Analysis of Differing Approaches in Key Markets
Mar 2021
Publication
European countries approach the market ramp-up of hydrogen very differently. In some cases the economic and political starting points differ significantly. While the probability is high that some countries such as Germany or Italy will import hydrogen in the long term other countries such as United Kingdom France or Spain could become hydrogen exporters. The reasons for this are the higher potential for renewable energies but also a technology-neutral approach on the supply side.
UV Assisted on Titanium Doped Electrode for Hydrogen Evolution from Artificial Wastewater
Jul 2018
Publication
Formaldehyde (H2CO) is the harmful chemical that used in variety of industries. However there are many difficulties to treat discharged H2CO in the wastewater. Hydrogen energy is arising as a one of the renewable energy that can replace fossil fuel. Many researches have been conducted on hydrogen production from electrolysis using expensive metal electrodes and catalysts such as platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd). However they are expensive and have obstacles to directly use from the production. We used copper (Cu) as an electrode substrate because it has a good current density. To avoid corrosion issue of Cu substrate we used commercially available carbon (C) coated Cu substrate and synthesized titanium (Ti) on C/Cu substrate. We found that Ti was well synthesized and stayed on substrate after hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in artificial wastewater. Moreover we quantified hydrogen production from the wastewater and compared it to pure water. Hydrogen production was enhanced in wastewater and H2CO was decomposed after reaction. We expected to use Ti-C/Cu electrode for hydrogen production of wastewater by electrolysis.
A Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Hydrogen Production by Electrolysis in the North of Chile and the Case of Exportation from Atacama Desert to Japan
Aug 2020
Publication
H2 production from solar electricity in the region of the Atacama Desert – Chile – has been identified as strategical for global hydrogen exportation. In this study the full supply chain of solar hydrogen has been investigated for 2018 and projected to scenarios for 2025-2030. Multi-year hourly electrical profiles data have been used from real operating PV plants and simulated Concentrated Solar Power “CSP” plants with Thermal Energy Storage “TES” as well as commercial electricity Power Purchase Agreement “PPA” prices reported in the Chilean electricity market were considered. The Levelized Cost of Hydrogen “LCOH” of each production pathway is calculated by a case-sensitive techno-economic MATLAB/Simulink model for utility scale (multi-MW) alkaline and PEM electrolyser technologies. Successively different distribution storage and transportation configurations are evaluated based on the 2025 Japanese case study according to the declared H2 demand. Transport in the form of liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and via ammonia (NH3) carrier is compared from the port of Antofagasta CL to the port of Osaka JP.
Mechanical Properties and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Laser-Surface Melted AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel
Feb 2020
Publication
Hydrogen was doped in austenitic stainless steel (ASS) 316L tensile samples produced by the laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technique. For this aim an electrochemical method was conducted under a high current density of 100 mA/cm2 for three days to examine its sustainability under extreme hydrogen environments at ambient temperatures. The chemical composition of the starting powders contained a high amount of Ni approximately 12.9 wt.% as a strong austenite stabilizer. The tensile tests disclosed that hydrogen charging caused a minor reduction in the elongation to failure (approximately 3.5% on average) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS; approximately 2.1% on average) of the samples using a low strain rate of 1.2 × 10−4 s−1. It was also found that an increase in the strain rate from 1.2 × 10−4 s−1 to 4.8 × 10−4 s−1 led to a reduction of approximately 3.6% on average for the elongation to failure and 1.7% on average for UTS in the pre-charged samples. No trace of martensite was detected in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the fractured samples thanks to the high Ni content which caused a minor reduction in UTS × uniform elongation (UE) (GPa%) after the H charging. Considerable surface tearing was observed for the pre-charged sample after the tensile deformation. Additionally some cracks were observed to be independent of the melt pool boundaries indicating that such boundaries cannot necessarily act as a suitable area for the crack propagation.
European Hydrogen Backbone
Jul 2020
Publication
This paper authored by eleven gas infrastructure companies and supported by Guidehouse describes how a dedicated hydrogen infrastructure can be created in
a significant part of the EU between 2030 and 2040 requiring work to start during the 2020s. The hydrogen infrastructure as proposed in this paper fits well with the ambitions of the EU Hydrogen Strategy and the Energy System Integration Strategy plus it aligns well with the goals of the recently announced Clean Hydrogen Alliance to scale up hydrogen enabled by hydrogen transport. Hydrogen clearly gains momentum and this paper aims to provide a contribution towards accelerating a large scale-up of hydrogen by enabling its transport from supply to demand across Europe.
