Germany

A new testing device for cyclic loading of specimens with a novel shape design is presented. The device was applied for investigations of fatigue of metallic specimens under pressurized hydrogen up to 300 bar at temperatures up to 200 °C. Main advantage of the specimen design is the very small amount of medium here hydrogen used for testing. This allows experiments with hazardous substances at lower safety level. Additionally no gasket for the lo Read More

This paper presents a compilation and discussion of the results supplied by HySafe partners participating in the Standard Benchmark Exercise Problem (SBEP) V1 which is based on an experiment on hydrogen release mixing and distribution inside a vessel. Each partner has his own point of view of the problem and uses a different approach to the solution. The main characteristics of the models employed for the calculations are compared. The comparison be Read More

The largest known experiment on hydrogen-air deflagration in the open atmosphere has been analysed by means of the large eddy simulation (LES). The combustion model is based on the progress variable equation to simulate a premixed flame front propagation and the gradient method to decouple the physical combustion rate from numerical peculiarities. The hydrodynamic instability has been partially resolved by LES and unresolved effects hav Read More

To provide more practical data for safety assessments a systematic study of explosion and combustion processes which can take place in mixtures produced by jet releases in realistic environmental conditions is required. The presented work is aimed to make step forward in this direction binding three inter-connected tasks: (i) study of horizontal and vertical jets (ii) study of the burnable clouds formed by jets in different geometry configurations and (iii Read More

In the course of the energy transition distributed hybrid energy systems such as the combination of photovoltaic (PV) and battery storages is increasingly being used for economic and ecological reasons. However renewable electricity generation is highly volatile and storage capacity is usually limited. Nowadays a new storage component is emerging: the power-to-gas-to-power (PtGtP) technology which is able to store electricity in the form of hydrogen ev Read More

Hydrogen mobility is one option for reducing local emissions avoiding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and moving away from a mainly oil-based transport system towards a diversification of energy sources. As hydrogen production can be based on a broad variety of technologies already existing or under development a comprehensive assessment of the different supply chains is necessary regarding not only costs but also diverse environmental imp Read More

This study discusses the potential of H2 production by proton exchange membrane water electrolysis as an effective option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the hydrogen sector. To address this topic a life cycle assessment is conducted to compare proton exchange membrane water electrolysis versus the reference process - steam methane reforming. As a relevant result we show that hydrogen production via proton exchange membrane Read More

Using electricity for heating can contribute to decarbonization and provide flexibility to integrate variable renewable energy. We analyze the case of electric storage heaters in German 2030 scenarios with an open-source electricity sector model. We find that flexible electric heaters generally increase the use of generation technologies with low variable costs which are not necessarily renewables. Yet making customary night-time storage heaters temporall Read More

The technological lock-in of the transportation and industrial sector can be largely attributed to the limited availability of alternative fuel infrastructures. Herein a countrywide supply chain analysis of Germany spanning until 2050 is applied to investigate promising infrastructure development pathways and associated hydrogen distribution costs for each analyzed hydrogen market. Analyzed supply chain pathways include seasonal storage to balance fl Read More

This paper analyses some possible means by which renewable power could be integrated into the steel manufacturing process with techniques such as blast furnace gas recirculation (BF-GR) furnaces that utilize carbon capture a higher share of electrical arc furnaces (EAFs) and the use of direct reduced iron with hydrogen as reduction agent (H-DR). It is demonstrated that these processes could lead to less dependence on—and ultimately complete indepen Read More

Hydrogen storage in the solid state represents one of the most attractive and challenging ways to supply hydrogen to a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Although in the last 15 years a large variety of material systems have been identified as possible candidates for storing hydrogen further efforts have to be made in the development of systems which meet the strict targets of the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) and U.S. Read More

Green hydrogen will play a key role in building a climate-neutral energy-intensive industry as key technologies for defossilising the production of steel and basic chemicals depend on it. Thus policy-making needs to support the creation of a market for green hydrogen and its use in industry. However it is unclear how appropriate policies should be designed and a number of challenges need to be addressed. Based on an analysis of the ongoing German deb Read More

The purpose of this paper is to assess via techno-economic and environmental metrics the production of methanol (MeOH) using H2 and captured CO2 as raw materials. It evaluates the potential of this type of carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) plant on (i) the net reduction of CO2 emissions and (ii) the cost of production in comparison with the conventional synthesis process of MeOH Europe. Process flow modelling is used to estimate the operational per Read More

