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Integration of Open Slag Bath Furnace with Direct Reduction Reactors for New‐Generation Steelmaking
Jan 2022
Publication
The present paper illustrates an innovative steel processing route developed by employing hydrogen direct reduced pellets and an open slag bath furnace. The paper illustrates the direct reduction reactor employing hydrogen as reductant on an industrial scale. The solution allows for the production of steel from blast furnace pellets transformed in the direct reduction reactor. The reduced pellets are then melted in open slag bath furnaces allowing carburiz Read More
Improvement of Low Temperature Activity and Stability of Ni Catalysts with Addition of Pt for Hydrogen Production Via Steam Reforming of Ethylene Glycol
Nov 2018
Publication
Hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethylene glycol (EG) at 300 °C was investigated over SiO2 and CeO2 supported Pt–Ni bimetallic catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation methods. It was observed that impregnation sequence of Pt and Ni can affect the performance of catalysts apparently. Catalyst with Pt first and then Ni addition showed higher EG conversion and H2 yield owing to the Ni enrichment on the surface and the Read More
Thermal Hydrogen: An Emissions Free Hydrocarbon Economy
Apr 2017
Publication
Envisioned below is an energy system named Thermal Hydrogen developed to enable economy-wide decarbonization. Thermal Hydrogen is an energy system where electric and/or heat energy is used to split water (or CO2) for the utilization of both by-products: hydrogen as energy storage and pure oxygen as carbon abatement. Important advantages of chemical energy carriers are long term energy storage and extended range for electric vehicles. Read More
Study on Fuel Cells Hydrogen Trucks
Dec 2020
Publication
Fuel cell and hydrogen (FCH) technology is a very promising zero-emission powertrain solution for the heavy-duty trucking industry. The FCH 2 JU subcontracted this study to analyse the state-of-the-art of the technology its surrounding policy and regulatory regime ongoing trial and demonstrations projects and its total cost of ownership and market potential. Furthermore specific case studies and industry experts identified remaining technolo Read More
Evaluating Uncertainty in Accident Rate Estimation at Hydrogen Refueling Station Using Time Correlation Model
Nov 2018
Publication
Hydrogen as a future energy carrier is receiving a significant amount of attention in Japan. From the viewpoint of safety risk evaluation is required in order to increase the number of hydrogen refuelling stations (HRSs) implemented in Japan. Collecting data about accidents in the past will provide a hint to understand the trend in the possibility of accidents occurrence by identifying its operation time However in new technology; accident rate estimati Read More
Hydrogen Assisted Fracture of 30MnB5 High Strength Steel: A Case Study
Nov 2020
Publication
When steel components fail in service due to the intervention of hydrogen assisted cracking discussion of the root cause arises. The failure is frequently blamed on component design working conditions the manufacturing process or the raw material. This work studies the influence of quench and tempering and hot-dip galvanizing on the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of a high strength steel. Slow strain rate tensile testing has been employed to ass Read More
Designing Optimal Integrated Electricity Supply Configurations for Renewable hydrogen Generation in Australia
Jun 2021
Publication
The high variability and intermittency of wind and solar farms raise questions of how to operate electrolyzers reliably economically and sustainably using pre-dominantly or exclusively variable renewables. To address these questions we develop a comprehensive cost framework that extends to include factors such as performance degradation efficiency financing rates and indirect costs to assess the economics of 10 MW scale alkaline and proton-exchange m Read More
Promotion Effect of Proton-conducting Oxide BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3−δ on the Catalytic Activity of Ni Towards Ammonia Synthesis from Hydrogen and Nitrogen
Aug 2018
Publication
In this report for the first time it has been observed that proton-conducting oxide BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3−δ (BZCY) has significant promotion effect on the catalytic activity of Ni towards ammonia synthesis from hydrogen and nitrogen. Renewable hydrogen can be used for ammonia synthesis to save CO2 emission. By investigating the operating parameters of the reaction the optimal conditions for this catalyst were identified. It was found that at 62 Read More
Methanol as a Carrier of Hydrogen and Carbon in Fossil-free Production of Direct Reduced Iron
Jul 2020
Publication