This paper analyses the likely routes across Europe by 2030 2035 and 2040. The included maps show the suggested topology of hydrogen pipelines in ten European countries: Germany France Italy Spain the Netherlands Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Sweden and Switzerland.
You can download the whole report by clicking this link
a significant part of the EU between 2030 and 2040 requiring work to start during the 2020s. The hydrogen infrastructure as proposed in this paper fits well with the ambitions of the EU Hydrogen Strategy and the Energy System Integration Strategy plus it aligns well with the goals of the recently announced Clean Hydrogen Alliance to scale up hydrogen enabled by hydrogen transport. Hydrogen clearly gains momentum and this paper aims to provide a contribution towards accelerating a large scale-up of hydrogen by enabling its transport from supply to demand across Europe.
This paper analyses the likely routes across Europe by 2030 2035 and 2040. The included maps show the suggested topology of hydrogen pipelines in ten European countries: Germany France Italy Spain the Netherlands Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Sweden and Switzerland.
You can download the whole report by clicking this link
Hydrogen Act Towards the creation of the European Hydrogen Economy
Apr 2021
Publication
It is time that hydrogen moves from an afterthought to a central pillar of the energy system and its key role in delivering climate neutrality means it merits a dedicated framework. It becomes paramount to allow hydrogen to express its full potential as the other leg of the energy mobility and industry transitions. The proposed “Hydrogen Act” is not a single piece of legislation it is intended to be a vision for an umbrella framework aimed at harmonising and integrating all separate hydrogen-related actions and legislations. It focuses on infrastructure and market aspects describing three phases of development: the kick-start phase the ramp-up phase and the market-growth phase.
Clean Hydrogen Monitor
Oct 2020
Publication
It’s the first of its kind overview showing the state of play with regards to hydrogen technologies in Europe. On an annual basis there will be an update serving as a basis for your investment or political decisions.<br/><br/>OUR MISSION IS – NO EMISSION!<br/>From day 1 Hydrogen Europe promoted clean hydrogen and clean hydrogen technologies as enablers of a decarbonised energy system. We strongly support the adoption of very ambitious climate targets for 2030 and the objective of carbon neutrality in the EU by 2050. Clean hydrogen can help to realise this transition of our energy system in multiple sectors from energy production storage and distribution to end-uses in transport industry heating and others.<br/><br/>CLEAN HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES CAN AND WILL REPLACE<br/>not just fossil-based hydrogen in current (industrial) uses but also other fossil-based energies such as petrol diesel and hydrocarbon fuels in the transport sector coal /coke in the steel sector natural gas in the heating sector and other polluting and emitting fuels and feedstocks. <br/><br/>WE ARE TALKING ABOUT A SYSTEMIC CHANGE.<br/>The use of clean hydrogen needs adaptations in production schemes in the infrastructure and in the deployment of hydrogen by the end users. This cannot – of course –be done in a day. Yet we should not wait for the implementation of the different hydrogen strategies on private municipal regional national or European level until other geographies worldwide race ahead.<br/><br/>
Deep Decarbonisation Pathways for Scottish Industries: Research Report
Dec 2020
Publication
The following report is a research piece outlining the potential pathways for decarbonisation of Scottish Industries. Two main pathways are considered hydrogen and electrification with both resulting in similar costs and levels of carbon reduction.
Hydrogen to Support Electricity Systems
Jan 2020
Publication
The Department of Environment Land Water and Planning (DELWP) engaged GHD Advisory and ACIL Allen to assess the roles opportunities and challenges that hydrogen might play in the future to support Australia’s power systems and to determine whether the relevant electricity system regulatory frameworks are compatible with both enabling an industrial-scale1 hydrogen production capability and the use of hydrogen for power generation.
