Netherlands

Green hydrogen i.e. produced from renewable resources is attracting attention as an alternative fuel for the future of heavy road transport and long-distance driving. However the benefits linked to zero pollution at the usage stage can be overturned when considering the upstream processes linked to the raw materials and energy requirements. To better understand the global environmental implications of fuelling heavy transport with hydrogen we qua Read More

There is worldwide interest in transporting hydrogen using both new pipelines and pipelines converted from natural gas service. Laboratory tests investigating the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of pipeline steels have shown that even low partial pressures of hydrogen can substantially reduce properties such as reduction in area and fracture toughness and increase fatigue crack growth rates. However qualitative arguments suggest that Read More

Ammonia a molecule that is gaining more interest as a fueling vector has been considered as a candidate to power transport produce energy and support heating applications for decades. However the particular characteristics of the molecule always made it a chemical with low if any benefit once compared to conventional fossil fuels. Still the current need to decarbonize our economy makes the search of new methods crucial to use chemicals such as a Read More

The Federal Institute of Metrology METAS developed a Hydrogen Field Test Standard (HFTS) that can be used for field verification and calibration of hydrogen refuelling stations. The testing method is based on the gravimetric principle. The experimental design of the HFTS as well as the description of the method are presented here.

This paper examines the prospect of PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolyzers and fuel cells to partake in European electrical ancillary services markets. First the current framework of ancillary services is reviewed and discussed emphasizing the ongoing European harmonization plans for future frequency balancing markets. Next the technical characteristics of PEM hydrogen technologies and their potential uses within the electrical power Read More

Meeting the Paris Agreement will most likely require the combination of CO2 capture and biomass in the industrial sector resulting in net negative emissions. CO2 capture within the industry has been extensively investigated. However biomass options have been poorly explored with literature alluding to technical and economic barriers. In addition a lack of consistency among studies makes comparing the performance of CO2 capture and/or biomass use be Read More

This paper analyses which sources of low-carbon hydrogen for the Northwest European market are most competitive taking into account costs of local production conversion and transport. Production costs of electrolysis are strongly affected by local renewable electricity costs and capacity factors. Transport costs are the lowest by pipelines for distances under 10000 km with costs linearly increasing with distance. For larger distances transport as amm Read More

Hydrogen has received much attention in the development of direct reduction of iron ores because hydrogen metallurgy is one of the effective methods to reduce CO2 emission in the iron and steel industry. In this study the kinetic mechanism of reduction of hematite particles was studied in a hydrogen atmosphere. The phases and morphological transformation of hematite during the reduction were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scann Read More

The supply storage and (international) transport of green hydrogen (H2) are essential for the decarbonization of the energy sector. The goal of this study was to assess the final cost-price and carbon footprint of imported green H2 in the market via maritime shipping of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) including dibenzyl toluene-perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (DBTPDBT) and toluene-methylcyclohexane (TOL-MCH) systems. The study focused on logistic Read More

In August 2022 Shell started construction of Holland Hydrogen I (HH I) a 200 MW electrolyser plant in the port of Rotterdam’s industrial zone on Maasvlakte II in the Netherlands. HH I will produce up to 60000 kg of renewable hydrogen per day. The development and demonstration of a safe layout and plant design had been challenging due to ambitious HH I project premises many technical novelties common uncertainties in hydrogen leak effect prediction a Read More

In the present study Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations together with a novel flamelet generated manifold (FGM) hybrid combustion model incorporating preferential diffusion effects is utilised for the investigation of a hydrogen-blended diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engine combustion process with high hydrogen energy share. The FGM hybrid combustion model was developed by coupling laminar flamelet databases obtained from diffusion fl Read More

The Philippines is exploring different alternative sources of energy to become energy-independent while significantly reducing the country’s greenhouse gas emissions. Green hydrogen from renewable energy is one of the most sustainable alternatives with its application as an energy carrier and as a source of clean and sustainable energy as well as raw material for various industrial processes. As a preliminary study in the country this paper aims to expl Read More

An increasing demand in the marine industry to reduce emissions led to investigations into more efficient power conversion using fuels with sustainable production pathways. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are under consideration for long-range shipping because of its high efficiency low pollutant emissions and fuel flexibility. SOFC systems also have great potential to cater for the heat demand in ships but the heat integration is not often considered when Read More