Hydrogen derived from biomass feedstock (biohydrogen) can play a significant role in Germany’s hydrogen economy. However the bioenergy potential and environmental benefits of biohydrogen production are still largely unknown. Additionally there are no uniform evaluation methods present for these emerging technologies. Therefore this paper presents a methodological approach for the evaluation of bioenergy potentials and the attainable environment Read More

High-strength steels with yield strength of 960 MPa are susceptible to hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) during welding processing. In the present paper the implant test is used to study HAC in a quenched and tempered steel S960QL and a high-strength steel produced by thermo-mechanical controlled process S960MC. Welding is performed using the gas-metal arc welding process. Furthermore diffusible hydrogen concentration (HD) in arc weld metal is d Read More

This report commissioned by the Hydrogen Council and announced in conjunction with the launch of the initiative at the World Economic Forum in January 2017 details the future potential that hydrogen is ready to provide and sets out the vision of the Council and the key actions it considers fundamental for policy makers to implement to fully unlock and empower the contribution of hydrogen to the energy transition.In this paper we explore the role of Read More

Large-scale energy storage and the utilization of biomass as a sustainable carbon source are global challenges of this century. The reversible storage of hydrogen covalently bound in chemical compounds is a particularly promising energy storage technology. For this compounds that can be sustainably synthesized and that permit high-weight% hydrogen storage would be highly desirable. Herein we report that catalytically modified lignin an indige Read More

Solutions that simulate hydrometallurgical base metal process streams with high nickel (Ni) and minor platinum (Pt) concentrations were used to create Pt/Ni nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotube surfaces. For this electrochemical deposition – redox replacement (EDRR) was used that also allowed to control the nanoparticle size density and Pt/Ni content of the deposited nanoparticles. The Pt/Ni nanoparticle decorated titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2 nan Read More

The present review provides a catalogue of relevant renewable energy (RE) technologies currently available (regarding the 2030 scope) and to be available in the transition towards 2050 for the decarbonisation of Energy Intensive Industries (EIIs). RE solutions have been classified into technologies based on the use of renewable electricity and those used to produce heat for multiple industrial processes. Electrification will be key thanks to the gradual decrease Read More

Gasification of excavated landfill waste is one of the promising options to improve the added-value chain during remediation of problematic old landfill sites. Steam gasification is considered as a favorable route to convert landfill waste into H2-rich syngas. Co-gasification of such a poor quality landfill waste with biochar or biomass would be beneficial to enhance the H2 concentration in the syngas as well as to improve the gasification performance. In this Read More

The different CFD tools used by the NoE HySafe partners are applied to a series of integral complex Standard Benchmark Exercise Problems (SBEPs). All benchmarks cover complementarily physical phenomena addressing application relevant scenarios and refer to associated experiments with an explicit usage of hydrogen. After the blind benchmark SBEPV1 and SBEPV3 with subsonic vertical release in a large vessel and in a garage like facility SBE Read More

We analytically investigated the influence of light hydrocarbons on turbulent premixed H2/air atmospheric flames under lean conditions in view of safe handling of H2 systems applications in H2 powered IC engines and gas turbines and also with an orientation towards modelling of H2 combustion. For this purpose an algebraic flame surface wrinkling model included with pressure and fuel type effects is used. The model predictions of turbulent premi Read More

It is well known in socio-economics that the success of an innovation process depends to a great extent on public acceptance. The German HyTrust project analyzes the current state of public acceptance in hydrogen technology in the mobility sector. This paper focuses on cutting-edge results of interviews focus groups and a representative survey. Based on these results almost 80% of the Germans are in favor of introducing hydrogen vehicles. But from th Read More

The Hydrogen Incident and Accident Database (HIAD) is being developed as a repository of systematic data describing in detail hydrogen-related undesired events (incidents or accidents). It is an open web-based information system serving various purposes such as a data source for lessons learnt risk communication and partly risk assessment. The paper describes the features of the three HIAD modules – the Data Entry Module (DEM) the Data Read More

This latest Hydrogen Council report shows that the cost of hydrogen solutions will fall sharply within the next decade – and sooner than previously expected. As scale up of hydrogen production distribution equipment and component manufacturing continues cost is projected to decrease by up to 50% by 2030 for a wide range of applications making hydrogen competitive with other low-carbon alternatives and in some cases even conventional options.Significa Read More