You can read the full report on the website of the Australian Government at this link
You can read the full report on the website of the Australian Government at this link
Hydrogen Valleys. Insights Into the Emerging Hydrogen Economies Around the World
Jun 2021
Publication
Clean hydrogen is universally considered an important energy vector in the global efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions to the "well below 2 °C scenario" as agreed by more than 190 states in the 2015 Paris Agreement. Hydrogen Valleys – regional ecosystems that link hydrogen production transportation and various end uses such as mobility or industrial feedstock – are important steps towards enabling the development of a new hydrogen economy.<br/><br/>This report has been issued during the setup of the "Mission Innovation Hydrogen Valley Platform" which was commissioned by the European Union and developed by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. The global information sharing platform to date already features 30+ global Hydrogen Valleys with a cumulative investment volume of more than EUR 30 billion. The projects provide a first-of-its kind look into the global Hydrogen Valley project landscape its success factors and remaining barriers. This report summarizes the findings and presents identified best practices for successful project development as well as recommendations for policymakers on how to provide a favourable policy environment that paves the way to reach the Hydrogen Valleys' full potential as enablers of the global hydrogen economy.
Design and Analysis of an Offshore Wind Power to Ammonia Production System in Nova Scotia
Dec 2022
Publication
Green ammonia has potential as a zero-emissions energy vector in applications such as energy storage transmission and distribution and zero-emissions transportation. Renewable energy such as offshore wind energy has been proposed to power its production. This paper designed and analyzed an on-land small-scale power-to-ammonia (P2A) production system with a target nominal output of 15 tonnes of ammonia per day which will use an 8 MW offshore turbine system off the coast of Nova Scotia Canada as the main power source. The P2A system consists of a reverse osmosis system a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser a hydrogen storage tank a nitrogen generator a set of compressors and heat exchangers an autothermal Haber-Bosch reactor and an ammonia storage tank. The system uses an electrical grid as a back-up for when the wind energy is insufficient as the process assumes a steady state. Two scenarios were analyzed with Scenario 1 producing a steady state of 15 tonnes of ammonia per day and Scenario 2 being one that switched production rates whenever wind speeds were low to 55% the nominal capacity. The results show that the grid connected P2A system has significant emissions for both scenarios which is larger than the traditional fossil-fuel based ammonia production when using the grid in provinces like Nova Scotia even if it is just a back-up during low wind power generation. The levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) was calculated to be at least 2323 CAD tonne−1 for both scenarios which is not cost competitive in this small production scale. Scaling up the whole system reducing the reliance on the electricity grid increasing service life and decreasing windfarm costs could reduce the LCOA and make this P2A process more cost competitive.
Evaluation of Decarbonization Technologies for ASEAN Countries via an Integrated Assessment Tool
May 2022
Publication
A new assessment tool for evaluating decarbonization technologies that considers each technology’s sustainability security affordability readiness and impact for a specific country is proposed. This tool is applied to a set of decarbonization technologies for the power transport and industry sectors for the ten Southeast Asian countries that constitute ASEAN. This results in a list of the most promising decarbonization technologies as well as the remaining issues that need more research and development. This study reveals several common themes for ASEAN’s decarbonization. First carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key technology for large-scale CO2 emission. Second for countries that rely heavily on coal for power generation switching to gas can halve their CO2 emission in the power sector and should be given high priority. Third hydropower and bioenergy both have high potential for the majority of ASEAN countries if their sustainability issues can be resolved satisfactorily. Fourth replacing conventional vehicles by electric vehicles is the overarching theme in the road transport sector but will result in increased demand for electricity. In the medium to long term the use of hydrogen for marine fuel and biofuels for aviation fuel are preferred solutions for the marine and aviation transport sectors. Fifth for the industry sector installing CCS in industrial plants should be given priority but replacing fossil fuels by blue hydrogen for high-temperature heating is the preferred long-term solution.
