Applications & Pathways

A numerical study was conducted to investigate the effects of hydrogen and scavenging air temperature (SAT) on the combustion and emission characteristics of a 2-stroke heavy-duty dual-fuel (DF) marine engine at full load. The engine had a 700 mm bore fuelled with hydrogen–methane (H2-CH4) mixtures. Three-dimensional simulations of the combustion and emission formation inside the engine cylinder with various H2 contents in the H2-C Read More

To reduce pollution from ships in coastal and international navigation shipping companies are turning to various technological solutions mostly based on electrification and the use of alternative fuels with a lower carbon footprint. One of the alternatives to traditional diesel fuel is the use of hydrogen as a fuel or hydrogen fuel cells as a power source. Their application on ships is still in the experimental phase and is limited to smaller ships which serve as Read More

The intermittent nature of renewable energy resources such as wind and solar causes the energy supply to be less predictable leading to possible mismatches in the power network. To this end hydrogen production and storage can provide a solution by increasing flexibility within the system. Stored hydrogen as compressed gas can either be converted back to electricity or it can be used as feed-stock for industry heating for built environment Read More

Decarbonisation will need a significant societal shift. The when why and how we travel is going to look very different within a decade. Joining us is Florentine Roy – a leading expert on electric vehicles and Innovation Project Lead at UK Power Networks and Matt Hindle - Head of Net Zero and Sustainability at Wales and West Utilities. Let’s talk about the energy system implications of this massive undertaking and how it can be enabled by innovation in a fair an Read More

This study deals with the use of hydrogen for the de-carbonization of the Resources and Energy Intensive Industries (REIIs) and gives a specific insight of the situation of the steel-making industry. The growing use of hydrogen in our economy is synonym for an equal increase in electricity consumption. This results from the fact that the current most promising technologies of H2 production is water electrolysis. For this purpose the EU hydrogen strategy fores Read More

Hydrogen fuel cells are electrochemical power generators of high conversion efficiency and incredibly clean operation. Throughout the world the growth of fuel cell research and application has been very rapid in the last ten years where successful pilot projects on many areas have been implemented. In Malaysia approximately RM40 million has been granted to academic research institutions for fuel cell study and development. Recently Malaysia s Read More

Europe’s aviation sector continues its resilient and pioneering spirit as it leads the world’s transport system into its new era of great transformation. Surviving the pandemic it is adapting rapidly to satisfy the rising demand for competitive air mobility services while managing a scarcity of resources and embracing the new challenges of climate change and energy transition. Facilitated by ACARE the European Commission its Member States aviation research Read More

The paper provides an economic model for the assessment of hydrogen production at the site of an existing thermal power plant which is then integrated into the existing gas grid. The model uses projections of electricity prices natural gas prices and CO2 prices as well as estimates of the cost of building a power-to-gas system for a 25-year period. The objective of this research is to calculate the yellow hydrogen production price for each lifetime yea Read More

This study presents a novel design and development of a 280000 m3 liquefied hydrogen tanker ship by implementing a set of 6 Flettner rotors as an assistance propulsion system in conjunction with a combined-cycle gas turbine fuelled by hydrogen as a prime mover. The study includes assessment of the technical and environmental aspects of the developed design. Furthermore an established method was applied to simulate the LH2 tanker in differ Read More

The report considers two types of sustainable synthetic fuels: electro fuels (efuels) and synthetic biofuels. Efuels are made by combining hydrogen (from for example the electrolysis of water) with carbon dioxide (from direct air capture or a point source). Synthetic biofuels can be made from biological material (for example waste from forestry) or from further processing biofuels (for example ethanol).Whilst synthetic fuels can be “dropped in” to existing Read More

This article presents an analysis of the permeation tests established in the current regulations for the type-approval of on board tanks in hydrogen vehicles. The analysis is done from the point of view of a test maker regarding the preparation for the execution of a permeation test. The article contains a description of the required instrumentation and set-up to carry out a permeation test according to the applicable standards and regulations. Tank Read More

Currently renewable energy-based generators are considered worldwide to achieve net zero targets. However the stochastic nature of renewable energy systems leads to regulation and control challenges for power system operators especially in remote and regional grids with smaller footprints. A hybrid system (i.e. solar wind biomass energy storage) could minimise this issue. Nevertheless the hybrid system is not possible to develop in many island Read More

