Applications & Pathways

This second edition of the European Maritime Transport Environmental Report (EMTER 2025) examines the progress made towards achieving Europe′s decarbonisation targets and environmental goals for the maritime sector while indicating the most important trends key challenges and opportunities. The objective was to update the indicators developed for the first report analyse new datasets and fill existing gaps to provide a data and knowledge-b Read More

Hydrogen and electric buses are considered effective options for decarbonizing the public transportation sector positioning them as a leader in this transition. This study models the environmental and economic performances of a set of bus powertrain technologies considering a real case-study of suburban public transport in Italy and including fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) battery electric vehicles (BEV) biomethane-powered vehicles (CBM) natural gas (C Read More

Considering economic and environmental aspects this study explored the potential of replacing urea imports in Jordan with local production utilizing green hydrogen considering agricultural land distribution fertilizer need and hydrogen demand. The analysis estimated the 2023 urea imports at approximately 13991.37 tons and evaluated the corresponding costs under various market scenarios. The cost of urea imports was projected to range between Read More

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a promising energy carrier to decrease the climate impact of aviation. However the inevitable formation of hydrogen boil-off gas (BOG) is a main drawback of LH2. As the venting of BOG reduces the overall efficiency and implies a safety risk at the airport means for capturing and re-using should be implemented. Metal hydrides (MHs) offer promising approaches for BOG recovery as they can directly absorb the BOG at ambient Read More

Green hydrogen has emerged as a promising energy vector for the decarbonisation of heavy industry. The EU and national governments have recently introduced incentives to address the high costs of green hydrogen production and accelerate the economic development of hydrogen. This study investigates the local production of green hydrogen to decarbonise the high-temperature process heat demand of a heavy industry located in Italy. The hydrog Read More

With the increasing adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power it is essential to achieve carbon neutrality. However several shortcomings including their intermittence pose significant challenges to the stability of the electrical grid. This study explores hydrogen-based technologies such as fuel cells and water electrolysis systems as an effective solution to improve frequency stability and address the problems of power grid rel Read More

For reaching the European greenhouse gas emission targets the phase-in of alternative technologies and energy carriers is crucial for all sectors. For the transport sector synthetic fuels are–next to electromobility–a promising option especially for long-distance shipping and air transport. Within this context the import of synthetic fuels from the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region seems attractive due to low costs for renewable electricity in this Read More

Hydrogen is commonly perceived as the key player in the transition towards a low-carbon future. Nevertheless H2 low energy density hinders its easy storage and transportation. To address this issue different alternatives (liquefied hydrogen ammonia and liquid organic hydrogen carriers) are explored as hydrogen vectors. The techno-economic assessment of H2 transport through these carriers is strongly dependent on the basis of design adopted such that i Read More

Reducing CO2 emissions in general aviation is a critical challenge where battery electric and fuel cell technologies face limitations in energy density cost and robustness. As a result hydrogen (H2) dual-fuel combustion is a promising alternative but its practical implementation is constrained by abnormal combustion phenomena such as knocking and pre-ignition which limit the achievable H2 energy share. In response to these challenges this paper focuses on s Read More

This study presents a hybrid power system comprising a fuel cell (FC) and a lithium-ion battery (LIB) for liquid hydrogen (LH2) carriers which is expected to increase globally due to the production cost gap of green hydrogen between renewable-rich and renewable-poor countries. The LH2 carrier has a key challenge in handling the inevitably considerable boil-off hydrogen (BOH). As a target ship of a 50000 m3 LH2 carrier with a boil-off rate (BOR) of 0 Read More