Holistic Energy Efficiency and Environmental Friendliness Model for Short-Sea Vessels with Alternative Power Systems Considering Realistic Fuel Pathways and Workloads
Apr 2022
Publication
Energy requirements push the shipping industry towards more energy-efficient ships while environmental regulations influence the development of environmentally friendly ships by replacing fossil fuels with alternatives. Current mathematical models for ship energy efficiency which set the analysis boundaries at the level of the ship power system are not able to consider alternative fuels as a powering option. In this paper the energy efficiency and emissions index are formulated for ships with alternative power systems considering three different impacts on the environment (global warming acidification and eutrophication) and realistic fuel pathways and workloads. Besides diesel applications of alternative powering options such as electricity methanol liquefied natural gas hydrogen and ammonia are considered. By extending the analysis boundaries from the ship power system to the complete fuel cycle it is possible to compare different ships within the considered fleet or a whole shipping sector from the viewpoint of energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. The applicability of the model is illustrated on the Croatian ro-ro passenger fleet. A technical measure of implementation of alternative fuels in combination with an operational measure of speed reduction results in an even greater emissions reduction and an increase in energy efficiency. Analysis of the impact of voluntary speed reduction for ships with different power systems resulted in the identification of the optimal combination of alternative fuel and speed reduction by a specific percentage from the ship design speed.
Environmentally Assisted Cracking Behavior of S420 and X80 Steels Containing U-notches at Two Different Cathodic Polarization Levels: An Approach from the Theory of Critical Distances
May 2019
Publication
This paper analyzes using the theory of critical distances the environmentally assisted cracking behaviour of two steels (S420 and API X80) subjected to two different aggressive environments. The propagation threshold for environmentally assisted cracking (i.e. the stress intensity factor above which crack propagation initiates) in cracked and notched specimens (KIEAC and KNIEAC) has been experimentally obtained under different environmental conditions. Cathodic polarization has been employed to generate the aggressive environments at 1 and 5 mA/cm2 causing hydrogen embrittlement on the steels. The point method and the line method both belonging to the theory of critical distances have been applied to verify their capacity to predict the initiation of crack propagation. The results demonstrate the capacity of the theory of critical distances to predict the crack propagation onset under the different combinations of material and aggressive environments.
Gas Switching Reforming for Flexible Power and Hydrogen Production to Balance Variable Renewables
May 2019
Publication
Variable renewable energy (VRE) is expected to play a major role in the decarbonization of the electricity sector. However decarbonization via VRE requires a fleet of flexible dispatchable plants with low CO2 emissions to supply clean power during times with limited wind and sunlight. These plants will need to operate at reduced capacity factors with frequent ramps in electricity output posing techno-economic challenges. This study therefore presents an economic assessment of a new near-zero emission power plant designed for this purpose. The gas switching reforming combined cycle (GSR-CC) plant can produce electricity during times of low VRE output and hydrogen during times of high VRE output. This product flexibility allows the plant to operate continuously even when high VRE output makes electricity production uneconomical. Although the CO2 avoidance cost of the GSR-CC plant (€61/ton) was similar to the benchmark post-combustion CO2 capture plant under baseload operation GSR-CC clearly outperformed the benchmark in a more realistic scenario where continued VRE expansion forces power plants into mid-load operation (45% capacity factor). In this scenario GSR-CC promises a 5 %-point higher annualized investment return than the post-combustion benchmark. GSR-CC therefore appears to be a promising concept for a future scenario with high VRE market share and CO2 prices provided that a large market for clean hydrogen is established.
When and How to Regulate Hydrogen Networks?
Feb 2021
Publication
This European Green Deal Regulatory White Paper provides the views of Europe’s energy regulators represented by ACER and CEER on when and how to regulate the hydrogen networks in the future.
With the EU goal of becoming a carbon neutral continent by 2050 hydrogen is set to play a key role in decarbonising Europe's economy.
To realise the European Green Deal's ambitions for hydrogen the right regulatory framework must be created to facilitate a hydrogen economy in a cost-effective way.
European energy regulators (ACER and CEER) have published a set of recommendations on when and how to regulate pure hydrogen networks. The need and scope of hydrogen network regulation will depend on its structure and evolution.
This paper is the first in our new series of ACER-CEER European Green Deal Regulatory White Papers. This hydrogen paper examines:
The aim is to deepen understanding on the regulatory aspects of Green Deal issues and to assist the European Commission in assessing various options as part of the preparations for legislation on hydrogen and energy system integration. With the EU goal of becoming a carbon neutral continent by 2050 hydrogen is set to play a key role in decarbonising Europe's economy.
The Full report can be found on the ACER website
With the EU goal of becoming a carbon neutral continent by 2050 hydrogen is set to play a key role in decarbonising Europe's economy.