In this work new insights into impacts of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder on high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT-PEFCs) are provided by means of various characterizations and accelerated stress tests. Cathodes with PTFE contents from 0 wt% to 60 wt% were fabricated and compared using electrochemical measurements. The results indicate that the cell with 10 wt% PTFE in the cathode catalyst layer (CCL) shows the best performanc Read More

The Fuel Cells & Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) project ""Testing Hydrogen admixture for Gas Appliances"" aka THyGA is proud to release the second deliverable about the impact of hydrogen admixture on combustion processes. This time the report explores the expected impact of H2NG on a range of appliance designs installed in the EU.After the deliverable D2.2 dedicated to the theorical estimation of the impact of H2 admixture THyGA reviews Read More

Achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement requires increased global climate action especially towards the production and use of synthetic e-fuels. This paper focuses on aviation and maritime transport and the role of green hydrogen for indirect electrification of industry sectors. Based on a sound analysis of existing multilateral cooperation the paper proposes four potential initiatives to increase climate ambition of the G20 countries in the respective p Read More

Precipitation hardenable (PH) nickel (Ni) alloys are often the most reliable engineering materials for demanding oilfield upstream and subsea applications especially in deep sour wells. Despite their superior corrosion resistance and mechanical properties over a broad range of temperatures the applicability of PH Ni alloys has been questioned due to their susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) as confirmed in documented failures of components in Read More

Metal hydrides are known as a potential efficient low-risk option for high-density hydrogen storage since the late 1970s. In this paper the present status and the future perspectives of the use of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage are discussed. Since the early 1990s interstitial metal hydrides are known as base materials for Ni – metal hydride rechargeable batteries. For hydrogen storage metal hydride systems have been developed in the 2010s [1] for us Read More

The modern steelmaker of advanced high-strength steels has always been challenged with the conflicting targets of increased strength while maintaining or improving ductility. These new steels help the transportation sector including the automotive sector to achieve the goals of increased passenger safety and reduced emissions. With increasing tensile strengths certain steels exhibit an increased sensitivity towards hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The abilit Read More

The expansion of wind and solar power is creating a growing need for power system flexibility. Dispatchable power plants with CO2 capture and storage (CCS) offer flexibility with low CO2 emissions but these plants become uneconomical at the low running hours implied by renewables-based power systems. To address this challenge the novel gas switching reforming (GSR) plant was recently proposed. GSR can alternate between electricity and hydrogen Read More

Due to the nonideality of a high pressure hydrogen release the possibility of a two-phase flow and its effect on the dynamics of the discharge process was experimentally investigated. A small-scale facility was designed and constructed to simulate the transient blow-down of a cryogenic fluid through a small break. Gaseous and liquid nitrogen were planned to were used as a surrogate for GH2 and LH2. The results will complement the quasi-stationary s Read More

With the growing need for decarbonization the future gas demand will decrease and the necessity of a gas distribution network is at stake. A remaining industrial gas demand on the distribution network level could lead to industry becoming the main gas consumer supplied by the gas distribution network leading to the question: can industry keep the gas distribution network alive? To answer this research question a three-stage analysis was conduct Read More

Since the addition of Al to high-Mn steels is known to reduce their sensitivity to hydrogen-induced delayed fracture we investigate possible trapping effects connected to the presence of Al in the grain interior employing density-functional theory (DFT). The role of Al-based precipitates is also investigated to understand the relevance of short-range ordering effects. So-called E21-Fe3AlC κ-carbides are frequently observed in Fe-Mn-Al-C alloys. Since H te Read More

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets delivering low carbon heat and power decarbonising industry and more recently its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus i Read More

Hydrogen fuel cell (H2FC) buses operating in every day public transport services around Europe are assessed for their sustainability against environmental economic and social criteria. As part of this assessment the buses are evaluated against diesel buses both in terms of sustainability and in terms of meeting real world requirements with respect to operational performance. The study concludes that H2FC buses meet operability and performance criteri Read More

Hydrogen enhanced decohesion is expected to play a major role in ferritic steels especially at grain boundaries. Here we address the effects of some common alloying elements C V Cr and Mn on the H segregation behaviour and the decohesion mechanism at a Σ5(310)[001] 36.9∘ grain boundary in bcc Fe using spin polarized density functional theory calculations. We find that V Cr and Mn enhance grain boundary cohesion. Furthermore all elements Read More