Steelmaking is responsible for around 7% of the global emissions of carbon dioxide and new steelmaking processes are necessary to reach international climate targets. As a response to this steelmaking processes based on the direct reduction of iron ore by hydrogen produced via water electrolysis powered by renewable electricity have been suggested. Here we present a novel variant of hydrogen-based steelmaking incorporating methanol as a hydr Read More
CFD Benchmark Based on Experiments of Helium Dispersion in a 1m3 Enclosure–intercomparisons for Plumes
Sep 2013
Publication
In the context of the French DIMITRHY project ANR-08-PANH006 experiments have been carried out to measure helium injections in a cubic 1 m3 box - GAMELAN in a reproducible and quantitative manner. For the present work we limit ourselves to the unique configuration of a closed box with a small hole at its base to prevent overpressure. This case leads to enough difficulties of modelisations to deserve our attention. The box is initially filled with air a Read More
Development of a Gaseous and Solid-state Hybrid System for Stationary Hydrogen Energy Storage
Jun 2020
Publication
Hydrogen can serve as a carrier to store renewable energy in large scale. However hydrogen storage still remains a challenge in the current stage. It is difficult to meet the technical requirements applying the conventional storage of compressed gaseous hydrogen in high-pressure tanks or the solid-state storage of hydrogen in suitable materials. In the present work a gaseous and solid-state (G-S) hybrid hydrogen storage system with a low working Read More
Design and Cost Considerations for Practical Solar-hydrogen Generators
Oct 2014
Publication
Solar-hydrogen generation represents a promising alternative to fossil fuels for the large-scale implementation of a clean-fuel transportation infrastructure. A significant amount of research resources has been allocated to the development of photoelectrochemical components (i.e. photovoltaic and water splitting catalysts) that are able to spontaneously split water in the presence of solar irradiation which has led to major advances in the solar-fuels field. At Read More
Scale-up of Milling in a 100 L Device for Processing of TiFeMn Alloy for Hydrogen Storage Applications: Procedure and characterization
Feb 2019
Publication
In this work the mechanical milling of a FeTiMn alloy for hydrogen storage purposes was performed in an industrial milling device. The TiFe hydride is interesting from the technological standpoint because of the abundance and the low cost of its constituent elements Ti and Fe as well as its high volumetric hydrogen capacity. However TiFe is difficult to activate usually requiring a thermal treatment above 400 °C. A TiFeMn alloy milled for just 10 min in Read More
Co-CoOx Supported onto TiO2 Coated with Carbon as a Catalyst for Efficient and Stable Hydrogen Generation from Ammonia Borane
Apr 2020
Publication
Ammonia borane (AB) can be catalytically hydrolyzed to provide hydrogen at room temperature due to its high potentaial for hydrogen storage. Non-precious metal heterogeneous catalysts have broad application in the field of energy catalysis. In this article catalysts precursor is obtained from Co-Ti-resorcinol-formaldehyde resin by sol–gel method. Co/TiO2@N-C (CTC) catalyst is prepared by calcining the precursor under high temperature con Read More
Effectiveness of a Blower in Reducing the Hazard of Hydrogen Leaking from a Hydrogen-fueled Vehicle
Sep 2013
Publication
To handle a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) safely after its involvement in an accident it is necessary to provide appropriate emergency response information to the first responder. In the present study a forced wind of 10 m/s or faster with and without a duct was applied to a vehicle leaking hydrogen gas at a rate of 2000 NL/min. Then hydrogen concentrations were measured around the vehicle and an ignition test was conducted to evaluate th Read More
A Novel Emergency Gas-to-Power System Based on an Efficient and Long-Lasting Solid-State Hydride Storage System: Modeling and Experimental Validation
Jan 2022
Publication
In this paper a gas-to-power (GtoP) system for power outages is digitally modeled and experimentally developed. The design includes a solid-state hydrogen storage system composed of TiFeMn as a hydride forming alloy (6.7 kg of alloy in five tanks) and an air-cooled fuel cell (maximum power: 1.6 kW). The hydrogen storage system is charged under room temperature and 40 bar of hydrogen pressure reaching about 110 g of hydrogen capacity. In an Read More
Properties of the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction on Pt/C catalysts at Optimised High Mass Transport Conditions and its Relevance to the Anode Reaction in PEFCs and Cathode Reactions in Electrolysers
Jul 2015
Publication
