Critical Perspective on Green Hydrogen-based Seasonal Operation of Energy-intensive Industry Sectors with Solid Products

In the light of a future decarbonized power grid based primarily on non-dispatchable renewable energy sources, the operation of industrial plants should be decarbonized and flexible. An innovative, novel concept combining industrial plants with (i) a water electrolysis unit, (ii) a hydrogen storage unit and (iii) a fuel cell unit would enable seasonal supply-demand balancing in the local power grid and storage of surplus energy in the form of stable solid products. The feasibility of this concept was demonstrated in a case study, taking into account the overall energy balance and economics. The characteristics of the local power grid and the hydrogen round-trip efficiency must be carefully considered when dimensioning the hydrogen units. It was found that industries producing iron and steel, cement, ceramics, glass, aluminum, paper and other metals have the potential for seasonal operation. Future research efforts in the fields of technology, economics and social sciences should support the sustainable flexibility transition of energy-intensive industries with solid products.