Korea, Republic of
The Effect of Natural Ventilation through Roof Vents Following Hydrogen Leaks in Confined Spaces
Sep 2023
Publication
Hydrogen energy is gaining global popularity as a green energy source and its use is increasing. However hydrogen has a rapid diffusion rate and a broad combustion range; thus it is vital to take safety precautions during its storage. In this study we examined the change of hydrogen concentration in a confined space exposed to a hydrogen leak according to the size of the leakage hole and the leakage flow rate assuming an extreme situation. In addition we investigated rectangular vents (that serve as explosion panels in the event of an explosion) to assess their ventilation performance according to the area of the vent when used for emergency natural ventilation. The vent areas tested represented 12% 24% and 36% of the floor area and they were installed in the ceiling of the test enclosure. When exposed to a simulated hydrogen leak the enclosure acquired a hydrogen concentration of 1% which is 25% of the lower flammability limit (LFL) in less than 6 s across all test cases. The time to LFL varied from approximately 4–81 s. In an assessment of the emergency ventilation duration the ventilation time required to reach safe hydrogen concentrations decreased and showed less deviation as the vent size was increased. For the largest vent size tested the LFL was reached in <1 min; it took 145.6 s to acquire a 1 vol% of hydrogen which is relatively fast. However there were no significant differences between the performance of large and medium-sized vent areas. Therefore through the results we found that it is reasonable to apply the area Kv = 3.31 (24% of the floor area) or less when considering the design of a roof vent that can serve as both an emergency ventilation and an explosion vent. This suggests that it is difficult to expect an improvement in ventilation performance by simply increasing the area of the vent beyond a certain area. Through these results this study proposes a practical and novel method for future design and parameters of safety functions that protect areas where hydrogen is present.
Field Test Series for Development of Mitigation Barriers and its Designs Against Hydrogen Explosion
Sep 2023
Publication
A field test series where a composite pressure vessel for hydrogen is exploded by fire 1) to provide the facts and the data for the safety distance based on overpressure; 2) to validate the current status of mitigation barrier per KGS FP216 and further designs for developments of the codes and standards relating to hydrogen refueling stations. A pair of barriers to be tested are installed approximately 4 m apart standing face to face. The explosion source is a type-4 composite vessel of 175 L filled with compressed hydrogen up to 70 MPa. The vessel is in the middle of the barriers and the body part is heated with an LPG burner until it blows out. The incident overpressures from the blast are measured with 40 high-speed pressure sensors which are respectively installed 2 to 32 m away from the explosion. In the tests with the barrier constructed per the current status of KGS FP216 the explosion of the vessel resulted in partial destruction of the reinforced concrete barrier and made the steel plate barrier dissociated from the foundation then flew away approximately 25 m. The peak overpressure was 14.65 kPa at 32 m. The test data will be further analyzed to select the barriers for the subsequent tests and to develop the codes and standards for hydrogen refueling stations.
Explosion Replication Test of FCEV Hydrogen Tank
Sep 2023
Publication
Due to the increased interest in alternative energy sources hydrogen device safety has become paramount. In this study we induced the explosion of a hydrogen tank from a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) by igniting a fire beneath it and disabling the built-in temperature pressure relief device. Three Type 4 tanks were injected gaseous hydrogen at pressures of 700 350 and 10 bar respectively. The incident pressure generated by the tank explosion was measured by pressure transducers positioned at various points around the tank. A protective barrier was installed to examine its effect on the resulting damage and the reflected pressure was measured along the barrier. The internal pressure and external temperature of the tanks were measured in multiple locations. The 700- and 350-bar hydrogen tanks exploded approximately 10 and 16 min after burner ignition respectively. The 10-bar hydrogen tank did not explode but ruptured approximately 29 min after burner ignition The explosions generated blast waves fireballs and fragments. The impact on the surrounding area was evaluated and we verified that the blast pressure fireballs and fragments were almost completely blocked by the protective barrier. The results of this study are expected to improve safety on an FCEV accident scene.
Experimental Study on the Effect of the Ignition Location on Vented Deflagration of Hydrogen-air Mixtures in Enclosure
Sep 2023
Publication
No countermeasures exist for accidents that might occur in hydrogen-based facilities (leaks fires explosions etc.). In South Korea discussions are underway regarding measures to ensure safety from such accidents such as the construction of underground hydrogen storage tank facilities. However explosion vents with a minimum ventilation area are required in such facilities to minimize damage to buildings and other structures due to accidental explosions. These explosion vents allow the generated overpressure and flames to be safely dispersed outside; however a safe separation distance must be secured to minimize damage to humans. This study aimed to determine the safe separation distance to minimize human damage after analyzing the dispersed overpressure and flame behavior following a vent explosion. Explosion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of the ignition source location on internal and external overpressure and external flame behavior using a cuboid concrete structure with a volume of 20.33 m3 filled with a hydrogen-air mixture (29.0 vol.%). The impact on overpressure and flame was increased with the increasing distance of the ignition source from the vent. Importantly depending on the ignition location the incident pressure was up to 24.4 times higher while the reflected pressure was 8.7 times higher. Additionally a maximum external overpressure of 30.01 kPa was measured at a distance of 2.4 m from the vent predicting damage to humans at the “Injury” level (1 % fatality probability). Whereas no significant damage would occur at a distance of 7.4 m or more from the vent.
No more items...