Analysis of a Distributed Green Hydrogen Infrastructure Designed to Support the Sustainable Mobility of a Heavy-duty Fleet

Clean hydrogen is a key pillar for the net zero economy which can be deployed by consistent utilization on heavy-duty transport. This study investigates a distributed green hydrogen infrastructure (DHI) for heavy-duty transportation consisting of on-site hydrogen production, storage, compression, and refueling systems in Italy. Two options for energy supply are analyzed: grid connection using green energy via Power Purchasing Agreements (PPAs) and direct connection to the photovoltaic field, respectively. Radiation data are representative of the three main Italian areas, namely South (Catania), Center (Roma), and North (Milano). The sensitivity analysis varies the PPA value between 50 V/MWh and 200 V/MWh, and the water electrolysis capacity factor between 20% and 100%. The study finds that the LCOH ranges from 7.4 V/kgH2 to 67.8 V/kgH2 for the first option, and 5.5 V/kgH2 to 27.5 V/kgH2 for the second option, with Southern Italy having the lowest LCOH due to higher solar irradiation. The research shows that a DHI can offer economic and technical benefits for heavy-duty mobility. However, the performance is highly influenced by external conditions, such as hydrogen demand and electricity prices. This study provides valuable insights into designing and operating a DHI for heavy-duty mobility, promoting a carbon-free society.