Publications

Recent advances in technologies for the decentralized islanded ammonia economy are reviewed with an emphasis on feasibility for long-term practical implementation. The emphasis in this review is on storage systems in the size range of 1–10 MW. Alternatives for hydrogen production nitrogen production ammonia synthesis ammonia separation ammonia storage and ammonia combustion are compared and evaluated. A conceptual process design based on the optimization of temperature and pressure levels of existing and recently proposed technologies is presented for an islanded ammonia energy system. This process design consists of wind turbines and solar panels for electricity generation a battery for short-term energy storage an electrolyzer for hydrogen production a pressure swing adsorption unit for nitrogen production a novel ruthenium-based catalyst for ammonia synthesis a supported metal halide for ammonia separation and storage and an ammonia fueled proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell for electricity generation. In a generic location in northern Europe it is possible to operate the islanded energy system at a round-trip efficiency of 61% and at a cost of about 0.30–0.35 € kWh−1 .

One of the strategic goals of developed countries is to significantly increase the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation. However the process may be hindered by e.g. the storage and transport of energy from renewable sources. The European Union countries see the development of the hydrogen economy as an opportunity to overcome this barrier. Therefore since 2020 the European Union has been implementing a hydrogen strategy that will increase the share of hydrogen in the European energy mix from the current 2 percent to up to 13–14 percent by 2050. In 2021 following the example of other European countries the Polish government adopted the Polish Hydrogen Strategy until 2030 with an outlook until 2040 (PHS). However the implementation of the strategy requires significant capital expenditure and infrastructure modernisation which gives rise to question as to whether Poland is likely to achieve the goals set out in the Polish Hydrogen Strategy and European Green Deal. The subject of the research is an analysis of the sources of financing for the PHS against the background of solutions implemented by the EU countries and a SWOT/TOWS analysis on the hydrogen economy in Poland. The overall result of the SWOT/TOWS analysis shows the advantage of strengths and related opportunities. This allows for a positive assessment of the prospects for the hydrogen economy in Poland. Poland should continue its efforts to take advantage of the external factors (O/S) such as EU support an increased price competitiveness of hydrogen and the emergence of a competitive cross-border hydrogen market in Europe. At the same time the Polish authorities should not forget about the weaknesses and threats that may inhibit the development of the domestic hydrogen market. It is necessary to modernise the infrastructure; increase the share of renewable energy sources in hydrogen production; increase R&D expenditure and in particular to complete the negotiations related to the adoption of the Fit for 55 package.

Hydrogen fuel cell technology is securing a place in the future of advanced mobility and the energy revolution as engineers explore multiple paths in the quest for decarbonization. The feasibility of hydrogen-based fuel cell vehicles particularly relies on the development of safe lightweight and cost-competitive solutions for hydrogen storage. After the demonstration of hundreds of prototype vehicles today commercial hydrogen tanks are in the first stages of market introduction adopting configurations that use composite materials. However production rates remain low and costs high. This paper intends to provide an insight into the evolving scenario of solutions for hydrogen storage in the transportation sector. Current applications in different sectors of transport are covered focusing on their individual requirements. Furthermore this work addresses the efforts to produce economically attractive composite tanks discussing the challenges surrounding material choices and manufacturing practices as well as cutting-edge trends pursued by research and development teams. Key issues in the design and analysis of hydrogen tanks are also discussed. Finally testing and certification requirements are debated once they play a vital role in industry acceptance.

This paper addresses the decarbonisation of the heavy-duty transport sector and develops a strategy towards net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in heavy-goods vehicles (HGVs) by 2040. By conducting a literature review and a case study on the vehicle fleet of a large UK food and consumer goods retailer the feasibilities of four alternative vehicle technologies are evaluated from environmental economic and technical perspectives. Socio-political factors and commercial readiness are also examined to capture non-technical criteria that influences decision-makers. Strategic analysis frameworks such as PEST-SWOT models were developed for liquefied natural gas biomethane electricity and hydrogen to allow a holistic comparison and identify their long-term deployment potential. Technology innovation is needed to address range and payload limitations of electric trucks whereas government and industry support are essential for a material deployment of hydrogen in the 2030s. Given the UK government’s plan to phase out new diesel HGVs by 2040 fleet operators should commence new vehicle trials by 2025 and replace a considerable amount of their lighter diesel trucks with zero-emission vehicles by 2030 and the remaining heavier truck fleet by 2035.

The gasification technology of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) can represent a future alternative to the global hydrogen production and a pathway for the development of the circular economy. The paper presents an innovative way of utilizing RDF through their oxygen/steam co-gasification with bituminous coal to hydrogen rich gas. Five different RDF samples (RDF1÷RDF5) were investigated. The in-depth analyses of the co-gasification of bituminous coal blends with different amounts of RDF (10 15 and 20%w/w) under various temperature conditions were conducted with the application of Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA). The results of the research study revealed a decrease in the total gas yield as well as in the hydrogen yield observed with the increase in the RDF fraction in the fuel blend. The lowest hydrogen yield and the highest carbon conversion were noted for the co-gasification tests of coal blends with 20%w/w for all the studied RDFs. The SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) and WDXRF (Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence) results showed a significantly higher H2 yield in RDF2 co-gasification with coal in comparison with all the remaining RDFs due to the higher concentration of calcium in the sample. The molecular structure analysis of polymers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated that the most prevalent synthetic polymers in RDF2 are polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride characterized by the lowest thermal stability compared to polyethylene and polypropylene.