Hypothesis.The large-scale implementation of hydrogen economy requires immense storage spaces to facilitate the periodic storage/production cycles. Extensive modelling of hydrogen transport in porous media is required to comprehend the hydrogen-induced complexities prior to storage to avoid energy loss. Wettability of hydrogen-brine-rock systems influence flow properties (e.g. capillary pressure and relative permeability curves) and the residu Read More

The shipping sector is facing increasing pressure to implement clean fuels and drivetrains. Especially hydrogen fuel cell drivetrains seem attractive. Although several studies have been conducted to assess the carbon footprint of hydrogen and its application in ships their results remain hard to interpret and compare. Namely it is necessary to include a variety of drivetrain solutions and different studies are based on various assumptions and are expres Read More

To facilitate the rapid and large-scale developments of offshore wind energy scholars policymakers and infrastructure developers must start considering its integration into the larger onshore energy system. Such offshore system integration is defined as the coordinated approach to planning and operation of energy generation transport and storage in the offshore energy system across multiple energy carriers and sectors. This article conducts a syste Read More

An integrated system is studied to supply green hydrogen feedstock for ammonia production in the Netherlands. The system is modeled to compare wind and solar resources when coupled to Alkaline Electrolysis (AEL) and Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis (PEMEL) technologies with a compressed hydrogen storage system. The nominal installed capacity of the electrolysis plant is around 2.3 GW with the most suitable energy source offshore Read More

Water electrolysis is the most promising method for efficient production of high purity hydrogen (and oxygen) while the required power input for the electrolysis process can be provided by renewable sources (e.g. solar or wind). The thus produced hydrogen can be used either directly as a fuel or as a reducing agent in chemical processes such as in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Water splitting can be realized both at low temperatures (typically belo Read More

During the driving of a fuel cell car the expansion of the hydrogen along the emptying of the high pressure storage tank produces a cooling of the gas. The hydrogen vessel can experience a fast depressurization during acceleration or under an emergency release. This can result on the one hand in exceeding the low safety temperature limit of 40 C inside the on-board compressed hydrogen tank and on the other hand in the cooling of its walls. In the presen Read More

Legislation regulating the sustainability requirements for hydrogen technologies relies more and more on life cycle assessments (LCAs). Due to different scopes and development processes different pieces of EU legislation refer to different LCA methodologies with differences in the way multifunctional processes (i.e. co-productions recycling and energy recovery) are treated. These inconsistencies arise because incentive mechanisms are not sta Read More

The production of hydrogen-based dense energy carriers (DECs) has been proposed as a combined solution for the storage and dispatch of power generated through intermittent renewables. Frameworks that model and optimize the production storage and dispatch of generated energy are important for data-driven decision making in the energy systems space. The proposed multiperiod framework considers the evolution of technology costs under diffe Read More

It is essential to use alternative fuels if we are to reach the emission reduction targets set by the IMO. Hydrogen carriers are classified as zero-emission while having a higher energy density (including packing factor) than pure hydrogen. They are often considered as safe alternative fuels. The exact definition of what safety entails is often lacking both for hydrogen carriers as well as for ship safety. The aim of this study is to review the safety of hydrogen c Read More

Hydrogen storage is crucial to developing secure renewable energy systems to meet the European Union’s 2050 carbon neutrality objectives. However a knowledge gap exists concerning the site-specific performance and economic viability of utilizing underground gas storage (UGS) sites for hydrogen storage in Europe. We compile information on European UGS sites to assess potential hydrogen storage capacity and evaluate the associated current and Read More

Offshore renewables are expected to play a significant role in achieving the ambitious emission targets set by the North Sea countries. Among other factors energy technology costs and their cost reduction potential determine their future role in the energy system. While fixed-bottom offshore wind is well-established and competitive in this region generation costs of other emerging offshore renewable technologies remain high. Hence it is vital to bet Read More

In this paper we aim to analyse the impact of hydrogen production decarbonisation and electrification scenarios on the infrastructure development generation mix CO2 emissions and system costs of the European power system considering the retrofit of the natural gas infrastructure. We define a reference scenario for the European power system in 2050 and use scenario variants to obtain additional insights by breaking down the effects of Read More