Using a high mass transport floating electrode technique with an ultra-low catalyst loading (0.84–3.5 μgPt cm−2) of commonly used Pt/C catalyst (HiSPEC 9100 Johnson Matthey) features in the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were resolved and defined which have rarely been previously observed. These features include fine structure in the hydrogen adsorption region between 0.18 < V vs. RHE < 0.36 V vs. R Read More
Modelling the UK Energy System: Practical Insights for Technology Development and Policy Making
Jun 2014
Publication
The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) has developed an internationally peer-reviewed model of the UK’s national energy system extending across power heat transport and infrastructure. The Energy System Modelling Environment (ESME) is a policy neutral system-wide optimisation model. It models the key technology and engineering choices taking account of cost engineering spatial and temporal factors.Key points:A system-wide perspective inform Read More
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: Joint Undertaking Programme Review 2012 Final Report
Mar 2013
Publication
Initiated in 2011 the 2012 programme review edition covered 71‘live’ projects from the 2008 2009 and 2010 calls for proposals together with some projects from the 2011 call. Total funding for these projects stands at close to € 450 million 50% of which comes from FCH JU financial contributions and 50% of which comes from industry and research in-kind contributions.
A GIS-based Risk Assessment for Hydrogen Transport: A Case Study in Yokohama City
Sep 2019
Publication
Risk assessment of hazardous material transport by road is critical in considering the spatial features of the transport route. However previous studies that focused on hydrogen transport were unable to reflect the spatial features in their risk assessments. Hence this study aims to assess the risk of hydrogen transport by road considering the spatial features of the transport route based on a geographic information system (GIS). This risk assessment me Read More
Expert Opinion Analysis on Renewable Hydrogen Storage Systems Potential in Europe
Nov 2016
Publication
Among the several typologies of storage technologies mainly on different physical principles (mechanical electrical and chemical) hydrogen produced by power to gas (P2G) from renewable energy sources complies with chemical storage principle and is based on the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy by means of the electrolysis of water which does not produce any toxic or climate-relevant emission. This paper aims to pinpoint Read More
Future Cost and Performance of Water Electrolysis: An Expert Elicitation Study
Nov 2017
Publication
The need for energy storage to balance intermittent and inflexible electricity supply with demand is driving interest in conversion of renewable electricity via electrolysis into a storable gas. But high capital cost and uncertainty regarding future cost and performance improvements are barriers to investment in water electrolysis. Expert elicitations can support decision-making when data are sparse and their future development uncertain. Therefore this st Read More
Effect of Microstructural and Environmental Variables on Ductility of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Sep 2019
Publication
Austenitic stainless steels are used extensively in harsh environments including for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen service. However the tensile ductility of this class of materials is very sensitive to materials and environmental variables. While tensile ductility is generally insufficient to qualify a material for hydrogen service ductility is an effective tool to explore microstructural and environmental variables and their effects on hydrogen susceptibility to Read More
Soft-linking of a Behavioral Model for Transport with Energy System Cost optimization Applied to Hydrogen in EU
Sep 2019
Publication
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) currently have the challenge of high CAPEX mainly associated to the fuel cell. This study investigates strategies to promote FCEV deployment and overcome this initial high cost by combining a detailed simulation model of the passenger transport sector with an energy system model. The focus is on an energy system with 95% CO2 reduction by 2050. Soft-linking by taking the powertrain shares by country from the simul Read More
Characteristic of Cryogenic Hydrogen Flames from High-aspect Ratio Nozzles
Sep 2019
Publication
Unintentional leaks at hydrogen fuelling stations have the potential to form hydrogen jet flames which pose a risk to people and infrastructure. The heat flux from these jet flames are often used to develop separation distances between hydrogen components and buildings lot-lines etc. The heat flux and visible flame length is well understood for releases from round nozzles but real unintended releases would be expected to be be higher aspect-ratio crac Read More
Ignited Releases of Liquid Hydrogen