Superior fuel economy higher torque and durability have led to the diesel engine being widely used in a variety of fields of application such as road transport agricultural vehicles earth moving machines and marine propulsion as well as fixed installations for electrical power generation. However diesel engines are plagued by high emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide when conventional fuel is used. One possible solution is to use low-carbon gaseous fuel alongside diesel fuel by operating in a dual-fuel (DF) configuration as this system provides a low implementation cost alternative for the improvement of combustion efficiency in the conventional diesel engine. An initial step in this direction involved the replacement of diesel fuel with natural gas. However the consequent high levels of unburned hydrocarbons produced due to non-optimized engines led to a shift to carbon-free fuels such as hydrogen. Hydrogen can be injected into the intake manifold where it premixes with air then the addition of a small amount of diesel fuel auto-igniting easily provides multiple ignition sources for the gas. To evaluate the efficiency and pollutant emissions in dual-fuel diesel-hydrogen combustion a numerical CFD analysis was conducted and validated with the aid of experimental measurements on a research engine acquired at the test bench. The process of ignition of diesel fuel and flame propagation through a premixed air-hydrogen charge was represented the Autoignition-Induced Flame Propagation model included ANSYS-Forte software. Because of the inefficient operating conditions associated with the combustion the methodology was significantly improved by evaluating the laminar flame speed as a function of pressure temperature and equivalence ratio using Chemkin-Pro software. A numerical comparison was carried out among full hydrogen full methane and different hydrogen-methane mixtures with the same energy input in each case. The use of full hydrogen was characterized by enhanced combustion higher thermal efficiency and lower carbon emissions. However the higher temperatures that occurred for hydrogen combustion led to higher NOx emissions.

As Europe moves towards decarbonising its energy infrastructure new measurement needs will arise that require collaborative efforts between European National Metrology Institutes and Designated Institutes to tackle. Such measurement needs include flow metering of hydrogen or hydrogen enriched natural gas in the gas grid for billing quality assurance of hydrogen at refuelling stations and equations of state for carbon dioxide in carbon capture and storage facilities. The European metrology network for energy gases for the first time provides a platform where metrology institutes can work together to develop a harmonised strategy prioritise new challenges and share expertise and capabilities to support the European energy gas industry to meet stringent EU targets for climate change and emissions reductions

If an affordable infrastructure for low-carbon-intensity hydrogen can be developed then hydrogen is expected to become a key factor in decarbonizing the atmosphere. This research focuses on factors an existing wind farm operator would consider when weighing participating in the electricity market the hydrogen market or both. The solutions depend on the state of technology which is changing rapidly the local market structures the local natural resources and the local pre-existing infrastructure. Consequently this investigation used an assessment approach that examined the variation of net present value. The investigation identified profitability conditions under three different scenarios: 1) Make and sell what makes economic sense at the time of production 2) Use electrolyzer and fuel cell to consume power from the grid at times of low net demand and to produce electricity at times of high net demand 3) Same as #2 but also market hydrogen directly when profitable.

The overall ambition of the study has been to assess the commercial and operational viability of alternative marine fuels based on review existing academic and industry literature. The approach assesses how well six alternative fuels perform compared to LNG fuel on a set of 11 key parameters. Conventional fuels are not covered in this study however 2020 compliant fuels (HFO+scrubber and low sulphur fuels are included in the conclusion for comparative purposes.

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are electrochemical devices that directly convert the chemical energy stored in fuel into electrical energy with a practical conversion efficiency as high as 65%. In the past years significant progress has been made in PEM fuel cell commercialization. By 2019 there were over 19000 fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and 340 hydrogen refueling stations (HRF) in the U.S. (~8000 and 44 respectively) Japan (~3600 and 112 respectively) South Korea (~5000 and 34 respectively) Europe (~2500 and 140 respectively) and China (~110 and 12 respectively). Japan South Korea and China plan to build approximately 3000 HRF stations by 2030. In 2019 Hyundai Nexo and Toyota Mirai accounted for approximately 63% and 32% of the total sales with a driving range of 380 and 312 miles and a mile per gallon (MPGe) of 65 and 67 respectively. Fundamentals of PEM fuel cells play a crucial role in the technological advancement to improve fuel cell performance/durability and reduce cost. Several key aspects for fuel cell design operational control and material development such as durability electrocatalyst materials water and thermal management dynamic operation and cold start are briefly explained in this work. Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) have received increasing attention in material/energy development. This review also discusses their applications and potential in the development of fundamental knowledge and correlations material selection and improvement cell design and optimization system control power management and monitoring of operation health for PEM fuel cells along with main physics in PEM fuel cells for physics-informed machine learning. The objective of this review is three fold: (1) to present the most recent status of PEM fuel cell applications in the portable stationary and transportation sectors; (2) to describe the important fundamentals for the further advancement of fuel cell technology in terms of design and control optimization cost reduction and durability improvement; and (3) to explain machine learning physics-informed deep learning and AI methods and describe their significant potentials in PEM fuel cell research and development (R&D).