China, People’s Republic

The Energy Management Strategy (EMS) in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEVs) is the key part to enhance optimal power distribution. Indeed the most recent works are focusing on optimizing hydrogen consumption without taking into consideration the degradation of embedded energy sources. In order to overcome this lack of knowledge this paper describes a new health-conscious EMS algorithm based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) which aims to minimize the battery degradation to extend its lifetime. In this proposed algorithm the health-conscious EMS is normalized in order to address its multi-objective optimization. Then weighting factors are assigned in the objective function to minimize the selected criteria. Compared to most EMSs based on optimization techniques this proposed approach does not require any information about the speed profile which allows it to be used for real-time control of FCHEV. The achieved simulation results show that the proposed approach reduces the economic cost up to 50% for some speed profile keeping the battery pack in a safe range and significantly reducing energy sources degradation. The proposed health-conscious EMS has been validated experimentally and its online operation ability clearly highlighted on a PEMFC delivery postal vehicle.

With rising temperatures extreme weather events and environmental challenges there is a strong push towards decarbonization and an emphasis on renewable energy with wind energy emerging as a key player. The concept of multi-energy systems offers an innovative approach to decarbonization with the potential to produce hydrogen as one of the output streams creating another avenue for clean energy production. Hydrogen has significant potential for decarbonizing multiple sectors across buildings transport and industries. This paper explores the integration of wind energy and hydrogen production particularly in areas where clean energy solutions are crucial such as impoverished villages in Africa. It models three systems: distinct configurations of micro-multi-energy systems that generate electricity space cooling hot water and hydrogen using the thermodynamics and cost approach. System 1 combines a wind turbine a hydrogen-producing electrolyzer and a heat pump for cooling and hot water. System 2 integrates this with a biomass-fired reheat-regenerative power cycle to balance out the intermittency of wind power. System 3 incorporates hydrogen production a solid oxide fuel cell for continuous electricity production an absorption cooling system for refrigeration and a heat exchanger for hot water production. These systems are modeled with Engineering Equation Solver and analyzed based on energy and exergy efficiencies and on economic metrics like levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) cooling (LCOC) refrigeration (LCOR) and hydrogen (LCOH) under steady-state conditions. A sensitivity analysis of various parameters is presented to assess the change in performance. Systems were optimized using a multiobjective method with maximizing exergy efficiency and minimizing total product unit cost used as objective functions. The results show that System 1 achieves 79.78 % energy efficiency and 53.94 % exergy efficiency. System 2 achieves efficiencies of 55.26 % and 27.05 % respectively while System 3 attains 78.73 % and 58.51 % respectively. The levelized costs for micro-multi-energy System 1 are LCOE = 0.04993 $/kWh LCOC = 0.004722 $/kWh and LCOH = 0.03328 $/kWh. For System 2 these values are 0.03653 $/kWh 0.003743 $/kWh and 0.03328 $/kWh. In the case of System 3 they are 0.03736 $/kWh 0.004726 $/kWh and 0.03335 $/kWh and LCOR = 0.03309 $/kWh. The results show that the systems modeled here have competitive performance with existing multi-energy systems powered by other renewables. Integrating these systems will further the sustainable and net zero energy system transition especially in rural communities.

China has pledged that it will strive to achieve peak carbon emission by 2030 and realize carbon neutrality by 2060 which has spurred renewed interest in hydrogen for widespread decarbonization of the economy. Hydrogen energy is an important secondary clean energy with the advantage of high density high calorific value rich reserves extensive sources and high conversion efficiency that can be widely used in power generation transportation fuel and other fields. In recent years with the guidance of policies and the progress of technology China’s hydrogen energy industry has developed rapidly. About 42% of China’s carbon emissions comes from the power system and Shenzhen has the largest urban power grid in China. Bringing the utilization of hydrogen energy into Shenzhen’s power system is an important method to achieve industry transformation achieve the “double carbon” goal and promote sustainable development. This paper outlines the domestic and international development status of hydrogen energy introduces the characteristics of Shenzhen new power system the industrial utilization of hydrogen energy and the challenges of further integrating hydrogen energy into Shenzhen new power system and finally suggests on the integration of hydrogen energy into Shenzhen new power system in different dimensions.