This study advances several methods to evaluate the operation of a hydrogen generator plant. The model developed helps customize plants that contain multiple generators of varying powers using a decision module which determines the most efficient plant load distribution. Evaluation indices to assess individual devices within the plant are proposed and system flexibility maximizes the amount of renewable energy stored. Three case studies exa Read More

An uninterrupted chain of energy supplies is the core of every activity without exception for the operations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A robust and efficient energy supply is fundamental for the success of missions and a guarantee of soldier safety. However organizing a battlefield energy supply chain is particularly challenging because the risks and threats are particularly high. Moreover the energy supply chain is expected to be flexible accordin Read More

Anode recirculation with periodic purge is commonly used in polymer electrolyte fuel cell systems to control the accumulation of nitrogen water and other impurities that are present in the fuel or diffuse through the membrane from the cathode compartment. In this work we develop a simple generalized analytical model that simulates the time dependence of the accumulation of inert impurities in the anode compartment of such a system. It is sho Read More

Research into novel internal combustion engines requires consideration of the diversity in future fuels in an attempt to reduce drastically CO2 emissions from vehicles and promote energy sustainability. Hydrogen has been proposed as a possible fuel for future internal combustion engines and can be produced from renewable sources. Hydrogen’s wide flammability range allows higher engine efficiency than conventional fuels with both reduced toxic emissions Read More

The use of hydrogen as energy carrier in a low emission microturbine could be an interesting option for renewable energy storage distributed generation and combined heat & power. However the hydrogen using in gas turbine is limited by the NOx emissions and the difficulty to operate safely. CFD simulations represent a powerful and mature tool to perform detailed 3-D investigation for the development of a prototype before carrying out an experiment Read More

In the context of the great research pulse on clean energy transition distributed energy systems have a key role especially in the case of integration of both renewable and traditional energy sources. The stable interest in small-scale gas turbines can further increase owing to their flexibility in both operation and fuel supply. Since their not-excellent electrical efficiency research activities on micro gas turbine (MGT) are focused on the performance improve Read More

The optimal sizing of stand-alone renewable H2-based microgrids requires the load demand to be reliably satisfied by means of local renewable energy supported by a hybrid battery/hydrogen storage unit while minimizing the system costs. However this task is challenging because of the high number of components that have to be installed and operated. In this work an MILP optimization framework has been developed and applied to the off-grid vi Read More

The reduction of harmful emissions from the international shipping sector is necessary. On-board energy demand can be categorised as either: propulsion or auxiliary services. Auxiliary services contribute a significant proportion of energy demand with major loads including: compressors pumps and HVAC (heating ventilation and air-conditioning). Typically this demand is met using the same fuel source as the main propulsion (i.e. fossil fuels). This study has an Read More

To meet the climate targets set forth in the International Maritime Organization’s Initial GHG Strategy the maritime transport sector needs to abandon the use of fossil-based bunker fuels and turn toward zero-carbon alternatives which emit zero or at most very low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout their lifecycles. This report “The Potential of Zero-Carbon Bunker Fuels in Developing Countries” examines a range of zero-carbon bunker fuel opti Read More

Conventional fuels for vehicular applications generate hazardous pollutants which have an adverse effect on the environment. Therefore there is a high demand to shift towards environment-friendly vehicles for the present mobility sector. This paper highlights sustainable mobility and specifically sustainable transportation as a solution to reduce GHG emissions. Thus hydrogen fuel-based vehicular technologies have started blooming and have gained si Read More

Under the background of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutralization” the green transformation of iron and steel enterprises is imminent. The hydrogen-rich smelting technology of blast furnaces is very important for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emission in ironmaking systems and it is one of the important directions of green and low-carbon development of iron and steel enterprises. In this paper the research status of the thermal state red Read More

Industries account for about 30% of total final energy consumption worldwide and about 20% of global CO2 emissions. While transitions towards renewable energy have occurred in many parts of the world in the energy sectors the industrial sectors have been lagging behind. Decarbonising the energy-intensive industrial sectors is however important for mitigating emissions leading to climate change. This paper analyses various technological trajectories a Read More