Jan 2014
Publication
If the hydrogen economy is to progress more hydrogen fuelling stations are required. In the short term in the absence of a hydrogen distribution network these fuelling stations will have to be supplied by liquid hydrogen (LH2) road tanker. Such a development will increase the number of tanker offloading operations significantly and these may need to be performed in close proximity to the general public.Several research projects have been underta Read More
Impact of Chemical Inhomogeneities on Local Material Properties and Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement in AISI 304L Steels
Feb 2018
Publication
This study investigated the influence of segregations on hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) of AISI 304L type austenitic stainless steels. The microstructure of tensile specimens that were fabricated from commercially available AISI 304L steels and tested by means of small strain-rate tensile tests in air as well as hydrogen gas at room temperature was investigated by means of combined EDS and EBSD measurements. It was shown that two Read More
Vented Explosion of Hydrogen/Air Mixtures: Influence of Vent Cover and Stratification
Sep 2017
Publication
Explosion venting is a prevention/mitigation solution widely used in the process industry to protect indoor equipment or buildings from excessive internal pressure caused by an accidental explosion. Vented explosions are widely investigated in the literature for various geometries hydrogen/air concentrations ignition positions initial turbulence etc. In real situations the vents are normally covered by a vent panel. In the case of an indoor leakage the hydr Read More
Optimal Design and Operation of Integrated Wind-hydrogen-electricity Networks for Decarbonising the Domestic Transport Sector in Great Britain
Nov 2015
Publication
This paper presents the optimal design and operation of integrated wind-hydrogen-electricity networks using the general mixed integer linear programming energy network model STeMES (Samsatli and Samsatli 2015). The network comprises: wind turbines; electrolysers fuel cells compressors and expanders; pressurised vessels and underground storage for hydrogen storage; hydrogen pipelines and electricity overhead/underground transmission lines; Read More
Analysis of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic—Marine Current Hybrid System and the Influence on Daily and Seasonal Energy Storage
Jan 2022
Publication
Stand-alone systems in remote regions require the utilization of renewable resources; however their natural intermittence requires the implementation of energy-storage systems that allow a continuous power supply. More than one renewable source is usually available at the same site. Thus the choice of a hybrid system seems viable. It is relevant to study hybrid systems as they could reduce energy storage; however sizing the hybrid system might h Read More
Processes of the Formation of Large Unconfined Clouds Following a Massive Spillage of Liquid Hydrogen on the Ground
Sep 2007
Publication
Because of hydrogen low volumetric energy content under its gaseous form transport and storage of liquid hydrogen will certainly play a major role in any future hydrogen economy. One of the obstacles to the expected development use of hydrogen is the poor state of knowledge on explosion risks in the event of an extensive spillage. INERIS set up a large-scale experiment to study the mechanisms of the formation of the gas cloud resulting from such a s Read More
Physics of Spontaneous Ignition of High-Pressure Hydrogen Release and Transition to Jet Fire
Sep 2009
Publication
The main objective of this study is an insight into physical phenomena underlying spontaneous ignition of hydrogen at sudden release from high pressure storage and its transition into the sustained jet fire. This paper describes modelling and large eddy simulation (LES) of spontaneous ignition dynamics in a tube with a rupture disk separating high pressure hydrogen storage and the atmosphere. Numerical experiments carried out by a LES model have Read More
Hy4Heat Understanding Commercial Appliances - Work Package 5
Nov 2020
Publication
The 'Hydrogen for Heat' (Hy4Heat) programme aims to support the UK Government in its ambitions to decarbonise the UK energy sector in line with the targets of the Climate Change Act 2008 by attempting to evaluate and de-risk the natural gas to hydrogen network conversion option. The impact on the commercial sector is an important factor in understanding the feasibility of utilising hydrogen to decarbonise heat in the UK. The overall objective Read More
Impact of Hydrogen Admixture on Combustion Processes – Part I: Theory
Jun 2020
Publication