As energy systems transition from fossil-based to low-carbon they face many challenges particularly concerning energy security and flexibility. Hydrogen may help to overcome these challenges with potential as a transport fuel for heating energy storage conversion to electricity and in industry. Despite these opportunities hydrogen has historically had a limited role in influential global energy scenarios. Whilst more recent studies are beginning to include Read More

In recent years the development of energy prices in Germany has been frequently accompanied by criticism and warnings of socio-economic disruptions. Especially with respect to the electricity sector the debate on increasing energy bills was strongly correlated with the energy system transition. However whereas fossil fuels have rapidly increased in price recently renewable substitutes such as green hydrogen and synthetic fuels also enter the mark Read More

As the share of distributed renewable power generation increases high electricity prices and low feed-in tariff rates encourage the generation of electricity for personal use. In the building sector this has led to growing interest in energy self-sufficient buildings that feature battery and hydrogen storage capacities. In this study we compare potential technology pathways for residential energy storage in terms of their economic performance by means of a te Read More

The approach developed aims to identify the methodology that will be used to deliver the minimum cost for hydrogen infrastructure deployment using a mono-objective linear optimisation. It focuses on minimizing both capital and operation costs of the hydrogen transportation based on transportation via truck which represents the main focus of this paper and a cost-minimal pipeline system in the case of France and Germany. The paper explains th Read More

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is considered as a power-to-X (PtX) storage concept for converting temporally available excess energy to fuels or chemical compounds without the need of fossil resources. Fluctuating energy supplies demand a load-flexible energy system and a dynamically operating FTS reactor might be beneficial compared to traditional steady-state operations which rely on expensive upstream buffer capacities. This review p Read More

The fuel quality of hydrogen dispensed from 10 refuelling stations in Europe was assessed. Representative sampling was conducted from the nozzle by use of a sampling adapter allowing to bleed sample gas in parallel while refuelling an FCEV. Samples were split off and distributed to four laboratories for analysis in accordance with ISO 14687 and SAE J2719. The results indicated some inconsistencies between the laboratories but were still conclusive. The fuel Read More

A fuel cell—gas turbine hybrid propulsion concept is introduced and initially assessed. The concept uses the water mass flow produced by a hydrogen fuel cell in order to improve the efficiency and power output of the gas turbine engine through burner steam injection. Therefore the fuel cell product water is conditioned through a process of condensation pressurization and revaporization. The vaporization uses the waste heat of the gas turbine exhaust Read More

A potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector is to use alternatively fuelled vehicles (AFV). Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) emit a large share of GHG emissions in the transport sector and are therefore the subject of growing attention from global regulators. Fuel cell and green hydrogen technologies are a promising option to decarbonize HDVs as their fast refuelling and long vehicle ranges are consistent with current logi Read More

Preventing humanity from serious impact of climate crisis requires carbon neutrality across all economic sectors including steel industry. Although fossil-free steelmaking routes receiving increasing attention fundamental process aspects especially approaches towards the improvement of efficiency and flexibility are so far not comprehensively studied. In this paper optimized process concepts allowing for a gradual transition towards fossil-free steelmaking Read More

Green liquid hydrogen (LH2) could play an essential role as a zero-carbon aircraft fuel to reach long-term sustainable aviation. Excluding challenges such as electrolysis transportation and use of renewable energy in setting up hydrogen (H2) fuel infrastructure this paper investigates the interface between refueling systems and aircraft and the impacts on fuel distribution at the airport. Furthermore it provides an overview of key technology design decisions for Read More

The Power-to-Gas (PtG) process chain could play a significant role in the future energy system. Renewable electric energy can be transformed into storable methane via electrolysis and subsequent methanation. This article compares the available electrolysis and methanation technologies with respect to the stringent requirements of the PtG chain such as low CAPEX high efficiency and high flexibility. Three water electrolysis technologies are considered Read More

The H2 internal combustion engine (ICE) is a key technology for complete decarbonization of the transport sector. To match or exceed the power density of conventional combustion engines H2 direct injection (DI) is essential. Therefore new injector concepts that meet the requirements of a H2 operation have to be developed. The macroscopic free stream behavior of H2 released from an innovative fluidic oscillating nozzle is investigated and compared wit Read More