Norway

This paper provides an in-depth examination of critical and strategic raw materials (CRMs) and their crucial role in the development of electrolyzer and fuel cell technologies within the hydrogen economy. It methodically analyses a range of electrolyzer technologies including alkaline proton-exchange membrane solid-oxide anion-exchange membrane and proton-conducting ceramic systems. Each technology is examined for its specific CRM dependencies o Read More

Renewable hydrogen is emerging as the key to a sustainable energy transition with multiple applications and uses. In the field of transport in addition to fuel cell vehicles it is necessary to develop an extensive network of hydrogen refueling stations (hereafter HRSs). The characteristics and properties of hydrogen make ensuring the safe operation of these facilities a crucial element for their successful deployment and implementation. This paper shows the o Read More

The European Union aims to deploy a high share of renewable energy sources in Europe’s power system by 2050. Large-scale intermittent wind and solar power production requires flexibility to ensure an adequate supply–demand balance. Green hydrogen (GH) can increase power systems’ flexibility and decrease renewable energy production’s curtailment. However investing in GH is costly and dependent on electricity prices which are important fo Read More

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are programmable robotic vehicles that can drift drive or glide through the ocean without real-time control by human operators. AUVs that also can follow a planned trajectory with a chosen depth profile are used for geophysical surveys subsea pipeline inspection marine archaeology and more. Most AUVs are followed by a mother ship that adds significantly to the cost of an AUV mission. One pathway to red Read More

Hydrogen is seen as a key energy carrier to reduce CO2 emissions. Two main production options for hydrogen with low CO2 intensity are water electrolysis and natural gas reforming with Carbon Capture and Storage known as green and blue hydrogen. Northern Norway has a surplus of renewable energy and natural gas availability from the Barents Sea which can be used to produce hydrogen. However exports are challenging due to the large distances Read More

Global warming’s major cause is the emission of greenhouse-effect gases (GHG) especially carbon dioxide (CO2) whose main source is the combustion of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels serve as the primary energy source in many industries including shipping which is the focus of this study. One of the measures proposed to tackle GHG emissions is the development of green shipping corridors - carbon-free shipping routes that require the transition to alter Read More

The impact of the HyResponder project on the training of responders in 10 European countries is described. An overview is presented of training activities undertaken within the project in Austria Belgium Czech Republic France Germany Italy Norway Spain Switzerland and the United Kingdom. National leads with training expertise are given and the longer-term plans in each region are mentioned. Responders from each region took part in a specially tailored Read More

This paper presents multiple hydrogen electrolysers integrations in the power grid and their operational stra tegies for better performance. Electrolysers have been considered as electrical loads and multi-state load model for the operation of an electrolysers have been proposed. Strategy for the operation of multiple electrolysers at different positions in a grid are formulated and Multi-State Round Robin strategy is proposed. The proposed strategy is val Read More

The central role of hydrogen in the EU’s decarbonization strategy has increased the importance of critical raw materials. To address this the EU has taken legislative steps including the 2023 Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) to ensure a stable supply. Using a leader–follower Stackelberg game framework this study analyzes CRM market dynamics integrating CRMA compliance through rules on sourcing and stockpiling value chain resilience via the inclusi Read More

The EU Horizon2020 RISE project 778307 “Hydrogen fuelled utility and their support systems utilising metal hydrides” (HYDRIDE4MOBILITY) worked on the commercialization of hydrogen powered forklifts using metal hydride (MH) based hydrogen stores. The project consortium joined forces of 9 academic and industrial partners from 4 countries. The work program included a) Development of the materials for hydrogen storage and compression; b) Theo Read More

High-speed passenger vessels have high greenhouse gas emissions per passenger kilometre trav elled and require optimizations to provide a role in a low carbon society. This article works to wards this goal as a study of the potential for replacing high-speed passenger vessels with compressed hydrogen or battery electric zero emission solutions. To do this a model was developed based on automatic identification system data to calculate energy use f Read More

The adoption of liquid hydrogen (LH2) as an energy carrier presents significant opportunities for distributing large quantities of hydrogen efficiently. However ensuring safety of LH2 transfer operations requires the evo lution of suitable technologies and regulatory framework. This study offers an extensive overview of technical considerations and safety aspects pertaining to liquid hydrogen installations and mobile applications. A signif icant lack of regulations Read More

Hydrogen is considered a promising solution for global decarbonisation as an alternative to fossil fuels. However it can interact with and brittle most metallic materials and is highly flammable. These properties call for a systematic investigation of physical and chemical hazards and for the definition of a comprehensive risk management and monitoring framework including proper maintenance planning. This study aims at establishing a hydrogen Read More

In the wake of unprecedented global weather events and the ever-pressing urgency of climate change the discourse around energy transition has become more critical than ever.The United Kingdom once at the forefront of the energy transition movement finds itself at a crossroads. The initial rapid progress towards a low-carbon future is now facing hurdles threatening the achievement of the 'net zero by 2050' target.This revelation comes from the thi Read More

Hydrogen tanks used in transportation are equipped with thermal pressure relief devices to prevent a tank rapture in case of fire exposure. The opening of the pressure relief valve in such a scenario would likely result in an impinging and (semi-) confined hydrogen jet fire. Therefore twelve largescale experiments of hydrogen jet fires and one large-scale propane reference experiment have been conducted with various degrees of confinement orientations o Read More