Canada

On October 16-17 2012 the International Association for Hydrogen Safety (HySafe) in cooperation with the Institute for Energy and Transport of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC IET Petten) held a two-day workshop dedicated to Hydrogen Safety Research Priorities. The workshop was hosted by Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in Berlin Germany. The main idea of the Workshop was to bring together stak Read More

The heat transfer analysis in the filling process of compressed on-board hydrogen storage tank has been the focus of hydrogen storage research. The initial conditions mass flow rate and heat transfer coefficient have certain influence on the hydrogen filling performance. In this paper the effects of mass flow rate and heat transfer coefficient on hydrogen filling performance are mainly studied. A thermodynamic model of the compressed hydrogen storage t Read More

This paper describes experimental and numerical modelling results from an investigation into the flammability profiles associated with high pressure hydrogen jets released in close proximity to surfaces. This work was performed under a Transnational Access Agreement activity funded by the European Research Infrastructure project H2FC.The experimental programme involved ignited and unignited releases of hydrogen at pressures of 150 and 4 Read More

The current study addresses the spontaneous ignition of hydrogen jets released into a confined oxidizer environment experimentally. The experiments are conducted in a shock tube where hydrogen gas is shock-accelerated into oxygen across a perforated plate. The operating conditions and hole dimension of the plate were varied in order to identify different flow field and ignition scenarios. Time resolved Schlieren visualization permitted to reconstruct t Read More

The scenario of detonative ignition in shocked mixture is significant because it is a contributor to deflagration to detonation transition for example following shock reflections. However even in one dimension simulation of ignition between a contact surface or a flame and a shock moving into a combustible mixture is difficult because of the singular nature of the initial conditions. Initially as the shock starts moving into reactive mixture the region filled with rea Read More

The permitting process for hydrogen fueling stations varies from country to country. However a common step in the permitting process is the demonstration that the proposed fueling station meets certain safety requirements. Currently many permitting authorities rely on compliance with well known codes and standards as a means to permit a facility. Current codes and standards for hydrogen facilities require certain safety features specify equipment m Read More

Compressed hydrogen storage is currently widely used in fuel cell vehicles due to its simplicity in tank structure and refuelling process. For safety reason the final gas temperature in the hydrogen tank during vehicle refuelling must be maintained under a certain limit e.g. 85 °C. Many experiments have been performed to find the relations between the final gas temperature in the hydrogen tank and refueling conditions. The analytical solution of the hyd Read More

In close cooperation with their Canadian counterparts United States public safety authorities are taking the first steps towards creating a proper infrastructure to ensure the safe use of the new hydrogen fuel cells now being introduced commercially. Currently public safety officials are being asked to permit hydrogen fuel cells for stationary power and as emergency power backups for the telecommunications towers that exist everywhere. Cons Read More

Computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the release of high pressure Hydrogen from a reservoir with an exit of increasing diameter. Abel-Noble real gas equation of state is used to accurately simulate this high pressure release. Parallel processing based on Message Passing Interface for domain decomposition is employed to decrease the solution time. The release exit boundary is increased in time to simulate a scenario when the exit area Read More

An accident modelling approach is used to assess the safety of a hydrogen station as part of a ground transportation network. The method incorporates prevention barriers associated to human factors management and organizational failures in a risk assessment framework. Failure probabilities of these barriers and end-states events are predicted using Fault Tree Analysis and Event Tree Analysis respectively. Results from the case study considere Read More

The effect of vertical surface on the extent of high pressure unignited jets of both hydrogen and methane is studied using computer fluid dynamics simulations performed with FLACS Hydrogen. Results for constant flow rate through a 6.35 mm round leak orifice from 100 barg 250 barg 400 barg 550 barg and 700 barg compressed gas systems are presented for vertical jets. To quantify the effect of the surface on the jet the jet exit is positioned at va Read More

CFD simulations investigating the effect of ventilation airflow on hydrogen release behaviour in an underground mining tunnel were performed using FLACS hydrogen. Both dispersion and combustion scenarios of a hydrogen release coming from a severed distribution pipeline were investigated. Effects on the hydrogen dispersion such as ventilation strength and the mechanism of air flow supply (a pull or push fan) and mine opening surface roughness su Read More

We have implemented a portable large-scale shadowgraph system for use in flow visualization relating to hydrogen safety. Previous large-scale shadowgraph and schlieren implementations have often been limited to background- oriented techniques which are subject to noise. The system built is based on a large-scale shadowgraph technique developed by Settles which allows for high-quality visualization. We have applied the shadowgraph system to compl Read More