Extensive decarbonisation efforts result in major changes in energy demand for the extractive industry. In 2021 the extraction and primary processing of metals and minerals accounted for 4.5 Gt of CO2 eq. per year. The aluminium industry was responsible for 1.1 Gt CO2 eq. direct and indirect emissions. To reach the European milestone of zero emissions by 2050 a reduction of 3% annually is essential. To this end the industry needs to take a turn towa Read More

Future energy systems could rely on hydrogen (H2) to achieve decarbonisation and net-zero goals. In a similar energy landscape to natural gas H2 emissions occur along the supply chain. It has been studied how current gas infrastructure can support H2 but there is little known about how H2 emissions affect global warming as an indirect greenhouse gas. In this work we have estimated for the first time the potential emission profiles (g CO2eq/MJ H2HHV) of H Read More

Previously suggested options to achieve carbon neutrality involve the use of fossil fuels with carbon capture or exploiting biomass as sources of energy. Industrial high-temperature heating could possibly exploit electrical heating or combustion using hydrogen. However it is difficult to replace all the current coal or natural gas furnaces with these options for chemical industry. In this work a method that integrates solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) and Read More

Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage compressed air energy storage battery flow battery fuel cell solar fuel superconducting magnetic energy storage flywheel capacitor/supercapacitor and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics applications and deployment status.

This study sheds light on the Hydrogen technology in transportation for reaching the sustainability goals of societies illustrated by the case of Mexico. In terms of the affected supply chains the study explores how the packaging and distribution of a fuel-saving tool that allows the adoption of hydrogen as complementary energy for maritime transportation to improve economic and environmental performance in Mexico. This exploratory study perfo Read More

The effects of climate change and global warming are arising a new awareness on the impact of our daily life. Power generation for transportation and mobility as well as in industry is the main responsible for the greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed currently 80% of the energy is still produced by combustion of fossil fuels; thus great efforts need to be spent to make combustion greener and safer than in the past. For this reason a review of the most recen Read More

This paper is based on a position paper of the German Industry Association Concentrated Solar Power e.V. to the German government and discusses options on how to decarbonize the heat demand of the domestic industry. Among other option concentration solar collectors are a suitable option in Germany which has not been expected by many experts. The paper derives requirements that are needed to ensure a quick and sustainable way to decarbonize i Read More

The achievement of a carbon-free emissions economy is one of the main goals to reduce climate change and its negative effects. Scientists and technological improvements have followed this trend improving efficiency and reducing carbon and other compounds that foment climate change. Since the main contributor of these emissions is transportation detaching this sector from fossil fuels is a necessary step towards an environmentally friendl Read More

Commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells can only materials provided its performance is closely related to existing technologies useful in commercial application. Other critical parameters like the utilization of cheaper materials should be taken into account during the manufacturing of the cell. A key component in the cell that has direct correlation to the cell perfor‐ mance is the flow plate. The weight coupled with cost of the cell revolves Read More

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) technology has significant implications on energy security and environmental protection. In the past decade China has made great progress in the hydrogen and FCV industry considering both the government’s policy issuances and enterprises’ production. However there are still some technological and cost challenges obstructing the commercialization of FCVs. Herein the status of China’s hydrogen FCV industry is analyzed Read More

Hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel that can be produced in many ways starting from different sources. Its use as a fuel in internal combustion engines could be a method of significantly reducing their environmental impact. In spark-ignition (SI) engines lean hydrogen–air mixtures can be burnt. When a gaseous fuel like hydrogen is port-injected in an SI engine working with lean mixtures supercharging becomes very useful in order not to excessively penalize the e Read More

Carbon-free and sustainable energy storage solutions are required to mitigate climate change. One possible solution especially for stationary applications could be the storage of energy in metal fuels. Energy can be stored through reduction of the oxide with green hydrogen and be released by combustion. In this work a feasibility study for iron as possible metal fuel considering the complete energy cycle is conducted. Based on equilibrium calculations it Read More

Renewable energy sources like solar-PV and wind and the electrification of heating demand lead to more variability in the generation and demand of electricity. The need for flexibility in the electricity supply system e.g. by energy storage will therefore increase. Hydrogen has been a long-serving CO2-free energy carrier apt to store energy over a long period of time without significant losses.