Climate change is one of today’s most pressing global challenges. Since the emission of greenhouse gases is often closely related to the use and supply of energy the goal to avoid emissions requires a fundamental restructuring of the energy system including all parts of the technology chains from production to end-use. Natural gas is today one of the most important primary energy sources in Europe with utilization ranging from power generation and ind Read More
The Hydrogen Executive Leadership Panel (HELP) Initiative for Emergency Responder Training
Sep 2007
Publication
In close cooperation with their Canadian counterparts United States public safety authorities are taking the first steps towards creating a proper infrastructure to ensure the safe use of the new hydrogen fuel cells now being introduced commercially. Currently public safety officials are being asked to permit hydrogen fuel cells for stationary power and as emergency power backups for the telecommunications towers that exist everywhere. Cons Read More
Study on the Harm Effect of Liquid Hydrogen Release by Consequence Modeling
Sep 2011
Publication
In this paper the accidental release of hydrogen from cryogenic liquid storage tank and the subsequent consequences are studied including hydrogen cold cloud fire ball jet fire flash fire and vapor cloud explosion. The cold effect thermal effects and explosion overpressures from the above consequences are evaluated using IGC and TNO harm criteria. Results show that for instantaneous releases of liquid hydrogen the sequence of harm effect distances Read More
Flow Loop Test for Hydrogen
Jul 2020
Publication
National Grid (NG) needs to understand the implications that a hydrogen rich gas mix may have on the existing pipeline network. The primary network consists extensively of X52 steel pipe sections welded together using girth welds. Different welding specifications that have been used in the past 40 years and girth welds with different specifications may behave differently when coming into contact with hydrogen gas.The aim of the flow loop test pro Read More
Vapour Cloud Explosions from the Ignition of Methane, Hydrogen, Air Mixtures in a Congested Region
Sep 2007
Publication
To facilitate the transition to the hydrogen economy the EU project NATURALHY is studying the potential for the existing natural gas pipeline networks to transport hydrogen together with natural gas to end-users. Hydrogen may then be extracted for hydrogen fuel-cell applications or the mixture used directly by consumers in existing gas-fired equipment with the benefit of lower carbon emissions. The existing gas pipeline networks are designed constru Read More
Non-combustion Related Impact of Hydrogen Admixture - Material Compatibility
Jun 2020
Publication
The present document is part of a larger literature survey of this WP aiming to establish the current status of gas utilisation technologies in order to determine the impact of hydrogen (H2) admixture on natural gas (NG) appliances. This part focuses on the non-combustion related aspects of injecting hydrogen in the gas distribution networks within buildings including hydrogen embrittlement of metallic materials chemical compatibility and leaka Read More
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Stationary Applications: Key Findings of Modelling and Experimental Work in the Hyper Project
Sep 2009
Publication
Síle Brennan,
A. Bengaouer,
Marco Carcassi,
Gennaro M. Cerchiara,
Andreas Friedrich,
O. Gentilhomme,
William G. Houf,
N. Kotchourko,
Alexei Kotchourko,
Sergey Kudriakov,
Dmitry Makarov,
Vladimir V. Molkov,
Efthymia A. Papanikolaou,
C. Pitre,
Mark Royle,
R. W. Schefer,
G. Stern,
Alexandros G. Venetsanos,
Anke Veser,
Deborah Willoughby,
Jorge Yanez and
Greg H. Evans
"This paper summarises the modelling and experimental programme in the EC FP6 project HYPER. A number of key results are presented and the relevance of these findings to installation permitting guidelines (IPG) for small stationary hydrogen and fuel cell systems is discussed. A key aim of the activities was to generate new scientific data and knowledge in the field of hydrogen safety and where possible use this data as a basis to support the recommend Read More
A Rural Hydrogen Transportation Test Bed
Sep 2007
Publication
The University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) through a hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle evaluation participation agreement with the Ford Motor Company will establish a commuter bus service and hydrogen refueling at a station in rural Missouri near Ft. Leonard Wood (FLW). Initiated by a request from the U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center at FLW UMR is leading the effort to launch the commuter service between FLW and the neighboring town Read More
Hydrogen Releases Ignited in a Simulated Vehicle Refuelling Environment
Sep 2007
Publication