Power-to-gas is a promising option for storing interment renewables nuclear baseload power and distributed energy and it is a novel concept for the transition to increased renewable content of current fuels with an ultimate goal of transition to a sustainable low-carbon future energy system that interconnects power transportation sectors and thermal energy demand all together. The aim of this paper is to introduce different Power-to-gas “ Read More

This brief explores recent momentum on hydrogen and evaluates potential implications for subsidies for fossil fuel-based hydrogen given the government's commitments on fossil fuel subsidies.Spending on hydrogen has the potential to significantly influence the direction taken by the world’s energy systems. In December 2020 Canada unveiled a national hydrogen strategy following the announcement of a strengthened climate plan. The strategy emphasi Read More

Governments around the world are leveraging unprecedented amounts of capital to respond to the pandemic and bailing out struggling industries. Trends in energy-related spending indicate that despite the green push the world’s largest economies have still favoured fossil energy over clean energy.We evaluate energy-related spending in Canada in 2020 (since the onset of COVID-19) using data from the Energy Policy Tracker. Trends in Canada are then co Read More

This paper presents an analysis of computational fluid dynamic models of compressed hydrogen gas leaks into the air under different conditions to determine the volume of the hydrogen/air mixture and the extents of the lower flammable limit. The necessary hole size was calculated to determine a reasonably expected hydrogen leak rate from a valve or a fitting of 5 and 20 cfm under 400 bars resulting in a 0.1 and 0.2 mm effective diameter hole respe Read More

Power- and biomass-to-liquid fuel processes (PBtL) can utilize renewable energy and residual forestry waste to produce liquid synthetic fuels which have the potential to mitigate the climate impacts of the current transportation infrastructure including the long-haul aviation sector. In a previous study we demonstrated that implementing a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) in the PBtL process can significantly increase the energy efficiency of fuel pr Read More

The safety and convenience of hydrogen storage are significant for fuel cell vehicles. Based on mass conservation equation and energy conservation equation two thermodynamic models (single zone model and dual zone model) have been established to study the hydrogen gas temperature and tank wall temperature for compressed hydrogen storage tank. With two models analytical solution and Euler solution for single zone (gas zone) charge-disc Read More

The paper will present results of hydrogen/oxygen mixtures ignited by using electric sparks electrostatic discharges a heating element and a flame. Measurements of the lower flammability limit (LFL) was done for each ignition method. The hydrogen mixtures of different concentrations were ignited at the bottom of a combustion chamber leading to an upward propagation of the resulting flame. At some level of concentration the combustion was pa Read More

Overview of advances in the technology of solid state hydrogen storage methods applying different kinds of novel materials is provided. Metallic and intermetallic hydrides complex chemical hydride nanostructured carbon materials metal-doped carbon nanotubes metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) metal-doped metal organic frameworks covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and clathrates solid state hydrogen storage techniques are discussed. The Read More

The effects of temperature on bulk hydrogen concentration and diffusion have been tested with the Devanathan–-Stachurski method. Thus a model based on hydrogen potential diffusivity loading frequency and hydrostatic stress distribution around crack tips was applied in order to quantify the temperature’s effect. The theoretical model was verified experimentally and confirmed a temperature threshold of 320 K to maximize the crack growth. The model sug Read More

The valorization of biomass-based solid wastes for both geotechnical engineering purposes and energy needs has been reviewed to achieve eco-friendly eco-efficient and sustainable engineering and reengineering of civil engineering materials and structures. The objective of this work was to review the procedure developed by SWI-NaOH-OCE Model for the valorization of biomass through controlled direct combustion and the sequestration of hydrogen gas f Read More

This paper presents experiments performed at Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) to examine the dispersion behaviour of helium in a polycarbonate enclosure that was representative of a residential parking garage. The purpose was to gain a better understanding of the effect of buoyancy- or winddriven natural ventilation on hydrogen dispersion behaviour. Although hydrogen dispersion studies have been reported extensively in the literature gaps s Read More

In this paper a new gasification system is developed for the three useful outputs of electricity heat and hydrogen and reported for practical energy applications. The study also investigates the composition of syngas leaving biomass gasifier. The composition of syngas is represented by the fractions of hydrogen carbon dioxide carbon monoxide and water. The integrated energy system comprises of an entrained flow gasifier a Cryogenic Air Sepa Read More