Canada
High Pressure Hydrogen Jets in the Presence of a Surface
Sep 2009
Publication
The effect of surfaces on the extent of high pressure vertical and horizontal unignited jets is studied using CFD numerical simulations performed with FLACS Hydrogen and Phoenics. For a constant flow rate release of hydrogen from a 284 bar storage unit through a 8.5 mm orifice located 1 meter from the ground the maximum extent of the flammable cloud is determined as a function of time and compared to a free vertical hydrogen jet under identical rele Read More
Risk-Informed Process and Tools for Permitting Hydrogen Fueling Stations
Sep 2007
Publication
The permitting process for hydrogen fueling stations varies from country to country. However a common step in the permitting process is the demonstration that the proposed fueling station meets certain safety requirements. Currently many permitting authorities rely on compliance with well known codes and standards as a means to permit a facility. Current codes and standards for hydrogen facilities require certain safety features specify equipment m Read More
Humidity Tolerant Hydrogen-oxygen Recombination Catalysts for Hydrogen Safety Applications
Sep 2017
Publication
Catalytic hydrogen-oxygen recombination is a non-traditional method to limit hydrogen accumulation and prevent combustion in the hydrogen industry. Outside of conventional use in the nuclear power industry this hydrogen safety technology can be applied when traditional hydrogen mitigation methods (i.e. active and natural ventilation) are not appropriate or when a back-up system is required. In many of these cases it is desirable for hydrogen to be Read More
Estimation of Final Hydrogen Temperature From Refueling Parameters
Oct 2015
Publication
Compressed hydrogen storage is currently widely used in fuel cell vehicles due to its simplicity in tank structure and refuelling process. For safety reason the final gas temperature in the hydrogen tank during vehicle refuelling must be maintained under a certain limit e.g. 85 °C. Many experiments have been performed to find the relations between the final gas temperature in the hydrogen tank and refueling conditions. The analytical solution of the hyd Read More
Alloy and Composition Dependence of Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility in High-strength Steel Fasteners
Jun 2017
Publication
High-strength steel fasteners characterized by tensile strengths above 1100 MPa are often used in critical applications where a failure can have catastrophic consequences. Preventing hydrogen embrittlement (HE) failure is a fundamental concern implicating the entire fastener supply chain. Research is typically conducted under idealized conditions that cannot be translated into know-how prescribed in fastener industry standards and practices. Additionall Read More
The Hydrogen Executive Leadership Panel (HELP) Initiative for Emergency Responder Training
Sep 2007
Publication
In close cooperation with their Canadian counterparts United States public safety authorities are taking the first steps towards creating a proper infrastructure to ensure the safe use of the new hydrogen fuel cells now being introduced commercially. Currently public safety officials are being asked to permit hydrogen fuel cells for stationary power and as emergency power backups for the telecommunications towers that exist everywhere. Cons Read More
Fire Protection Strategy for Compressed Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles
Sep 2007
Publication
Virtually all major automotive companies are currently developing hydrogen-powered vehicles. The vast majority of them employ compressed hydrogen tanks and components as a means of storing the fuel onboard. Compressed hydrogen vehicle fuel systems are designed in the same way as compressed natural gas vehicles (NGV) i.e. the high pressure (up to 70 MPa) fuel is always contained within the system under all conditions with the exception Read More
Numerical Investigation of Hydrogen Release from Varying Diameter Exit
Sep 2011
Publication
Computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the release of high pressure Hydrogen from a reservoir with an exit of increasing diameter. Abel-Noble real gas equation of state is used to accurately simulate this high pressure release. Parallel processing based on Message Passing Interface for domain decomposition is employed to decrease the solution time. The release exit boundary is increased in time to simulate a scenario when the exit area Read More
Development of Uniform Harm Criteria for Use in Quantitative Risk Analysis of the Hydrogen Infrastructure
Sep 2009
Publication
This paper discusses the preliminary results of the Risk Management subtask efforts within the International Energy Agency (IEA) Hydrogen Implementing Agreement (HIA) Task 19 on Hydrogen Safety to develop uniform harm criteria for use in the Quantitative Risk Assessments (QRAs) of hydrogen facilities. The IEA HIA Task 19 efforts are focused on developing guidelines and criteria for performing QRAs of hydrogen facilities. The performance of QRAs req Read More
Application of Risk Assessment Approach on a Hydrogen Station
Sep 2013
Publication
An accident modelling approach is used to assess the safety of a hydrogen station as part of a ground transportation network. The method incorporates prevention barriers associated to human factors management and organizational failures in a risk assessment framework. Failure probabilities of these barriers and end-states events are predicted using Fault Tree Analysis and Event Tree Analysis respectively. Results from the case study considere Read More
Evaluation of Hydrogen, Propane and Methane-air Detonations Instability and Detonability
Sep 2013