To realise the European Green Deal's ambitions for hydrogen the right regulatory framework must be created to facilitate a hydrogen economy in a cost-effective way.
European energy regulators (ACER and CEER) have published a set of recommendations on when and how to regulate pure hydrogen networks. The need and scope of hydrogen network regulation will depend on its structure and evolution.
This paper is the first in our new series of ACER-CEER European Green Deal Regulatory White Papers. This hydrogen paper examines:
- The circumstances under which regulating hydrogen networks is needed;
- How to treat existing hydrogen network infrastructure;
- How to address regulatory challenges related to the repurposing of gas infrastructure for dedicated hydrogen transport.
The aim is to deepen understanding on the regulatory aspects of Green Deal issues and to assist the European Commission in assessing various options as part of the preparations for legislation on hydrogen and energy system integration. With the EU goal of becoming a carbon neutral continent by 2050 hydrogen is set to play a key role in decarbonising Europe's economy.
The Full report can be found on the ACER website
Hydrogen Accumulation and Distribution in Pipeline Steel in Intensified Corrosion Conditions
Apr 2019
Publication
Hydrogen accumulation and distribution in pipeline steel under conditions of enhanced corrosion has been studied. The XRD analysis optical spectrometry and uniaxial tension tests reveal that the corrosion environment affects the parameters of the inner and outer surface of the steel pipeline as well as the steel pipeline bulk. The steel surface becomes saturated with hydrogen released as a reaction product during insignificant methane dissociation. Measurements of the adsorbed hydrogen concentration throughout the steel pipe bulk were carried out. The pendulum impact testing of Charpy specimens was performed at room temperature in compliance with national standards. The mechanical properties of the steel specimens were found to be considerably lower and analogous to the properties values caused by hydrogen embrittlement.
Hydrogen Induced Damage in Heavily Cold-Drawn Wires of Lean Duplex Stainless Steel
Sep 2017
Publication
The paper addresses the sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement of heavily cold-drawn wires made of the new generation of lower alloyed duplex stainless steels often referred to as lean duplex grades. It includes comparisons with similar data corresponding to cold-drawn eutectoid and duplex stainless steels. For this purpose fracture tests under constant load were carried out with wires in the as-received condition and fatigue-precracked in air and exposed to ammonium thiocyanate solution. Microstructure and fractographic observations were essential means for the cracking analysis. The effect of hydrogen-assisted embrittlement on the damage tolerance of lean duplex steels was assessed regarding two macro-mechanical damage models that provide the upper bounds of damage tolerance and accurately approximate the failure behavior of the eutectoid and duplex stainless steels wires.
Exploring the Capability of Mayenite (12CaO·7Al2O3) as Hydrogen Storage Material
Mar 2021
Publication
We utilized nanoporous mayenite (12CaO·7Al2O3) a cost-effective material in the hydride state (H−) to explore the possibility of its use for hydrogen storage and transportation. Hydrogen desorption occurs by a simple reaction of mayenite with water and the nanocage structure transforms into a calcium aluminate hydrate. This reaction enables easy desorption of H− ions trapped in the structure which could allow the use of this material in future portable applications. Additionally this material is 100% recyclable because the cage structure can be recovered by heat treatment after hydrogen desorption. The presence of hydrogen molecules as H− ions was confirmed by 1H-NMR gas chromatography and neutron diffraction analyses. We confirmed the hydrogen state stability inside the mayenite cage by the first-principles calculations to understand the adsorption mechanism and storage capacity and to provide a key for the use of mayenite as a portable hydrogen storage material. Further we succeeded in introducing H− directly from OH− by a simple process compared with previous studies that used long treatment durations and required careful control of humidity and oxygen gas to form O2 species before the introduction of H−.
Recovery Through Reform: Advancing a Hydrogen Economy While Minimizing Fossil Fuel Subsidies
Feb 2021
Publication
This brief explores recent momentum on hydrogen and evaluates potential implications for subsidies for fossil fuel-based hydrogen given the government's commitments on fossil fuel subsidies.