This paper aims to expose the effect of hydrogen on the combustion performance and emissions of a high-speed diesel engine. For this purpose a three-dimensional dynamic simulation model was developed using a reasonable turbulence model and a simplified reaction kinetic mechanism was chosen based on experimental data. The results show that in the hydrogen enrichment conditions hydrogen causes complete combustion of diesel fuel and results in a 17.7% increase in work capacity. However the increase in combustion temperature resulted in higher NOx emissions. In the hydrogen substitution condition the combustion phases are significantly earlier with the increased hydrogen substitution ratio () which is not conducive to power output. However when the is 30% the CO soot and THC reach near-zero emissions. The effect of the injection timing is also studied at an HSR of 90%. When delayed by 10° IMEP improves by 3.4% compared with diesel mode and 2.4% compared with dual-fuel mode. The NOx is reduced by 53% compared with the original dual-fuel mode. This study provides theoretical guidance for the application of hydrogen in rail transportation.

The integrated energy system with electric vehicles can realize multi-energy coordination and complementarity and effectively promote the realization of low-carbon environmental protection goals. However the temporary change of vehicle travel plan will have an adverse impact on the system. Therefore a multi-layer coordinated optimization strategy of electric-thermal-hydrogen integrated energy system including vehicle to grid (V2G) load feedback correction is proposed. The strategy is based on the coordination of threelevel optimization. The electric vehicle charging and discharging management layer comprehensively considers the variance of load curve and the dissatisfaction of vehicle owners and the charging and discharging plan is obtained through multi-objective improved sparrow search algorithm which is transferred to the model predictive control rolling optimization layer. In the rolling optimization process according to the actual situation selectively enter the V2G load feedback correction layer to update V2G load so as to eliminate the impact of temporary changes in electric vehicle travel plans. Simulation results show that the total operating cost with feedback correction is 4.19% lower than that without feedback correction and tracking situation of tie-line planned value is improved which verifies the proposed strategy.

With the high-proportion accession of renewable energy and randomness of the load side in the new energy power system unbalanced feeder power and heavy overload of the transformer caused by massive access of highly uncertain source loads become more and more serious. In order to solve the aforementioned problems a honeycomb topology of the multi-station integrated system is proposed. The soft open point (SOP) is used as the key integrated equipment of the internal unit of a multi-station integrated system. The honeycomb grid structure is composed of flexible nodes and the multi-station integrated system is composed of multi-network flexible interconnection. Based on the characteristics of the regional resource endowment hydrogen energy flow is deeply coupled in parts of honeycomb grids. In order to improve the reliability and flexibility of the multi-station integrated unit the structure of the new multi-station integrated unit the power balance constraints on the unit and the switching process of SOP control mode are studied. At the same time the hydrogen electricity coupling structure and the coordinated control strategy of hydrogen electricity conversion are proposed to solve the problem of deep application of hydrogen energy. Finally the effectiveness of the proposed multi-station integrated system is verified by using three simulation models.