Publication
In this paper the detonation propensity of different compositions of mixtures of hydrogen propane and methane with air has been evaluated over a wide range of compositions. We supplement the conventional calculations of the induction delay with calculations of the characteristic acceleration parameter recently suggested by Radulescu Sharpeand Bradley(RSB) to characterize the instability of detonations. While it is well established that the ignition Read More
Numerical Investigation of a Vertical Surface on the Flammable Extent of Hydrogen and Methane Vertical Jets
Sep 2011
Publication
The effect of vertical surface on the extent of high pressure unignited jets of both hydrogen and methane is studied using computer fluid dynamics simulations performed with FLACS Hydrogen. Results for constant flow rate through a 6.35 mm round leak orifice from 100 barg 250 barg 400 barg 550 barg and 700 barg compressed gas systems are presented for vertical jets. To quantify the effect of the surface on the jet the jet exit is positioned at va Read More
Validation Testing In Support Of Hydrogen Codes and Standards Developments
Sep 2011
Publication
New codes and standards are being developed to facilitate the safe deployment of emerging hydrogen technologies. Hydrogen markets will benefit from standards that address the specific properties of hydrogen hydrogen effects on strength of materials and hydrogen compressed gas storage at pressures up to 70 MPa. The need for validation of new hydrogen requirements has been identified by codes and standards technical committees. The US Depa Read More
CFD Simulations of the Effect of Ventilation on Hydrogen Release Behavior and Combustion in an Underground Mining Environment
Sep 2013
Publication
CFD simulations investigating the effect of ventilation airflow on hydrogen release behaviour in an underground mining tunnel were performed using FLACS hydrogen. Both dispersion and combustion scenarios of a hydrogen release coming from a severed distribution pipeline were investigated. Effects on the hydrogen dispersion such as ventilation strength and the mechanism of air flow supply (a pull or push fan) and mine opening surface roughness su Read More
Hydrogen Fueling Standardization: Enabling ZEVs with "Same as Today" Fueling and FCEV Range and Safety
Oct 2015
Publication
Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) are necessary to help reduce the emissions in the transportation sector which is responsible for 40% of overall greenhouse gas emissions. There are two types of ZEVs Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) Commercial Success of BEVs has been challenging thus far also due to limited range and very long charging duration. FCEVs using H2 infrastructure with SAE J2601 and J2799 standards Read More
Implementation of Large Scale Shadowgraphy in Hydrogen Safety Phenomena
Sep 2013
Publication
We have implemented a portable large-scale shadowgraph system for use in flow visualization relating to hydrogen safety. Previous large-scale shadowgraph and schlieren implementations have often been limited to background- oriented techniques which are subject to noise. The system built is based on a large-scale shadowgraph technique developed by Settles which allows for high-quality visualization. We have applied the shadowgraph system to compl Read More
Comparative Assessment of Blue Hydrogen from Steam Methane Reforming, Autothermal Reforming, and Natural Gas Decomposition Technologies for Natural Gas-producing Regions
Jan 2022
Publication
Interest in blue hydrogen production technologies is growing. Some researchers have evaluated the environmental and/or economic feasibility of producing blue hydrogen but a holistic assessment is still needed. Many aspects of hydrogen production have not been investigated. There is very limited information in the literature on the impact of plant size on production and the extent of carbon capture on the cost and life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissio Read More
Transition of Future Energy System Infrastructure; through Power-to-Gas Pathways
Jul 2016
Publication
Power-to-gas is a promising option for storing interment renewables nuclear baseload power and distributed energy and it is a novel concept for the transition to increased renewable content of current fuels with an ultimate goal of transition to a sustainable low-carbon future energy system that interconnects power transportation sectors and thermal energy demand all together. The aim of this paper is to introduce different Power-to-gas “ Read More
Design and Analysis of an Offshore Wind Power to Ammonia Production System in Nova Scotia
Dec 2022
Publication
Green ammonia has potential as a zero-emissions energy vector in applications such as energy storage transmission and distribution and zero-emissions transportation. Renewable energy such as offshore wind energy has been proposed to power its production. This paper designed and analyzed an on-land small-scale power-to-ammonia (P2A) production system with a target nominal output of 15 tonnes of ammonia per day which will use an 8 MW off Read More
Recovery Through Reform: Advancing a Hydrogen Economy While Minimizing Fossil Fuel Subsidies
Feb 2021
Publication
This brief explores recent momentum on hydrogen and evaluates potential implications for subsidies for fossil fuel-based hydrogen given the government's commitments on fossil fuel subsidies.Spending on hydrogen has the potential to significantly influence the direction taken by the world’s energy systems. In December 2020 Canada unveiled a national hydrogen strategy following the announcement of a strengthened climate plan. The strategy emphasi Read More
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