Spending on hydrogen has the potential to significantly influence the direction taken by the world’s energy systems. In December 2020 Canada unveiled a national hydrogen strategy following the announcement of a strengthened climate plan. The strategy emphasized both blue and green hydrogen. As the government considers whether to provide subsidies for hydrogen we recommend government:
This brief is one of three International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) policy briefs in its Recovery Through Reform series which assesses how efforts to achieve a green recovery from COVID-19 in Canada rely on—and can contribute to—fossil fuel subsidy reform.
Spending on hydrogen has the potential to significantly influence the direction taken by the world’s energy systems. In December 2020 Canada unveiled a national hydrogen strategy following the announcement of a strengthened climate plan. The strategy emphasized both blue and green hydrogen. As the government considers whether to provide subsidies for hydrogen we recommend government:
- Ensure that any subsidies for hydrogen are in line with the government’s commitments to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies by 2025 and meet net-zero by 2050.
- Thoroughly evaluate the potential efficiency of subsidies for hydrogen against robust social environmental and economic criteria. • Improve transparency by publicly reporting on direct spending and tax expenditures for hydrogen production.
- Follow international best practices being set by Canada’s peers. For example Germany and Spain have laid out hydrogen strategies prioritizing green hydrogen.
This brief is one of three International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) policy briefs in its Recovery Through Reform series which assesses how efforts to achieve a green recovery from COVID-19 in Canada rely on—and can contribute to—fossil fuel subsidy reform.
Advancing Hydrogen: Learning from 19 Plans to Advance Hydrogen from Across the Globe
Jul 2019
Publication
Hydrogen as the International Energy Agency (IEA 2019) notes has experienced a number of ‘false dawns’ - in the 1970s 1990s and early 2000s - which subsequently faded. However this time there is reason to think that hydrogen will play a substantial role in the global energy system. The most important factor driving this renewed focus is the ability of hydrogen to support deep carbon abatement by assisting in those sectors where abatement with non-carbon electricity has so far proven difficult. Hydrogen can also address poor urban air quality energy security and provides a good means of shifting energy supply between regions and between seasons.
In response to these changed conditions many countries states and even cities have developed hydrogen strategies while various interest groups have developed industry roadmaps which fulfil a similar role.
This report summarises 19 hydrogen strategies and aims to help readers understand how nations regions and industries are thinking about opportunities to become involved in this emerging industry. Its prime purpose is to act as a resource to assist those involved in long-term energy policy planning in Australia including those involved in the development of Australia’s hydrogen strategy
The full report can be read on the Energy Network website at this link here
In response to these changed conditions many countries states and even cities have developed hydrogen strategies while various interest groups have developed industry roadmaps which fulfil a similar role.
This report summarises 19 hydrogen strategies and aims to help readers understand how nations regions and industries are thinking about opportunities to become involved in this emerging industry. Its prime purpose is to act as a resource to assist those involved in long-term energy policy planning in Australia including those involved in the development of Australia’s hydrogen strategy
The full report can be read on the Energy Network website at this link here
The Role of Hydrogen in Achieving Net Zero: Parliamentary Inquiry
Mar 2021
Publication
A key component of the Government's recently announced ‘Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution’ is 'Driving the Growth of Low Carbon Hydrogen'. The plan outlined a range of measures to support the development and adoption of hydrogen including a £240 million 'Net Zero Hydrogen Fund'. Noting this and the further £81 million allocated for hydrogen heating trials in the 2020 Spending Review the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee is today launching a new inquiry into the role of hydrogen in achieving Net Zero.
Following recommendations from the Committee on Climate Change that the Government develop a strategy for hydrogen use and should aim for largescale hydrogen trials to begin in the early 2020s the Committee seeks to ensure that the Government's intended plan will be suitable and effective. The Committee will also assess the infrastructure required for hydrogen as a Net Zero fuel and examine progress made so far internationally to determine the viability of hydrogen as a significant contributor to achieving Net Zero.
All documents are in the Supplements tab above.
Following recommendations from the Committee on Climate Change that the Government develop a strategy for hydrogen use and should aim for largescale hydrogen trials to begin in the early 2020s the Committee seeks to ensure that the Government's intended plan will be suitable and effective. The Committee will also assess the infrastructure required for hydrogen as a Net Zero fuel and examine progress made so far internationally to determine the viability of hydrogen as a significant contributor to achieving Net Zero.
All documents are in the Supplements tab above.
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