Hydrogen energy is an important technical route to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Direct injection hydrogen engine is one of the ways of hydrogen energy application. It has the advantages of high thermal efficiency and limit/reduce abnormal combustion phenomena. In order to explore the cycle characteristics of direct injection hydrogen engine based on a 2.0L direct injection hydrogen engine an experimental study on the cycle characteristics of direct injection hydrogen engine was carried out. The experimental results show that cycle variation increases from 0.67% to 1.02% with the increasing of engine speed. The cycle variation decreases from 1.52% to 0.64% with the increasing of engine load. As the equivalence ratio increases the cycle variation first decreases significantly from 2.52% to 0.35% and then stabilizes. The ignition advance angle has a better angle to minimize the cycle variation. An experimental study on the influence of the start of injection on the cycle variation was carried out. As the engine speed/engine load is 2000rpm/4bar the cycle variation increases from 0.72% to 2.42% with the start of injection changing from -280°CA to -180°CA; then rapidly decreases to 0.99% and then increases to 2.26% with the start of injection changing from -180°CA to -100°CA. The experimental results show that SOI could cause significant influence on cycle variation because of intake valve closing and shortening mixing time and both the process of intake valve closing and lagging the SOI could cause the cycle variation to increase. The SOI remarkably affects the cycle variation at low engine load/equivalence ratio and high engine speed. This study lays the foundation for the follow-up research of hydrogen engine performance matching of the cycle variation.

The rapid development of hydrogen energy requires the use of natural gas infrastructure for hydrogen transportation. It is very important to study hydrogen-added natural gas transportation technology which is a key way to rapidly develop coal-based gas and renewable energy. This study aims to study the influence of X80 pipeline steel's fatigue performance in hydrogen environment and perform fatigue tests on notched round rod specimens under different hydrogen concentration. The experimental results show that hydrogen seriously affects the fatigue life of pipeline steel. After reaching a certain hydrogen concentration as the hydrogen concentration continues to increase the fatigue life decreases gradually. Combined with SEM analysis of fracture morphology the decrease in the size and density of the dimples reduces the displacement amplitude while the increase in the planar area increases the displacement during fatigue fracture due to accelerated crack propagation. From this study we can know the influence of hydrogen concentration on the fracture morphology of pipeline steel which provides an understanding of the effect of hydrogen on fatigue fracture morphology and a broader safety analysis.

Hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology are critical clean energy roads to pursue carbon neutrality. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has a wide range of commercial application prospects due to its simple structure easy portability and quick start-up. However the cost and durability of the PEMFC system are the main barriers to commercial applications of fuel cell vehicles. In this paper the core hydrogen recirculation components of fuel cell vehicles including mechanical hydrogen pumps ejectors and gas–water separators are reviewed in order to understand the problems and challenges in the simulation design and application of these components. The types and working characteristics of mechanical pumps used in PEMFC systems are summarized. Furthermore corresponding design suggestions are given based on the analysis of the design challenges of the mechanical hydrogen pump. The research on structural design and optimization of ejectors for adapting wide power ranges of PEMFC systems is analyzed. The design principle and difficulty of the gas–water separator are summarized and its application in the system is discussed. In final the integration and control of hydrogen recirculation components controlled cooperatively to ensure the stable pressure and hydrogen supply of the fuel cell under dynamic loads are reviewed.

Integrating the exergy and economic analyses of water electrolyzers is the pivotal way to comprehend the interplay of system costs and improve system performance. For this a 3D numerical model based on COMSOL Multiphysics Software (version 5.6 COMSOL Stockholm Sweden) is integrated with the exergy and exergoeconomic analysis to evaluate the exergoeconomic performance of the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) under different operating conditions (operating temperature cathode pressure current density) and design parameter (membrane thickness). Further the gas crossover phenomenon is investigated to estimate the impact of gas leakage on analysis reliability under various conditions and criteria. The results reveal that increasing the operating temperature or decreasing the membrane thickness improves both the efficiency and cost of hydrogen exergy while increasing the gas leakage through the membrane. Likewise raising the current density and the cathode pressure lowers the hydrogen exergy cost and improves the economic performance. The increase in exergy destroyed and hydrogen exergy cost as well as the decline in second law efficiency due to the gas crossover are more noticeable at higher pressures. As the cathode pressure rises from 1 to 30 bar at a current density of 10000 A/m2 the increase in exergy destroyed and hydrogen exergy cost as well as the decline in second law efficiency are increased by 37.6 kJ/mol 4.49 USD/GJ and 7.1% respectively. The cheapest green electricity source which is achieved using onshore wind energy and hydropower reduces hydrogen production costs and enhances economic efficiency. The growth in the hydrogen exergy cost is by about 4.23 USD/GJ for a 0.01 USD/kWh increase in electricity price at the current density of 20000 A/m2. All findings would be expected to be quite useful for researchers engaged in the design development and optimization of PEMWE.