If the general public is to use hydrogen as a vehicle fuel customers must be able to handle hydrogen with the same degree of confidence and with comparable risk as conventional liquid and gaseous fuels. The hazards associated with jet releases from leaks in a vehicle-refuelling environment must be considered if hydrogen is stored and used as a high-pressure gas since a jet release in a confined or congested area could result in an explosion. Read More
Fire Protection Strategy for Compressed Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles
Sep 2007
Publication
Virtually all major automotive companies are currently developing hydrogen-powered vehicles. The vast majority of them employ compressed hydrogen tanks and components as a means of storing the fuel onboard. Compressed hydrogen vehicle fuel systems are designed in the same way as compressed natural gas vehicles (NGV) i.e. the high pressure (up to 70 MPa) fuel is always contained within the system under all conditions with the exception Read More
Explosion Hazard of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures in the Large Volumes
Sep 2007
Publication
The report deals with the investigation of non-stationary combustion of hydrogen-air mixtures extremely relevant to the issues of safety. Considered are the conditions of its formation and development in the tubes in the conic element and in the spherical 12-m diameter chamber. The report shows that at the formation of non-stationary combustion in the conic element in its top the pressure can develop exceeding 1000 atmospheres. It is also shown tha Read More
QRA Including Utility for Decision Support of H2 Infrastructure Licensing
Sep 2011
Publication
Rational decision making in land use planning and licensing of H2 infrastructure surrounded by other industrial activities and population should take account of individual and societal risks. QRA produces a risk matrix of potential consequences versus event probabilities that is shrouded in ambiguity and lacking transparency. NIMBY and conflict are lurking. To counter these issues risk analysts should therefore also determine the utilities of decision alternati Read More
Safety Strategy for the First Deployment of a Hydrogen- Based Green Public Building in France
Sep 2011
Publication
HELION a subsidiary of AREVA in charge of the business unit Hydrogen and energy storage is deploying for the first time in a French public building a hydrogen-based energy storage system the Greenergy Box™. The 50 kWe system is coupled with a photovoltaic farm to ensure up to 45% electrical autonomy and power backup to the building. The safety system and siting measures of the complete hydrogen chain are described. The paper als Read More
On the Use of Spray Systems- An Example of R&D Work in Hydrogen Safety for Nuclear Applications
Sep 2007
Publication
The aim of the present work is to investigate the interaction between a water spray and a laminar hydrogen-air flame in the case of steam inerted mixture. A first work is devoted to study the thermodynamics involved in the phenomena via a lumped parameter code. The flow is two- phase and reactive the gas is multi-component the water spray is polydisperse and the droplet size has certainly an influence on the flame propagation. The energy released by Read More
Assessment of Operational Performance for an Integrated ‘Power to Synthetic Natural Gas’ System
Dec 2021
Publication
This article presents a power to SNG (synthetic natural gas) system that converts hydrogen into SNG via a methanation process. In our analysis detailed models for all the elements of the system are built. We assume a direct connection between a wind farm and a hydrogen generator. For the purposes of our calculations we also assume that the hydrogen generator is powered by the renewable source over a nine-hour period per day (between 21:00 an Read More
Numerical Simulation of Detonation Failure and Re-initiation in Bifurcated Tubes
Oct 2015
Publication
A numerical approach is developed to simulate detonation propagation attenuation failure and re-initiation in hydrogen–air mixture. The aim is to study the condition under which detonations may fail or re-initiate in bifurcated tubes which is important for risk assessment in industrial accidents. A code is developed to solve compressible multidimensional transient reactive Navier–Stokes equations. An Implicit Large Eddy Simulation approach is used to model t Read More
Evaluation of Steels Susceptibility to Hydrogen Embrittlement: A Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy-Based Approach Coupled with Artificial Neural Network
Dec 2020
Publication
A novel approach has been developed for quantitative evaluation of the susceptibility of steels and alloys to hydrogen embrittlement. The approach uses a combination of hydrogen thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) analysis with recent advances in machine learning technology to develop a regression artificial neural network (ANN) model predicting hydrogen-induced degradation of mechanical properties of steels. We describe the thermal desor Read More
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