The decreasing abundance of conventional energy resources of nature such as crude oil natural gas and coal is putting forward the issues of energy shortcoming for the future. With a sentiment of this most researchers are now directing either on non-conventional resources that already prevail or invent it. The most promising non-conventional energy resource is the hydrogen energy which can be used in fuel cell to get electricity. Therefore a num Read More

Huge and continuously growing non-renewable energy consumption due to human daily activities is accountable for the fossil fuel source crisis in recent decades. The growing concern about the emissions from internal combustion engines also impels the development of new energy sources to replace or reduce conventional non-renewable energy usage. In this context hydrogen is found to be a promising solution in internal combustion engines to a Read More

Based on the Sustainable Development Goals outlined in the 2030 agenda of the United Nations affordable and clean energy is one of the most relevant goals to achieve the decarbonization targets and break down the global climate change effects. The use of renewable energy sources namely solar energy is gaining attention and market share due to reductions in investment costs. Nevertheless it is important to overcome the energy storage problems Read More

Vehicles using a single fuel cell as a power source often have problems such as slow response and inability to recover braking energy. Therefore the current automobile market is mainly dominated by fuel cell hybrid vehicles. In this study the fuel cell hybrid commercial vehicle is taken as the research object and a fuel cell/ battery/supercapacitor energy topology is proposed and an energy management strategy based on a doubledelay deep deterministic pol Read More

Hydrogen is commonly mentioned as a future proof energy carrier. Hydrogen supporters 6 advocate for repurposing existing natural gas grids for a sustainable hydrogen supply. While the 7 long-term vision of the hydrogen community is green hydrogen the community acknowledges that 8 in the short term it will be to large extent manufactured from natural gas but in a decarbonized 9 way giving it the name blue hydrogen. While hydrogen has a Read More

The uncertainty and volatility of wind power have led to large-scale wind curtailment during grid connections. The adoption of power-to-hydrogen (P2H) system in a microgrid (MG) can mitigate the renewable curtailment by hydrogen conversion and storage. This paper conducts unified modeling for different types of P2H systems and considers the multi-energy trading in a hydrogen-coupled power market. The proposed bi-level equilibrium model is ben Read More

Addressing the pressing challenge of global warming reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector is a critical imperative. Battery and fuel cell electric vehicles have emerged as promising solutions for curbing emissions in this sector. In this study we conducted a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) for typical passenger vehicles heavy-duty trucks and city buses using either proton-exchange membrane fuel cells or Li-ion batt Read More

The shipping industry has reached a higher level of maturity in terms of its knowledge and awareness of decarbonization challenges. Carbon-free or carbon-neutralized green fuel such as green hydrogen green ammonia and green methanol are being widely discussed. However little attention has paid to the green fuel pathway from renewable energy to shipping. This paper therefore provides a review of the production methods for green power (green Read More

China is the world’s largest carbon emitter and suffers from severe air pollution which results in approximately one million premature deaths/year. Alternative energy vehicles (AEVs) (electric hydrogen fuel cell and natural gas vehicles) can reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality. However climate air quality and health benefits of AEVs powered with deeply decarbonized power generation are poorly quantified. Here we quantitatively estimate the air qu Read More

The paper is a review of the opportunities and challenges of cryogenic power devices of electric aircraft and the ongoing research and development efforts of the government agencies and the industry. Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are compared to support high temperature superconducting (HTS) and normal metal devices respectively. The power devices were assumed to operate at the normal boiling point of the fuel Read More

To abate climate change and ameliorate the air quality in urban areas innovative solutions are required to reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions from traffic. Alternative fuels made from biomass or CO2 and hydrogen can contribute to these goals by substituting fossil gasoline or diesel in combustion engines. Using a conjoint analysis approach the current study investigates preferences of laypeople (n = 303) for fuel production facilities in terms of siting locati Read More

Hydrogen is a bright energy vector that could be crucial to decarbonise and combat climate change. This energy evolution involves several sectors including power backup systems to supply priority facility loads during power outages. As buildings now integrate complex automation domotics and security systems energy backup systems cause interest. A hydrogen-based backup system could supply loads in a multi-day blackout; however the backup system s Read More

Synthetic fuels or e-fuels produced from captured CO2 and renewable hydrogen are envisaged as a feasible path towards a climate-neutral transportation in medium/heavy-duty and maritime sectors. EU is presently debating energy targets by 2030 for these fuels. As their production involves chemical processing of hydrogen it must be evaluated if the extra cost is worthy at least in applications where hydrogen use is possible. This manuscript focuses on the Read More