Green hydrogen produced by water splitting using renewable energy is the most promising energy carrier of the low-carbon economy. However the geographic mismatch between renewables distribution and freshwater availability poses a significant challenge to its production. Here we demonstrate a method of direct hydrogen production from the air namely in situ capture of freshwater from the atmosphere using hygroscopic electrolyte and electrolysis powered by solar or wind with a current density up to 574 mA cm−2 . A prototype of such has been established and operated for 12 consecutive days with a stable performance at a Faradaic efficiency around 95%. This so-called direct air electrolysis (DAE) module can work under a bone-dry environment with a relative humidity of 4% overcoming water supply issues and producing green hydrogen sustainably with minimal impact to the environment. The DAE modules can be easily scaled to provide hydrogen to remote (semi-) arid and scattered areas.

One of China’s ambitious hydrogen strategies over the past few years has been to promote fuel cells. A number of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are currently being built in China to refuel hydrogen-powered automobiles. In this context it is crucial to assess the dangers of hydrogen leaking in HRSs. The present work simulated the liquid hydrogen (LH2) leakage with the goal of undertaking an extensive consequence evaluation of the LH2 leakage on an LH2 refueling station (LHRS). Furthermore the utilization of an air curtain to prevent the diffusion of the LH2 leakage is proposed and the defending effect is studied accordingly. The results reveal that the Richardson number effectively explained the variation of plume morphology. Furthermore different facilities have great influence on the gas cloud diffusion trajectory with the consideration of different leakage directions. The air curtain shows satisfactory prevention of the diffusion of the hydrogen plume. Studies show that with the increase in air volume (equivalent to wind speed) and the narrowing of the air curtain width (other factors remain unchanged) the maximum flammable distance of hydrogen was shortened.

The green hydrogen–electric coupling system can consume locally generated renewable energy thereby improving energy utilization and enabling zero-carbon power supply within a certain range. This study focuses on a green hydrogen–electric coupling system that integrates photovoltaic energy storage and proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME). Firstly the impact of operating temperature power quality and grid auxiliary services on the characteristics of the electrolysis cell is analyzed and a voltage model and energy model for the cell are established. Secondly a multi-operating conditions adaptability experiment for PEME grid-connected operation is designed. A test platform consisting of a grid simulator simulated photovoltaic power generation system lithium battery energy storage system PEME and measurement and acquisition device is then built. Finally experiments are conducted to simulate multi-operating conditions such as temperature changes voltage fluctuations frequency offsets harmonic pollution and current adjustment speed. The energy efficiency and consumption is calculated based on the recorded data and the results are helpful to guide the operation of the system.

Hydrogen is a renewable energy source with various features clean carbon-free high energy density which is being recognized internationally as a “future energy.” The US the EU Japan South Korea China and other countries or regions are gradually clarifying the development position of hydrogen. The rapid development of the hydrogen energy industry requires more hydrogenation infrastructure to meet the hydrogenation need of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Nevertheless due to the frequent occurrence of hydrogen infrastructure accidents their safety has become an obstacle to large-scale construction. This paper analyzed five sizes (diameters of 0.068 mm 0.215 mm 0.68 mm 2.15 mm and 6.8 mm) of hydrogen leakage in the hydrogen fueling station using Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and HyRAM software. The results show that unignited leaks occur most frequently; leaks caused by flanges valves instruments compressors and filters occur more frequently; and the risk indicator of thermal radiation accident and structure collapse accident caused by over-pressure exceeds the Chinese individual acceptable risk standard and the risk indicator of a thermal radiation accident and head impact accident caused by overpressure is below the Chinese standard. On the other hand we simulated the consequences of hydrogen leak from the 45 MPa hydrogen storage vessels by the physic module of HyRAM and obtained the ranges of plume dispersion jet fire radiative heat flux and unconfined overpressure. We suggest targeted preventive measures and safety distance to provide references for hydrogen fueling stations’ safe construction and operation.

Hydrogen-based multi-microgrid systems (HBMMSs) are beneficial for energy saving and emission reductions. However the optimal sizing of HBMMSs lacks a practical configuration optimization model and a reasonable solution method. To address these problems we designed a novel structure of HBMMSs that combines conventional energy renewable energy and a hydrogen energy subsystem. Then we established a bi-level multi-objective capacity optimization model while considering electricity market trading and different hydrogen production strategies. The objective of the inner model which is the minimum annual operation cost and the three objectives of the outer model which are the minimum total annual cost (TAC); the annual carbon emission (ACE); and the maximum self-sufficiency rate (SSR) are researched simultaneously. To solve the above optimization model a two-stage solution method which considers the conflicts between objectives and the objectivity of objective weights is proposed. Finally a case study is performed. The results show that when green hydrogen production strategies are adopted the three objectives of the best configuration optimization scheme are USD 404.987 million 1.106 million tons and 0.486 respectively.

Low-carbon hydrogen could be an important component of a net-zero carbon economy helping to mitigate emissions in a number of hard-to-abate sectors. The United States recently introduced an escalating production tax credit (PTC) to incentivize production of hydrogen meeting increasingly stringent embodied emissions thresholds. Hydrogen produced via electrolysis can qualify for the full subsidy under current federal accounting standards if the input electricity is generated by carbon-free resources but may fail to do so if emitting resources are present in the generation mix. While use of behind-the-meter carbon-free electricity inputs can guarantee compliance with this standard the PTC could also be structured to allow producers using grid-supplied electricity to qualify subject to certain clean energy procurement requirements. Herein we use electricity system capacity expansion modeling to quantitatively assess the impact of grid-connected electrolysis on the evolution of the power sector in the western United States through 2030 under multiple possible implementations of the clean hydrogen PTC. We find that subsidized grid-connected hydrogen production has the potential to induce additional emissions at effective rates worse than those of conventional fossil-based hydrogen production pathways. Emissions can be minimized by requiring grid-based hydrogen producers to match 100% of their electricity consumption on an hourly basis with physically deliverable ‘additional’ clean generation which ensures effective emissions rates equivalent to electrolysis exclusively supplied by behind-the-meter carbon-free generation. While these requirements cannot eliminate indirect emissions caused by competition for limited clean resources which we find to be a persistent result of large hydrogen production subsidies they consistently outperform alternative approaches relying on relaxed time matching or marginal emissions accounting. Added hydrogen production costs from enforcing an hourly matching requirement rather than no requirements are less than $1 kg−1 and can be near zero if clean firm electricity resources are available for procurement.

H2 is clean energy and an important component of natural gas. Moreover it plays an irreplaceable role in improving the hydrocarbon generation rate of organic matter and activating ancient source rocks to generate hydrocarbon in Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis and catalytic hydrogenation. Compared with hydrocarbon reservoir system a complete hydrogen (H2) accumulation system consists of H2 source，reservoirs and seal. In nature the four main sources of H2 are hydrolysis organic matter degradation the decomposition of substances such as methane and ammonia and deep mantle degassing. Because the complex tectonic activities the H2 produced in a geological environment is generally a mixture of various sources. Compared with the genetic mechanisms of H2 the migration and preservation of H2 especially the H2 trapping are rarely studied. A necessary condition for large-scale H2 accumulation is that the speed of H2 charge is much faster than diffusion loss. Dense cap rock and continuous H2 supply are favorable for H2 accumulation. Moreover H2O in the cap rock pores may provide favorable conditions for short-term H2 accumulation.

The investment in hydrogen-refueling stations (HRS) is key to the development of a hydrogen economy. This paper focuses on the decision-making for potential investors faced with the thought-provoking question of when the optimal timing to invest in HRS is. To fill the gap that exists due to the fact that few studies explain why HRS investment timing is critical we expound that earlier investment in HRS could induce the first mover advantages of the technology diffusion theory. Additionally differently from the previous research that only considered that HRS investment is just made by one individual firm we innovatively examine the HRS co-investment made by two different firms. Accordingly we compare these two optional investment modes and determine which is better considering either independent investment or co-operative investment. We then explore how the optimal HRS investment timing could be figured out under conditions of uncertainty with the real options approach. Given the Chinese HRS case under the condition of demand uncertainty the hydrogen demand required for triggering investment is viewed as the proxy for investment timing. Based on analytical and numerical results we conclude that one-firm independent investment is better than two-firm cooperative investment to develop HRS not only in terms of the earlier investment timing but also in terms of the attribute for dealing with the uncertainty. Finally we offer recommendations including stabilizing the hydrogen demand for decreasing uncertainty and accelerating firms’ innovation from both technological and strategic perspectives in order to ensure firms can make HRS investments on their own.

Although hydrogen leakage at hydrogen refueling stations has been a concern less effort has been devoted to hydrogen leakage during the refueling of hydrogen-powered vehicles. In this study hydrogen leakage and dilution from the hydrogen dispenser during the refueling of hydrogen-powered vehicles were numerically investigated under different wind configurations. The shape size and distribution of flammable gas clouds (FGC) during the leakage and dilution processes were analyzed. The results showed that the presence of hydrogen-powered vehicles resulted in irregular FGC shapes. Greater wind speeds (vwv) were associated with longer FGC propagation distances. At vwv =2 m/s and 10 m/s the FGC lengths at the end of the leakage were 7.9 m and 20.4 m respectively. Under downwind conditions higher wind speeds corresponded to lower FGC heights. The FGC height was larger under upwind conditions and was slightly affected by the magnitude of the wind speed. In the dilution process the existence of a region with a high hydrogen concentration led to the FGC volume first increasing and then gradually decreasing. Wind promoted the mixing of hydrogen and air accelerated FGC dilution inhibited hydrogen uplifting and augmented the horizontal movement of the FGC. At higher wind speeds the low-altitude FGC movements could induce potential safety hazards.

With the development of the hydrogen fuel automobile industry higher requirements are put forward for the construction of hydrogen energy infrastructure the matching of parameters and the control strategy of hydrogen filling rate in the hydrogen charging process of hydrogen refueling stations. At present the technological difficulty of hydrogen fueling is mainly reflected in the balanced treatment of reducing the temperature rise of hydrogen and shortening the filling time during the fast filling process. Vehicle hydrogen storage cylinder (VHSC) is one of the important components of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. This study proposed a theoretical model for calculating the temperature rise in the VHSC during the high pressure refueling process and revealed the hydrogen temperature rise during refueling. A hydrogen temperature rise prediction model was constructed to elucidate the relationship between filling parameters and temperature rise. The filling process of VHSC was analyzed from the theoretical method. The theoretical analysis results were consistent with the simulation and experimental analysis results which provided a theoretical basis for the current hydrogen temperature control algorithm of the gas source in the hydrogen refueling station and then reduced the energy consumption required for hydrogen cooling in the hydrogen refueling station.

With the development of hydrogen energy containerized hydrogen fuel cell systems are being used in distributed energy-supply systems. Hydrogen pipelines and electronic equipment of fuel cell containers can trigger hydrogen-explosion accidents. In the present study Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software was used to calculate the affected areas of hydrogen fuel cell container-explosion accidents with and without protective walls. The protective effects were studied for protective walls at various distances and heights. The results show that strategically placing protective walls can effectively block the propagation of shock waves and flames. However the protective wall has a limited effect on the reduction of overpressure and temperature behind the wall when the protective wall is insufficiently high. Reflected explosion shock waves and flames will cause damage to the area inside the wall when the protective wall is too close to the container. In this study a protective wall that is 5 m away from the container and 3 m high can effectively protect the area behind the wall and prevent damage to the container due to the reflection of shock waves and flame. This paper presents a suitable protective wall setting scheme for hydrogen fuel cell containers.

Hydrogen a green energy carrier is one of the most promising energy sources. However，it is currently mainly produced from depleting fossil fuels with high carbon emissions which has serious negative effects on the economy and environment. To address this issue sustainable hydrogen production from bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (HyBECCS) is an ideal technology to reduce global carbon emissions while meeting energy demand. This review presents an overview of the latest progress in alkaline thermal treatment (ATT) of biomass for hydrogen production with carbon storage especially focusing on the technical characteristics and related challenges from an industrial application perspective. Additionally the roles of alkali and catalyst in the ATT process are critically discussed and several aspects that have great influences on the ATT process such as biomass types reaction parameters and reactors are expounded. Finally the potential solutions to the general challenges and obstacles to the future industrial-scale application of ATT of biomass for hydrogen production are proposed.

This review focuses on the energy structure of iron and steel production and a feasible development path for carbon reduction. The process path and feasible development direction of carbon emission reduction in the iron and steel industry have been analyzed from the perspective of the carbon–electricity–hydrogen ternary relationship. Frontier technologies such as “hydrogen replacing carbon” are being developed worldwide. Combining the high efficiency of microwave electric-thermal conversion with the high efficiency and pollution-free advantages of hydrogen-reducing agents may drive future developments. In this review a process path for “microwave + hydrogen” synergistic metallurgy is proposed. The reduction of magnetite powder by H2 (CO) in a microwave field versus in a conventional field is compared. The driving effect of the microwave field is found to be significant and the synergistic reduction effect of microwaves with H2 is far greater than that of CO.

Hydrogen is considered a promising alternative to fossil fuels in an integrated energy system (IES). In order to reduce the cost of hydrogen energy utilization and the carbon emissions of the IES this paper proposes a low-carbon dispatching strategy for a coordinated integrated energy system using green hydrogen and blue hydrogen. The strategy takes into account the economic and low-carbon complementarity between hydrogen production by water electrolysis and hydrogen production from natural gas. It introduces the green hydrogen production–storage–use module (GH-PSUM) and the blue hydrogen production–storage–use module (BH-PSUM) to facilitate the refined utilization of different types of hydrogen energy. Additionally the flexibility in hydrogen load supply is analyzed and the dynamic response mechanism of the hydrogen load supply structure (DRM-HLSS) is proposed to further reduce operating costs and carbon emissions. Furthermore a carbon trading mechanism (CTM) is introduced to constrain the carbon emissions of the integrated energy system. By comprehensively considering the constraints of each equipment the proposed model aims to minimize the total economic cost which includes wind power operation and curtailment penalty costs energy purchase costs blue hydrogen purification costs and carbon transaction costs. The rationality of the established scheduling model is verified through a comparative analysis of the scheduling results across multiple operating scenarios.

As the main body of resource aggregation Virtual Power Plant (VPP) not only needs to participate in the external energy market but also needs to optimize the management of internal resources. Different from other energy storage hydrogen energy storage systems can participate in the hydrogen market in addition to assuming the backup supplementary function of electric energy. For the Virtual Power Plant Operator (VPPO) it needs to optimize the scheduling of internal resources and formulate bidding strategies for the electric-hydrogen market based on external market information. In this study a two-stage model is constructed considering the internal and external interaction mechanism. The first stage model optimizes the operation of renewable energy flexible load extraction storage and hydrogen energy storage system based on the complementary characteristics of internal resources; the second stage model optimizes the bidding strategy to maximize the total revenue of the electricity energy market auxiliary service market and hydrogen market. Finally a typical scenario is constructed and the rationality and effectiveness of the strategy are verified. The results show that the hybrid VPP with hydrogen storage has better economic benefits resource benefits and reliability.