Russian Federation
Effect of Hydrogen on the Deformation Behavior and Localization of Plastic Deformation of the Ultrafine-Grained Zr–1Nb Alloy
Oct 2020
Publication
In this paper comparison studies of the hydrogen effect on the structural and phase state deformation behavior and mechanical properties of the fine- (average grain size 4 µm) and ultrafine-grained (average element size 0.3 and 0.4 µm) Zr–1wt.%Nb (hereinafter Zr–1Nb) alloy under tension at temperatures in the range of 293–873 K were conducted. The formation of an ultrafine-grained structure is established to increase the strength characteristics Read More
Experimental Study of Hydrogen Releases Combustion
Sep 2009
Publication
The objectives of the presented experimental work were investigation of hydrogen release distribution and combustion modelling possible emergency situation at industry scale. Results of large scale experiments on distribution and combustion in an open and congested area are presented. The mass of hydrogen in experiments varied from 50g to 1000g with release rate from 180 to 220 g/s. Qualitative characteristics of high momentum hydrogen Read More
Experimental Study of Explosion Wave Propagation in Hydrogen-Air Mixtures of Variable Compositions
Sep 2009
Publication
Results are given of experimental study of propagation of explosion waves in hydrogen-air mixtures of different compositions under conditions of cumulation. The investigations are performed in a setup consisting of two parts namely the upper part in the form of a metal cone and the lower part in the form of a rubber envelope hermetically attached to the cone. The upper and lower parts of the experimental setup are separated by a thin rubber film and Read More
Safe Testing of Catalytic Devices in Hydrogen-Air Flow
Sep 2009
Publication
Any experimental study of catalysts and catalytic recombining devices for removal of hydrogen gas from industrial environments is known to carry a risk of ignition of hydrogen. Experiments conducted in an atmosphere with a high concentration of hydrogen present a particular danger. Here a technique is reported that allows conducting such experiments with relative safety. This technique has been developed and applied by the company ‘Russian E Read More
Improvements in Two-Step Model of Hydrogen Detonative Combustion: Model Description and Sensitivity to its Parameters
Sep 2009
Publication
In the present paper the two-stage model of detonative combustion of hydrogen is presented. The following improvements are described: accurate description of the heat release stage of combustion; the clear physics-based procedure for calculation of the parameters of the proposed model; sample calculations of the detonation wave in hydrogen/air mixtures in wide range of conditions showing that the proposed model performs well in a wide Read More
Hydrogen-Air Explosive Envelope Behaviour in Confined Space at Different Leak Velocities
Sep 2009
Publication
The report summarizes experimental results on the mechanisms and kinetics of hydrogen-air flammable gas cloud formation and evolution due to foreseeable (less than 10-3 kg/sec) hydrogen leaks into confined spaces with different shapes sizes and boundary conditions. The goals were - 1) to obtain qualitative information on the basic gas-dynamic patterns of flammable cloud formation at different leak velocities (between 935 and 905 m/sec) f Read More
High-pressure PEM Water Electrolysis and Corresponding Safety Issues
Sep 2009
Publication
In this paper safety considerations related to the operation of proton-exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysers (hydrogen production capacity up to 1 Nm3/h and operating pressure up to 130 bars) are presented. These results were obtained in the course of the GenHyPEM project a research program on high-pressure PEM water electrolysis supported by the European Commission. Experiments were made using a high-pressure electrolysis stack de Read More
Hydrogen Storage: Thermodynamic Analysis of Alkyl-Quinolines and Alkyl-Pyridines as Potential Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC)
Dec 2021
Publication
The liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) are aromatic molecules which can be considered as an attractive option for the storage and transport of hydrogen. A considerable amount of hydrogen up to 7–8% wt. can be loaded and unloaded with a reversible chemical reaction. Substituted quinolines and pyridines are available from petroleum coal processing and wood preservation or they can be synthesized from aniline. Quinolines and pyridines c Read More
Hydrogen Safety Aspects Related to High Pressure - PEM Water Electrolysis
Sep 2007
Publication
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis has demonstrated its potentialities in terms of cell efficiency (energy consumption ≈ 4.0-4.2 kW/Nm3 H2) and gas purity (> 99.99% H2). Current research activities are aimed at increasing operating pressure up to several hundred bars for direct storage of hydrogen in pressurized vessels. Compared to atmospheric pressure electrolysis high-pressure operation yields additional problems especially wit Read More
Modelling of Lean Uniform and Non-Uniform Hydrogen-Air Mixture Explosions in a Closed Vessel
Sep 2009
Publication
Simulation of hydrogen-air mixture explosions in a closed large-scale vessel with uniform and nonuniform mixture compositions was performed by the group of partners within the EC funded project “Hydrogen Safety as an Energy Carrier” (HySafe). Several experiments were conducted previously by Whitehouse et al. in a 10.7 m3 vertically oriented (5.7-m high) cylindrical facility with different hydrogen-air mixture compositions. Two particular experiments we Read More
Catalysts for Hydrogen Removal: Kinetic Paradox and Functioning at High Concentration of Hydrogen
Sep 2009
Publication
Platinum metals dispersed on a porous carrier e.g. -Al2O3 are used as catalysts for removal of small amounts of hydrogen from the air where the excess of oxygen is significant.The recombination reaction of H2 and O2 on smooth platinum proceeds at a high rate only in gas mixes with an excess of hydrogen. When the concentration of oxygen exceeds that of hydrogen in terms of stoichiometric ratio the process slows down sharply and eventually stops Read More
Performance-Based Requirements for Hydrogen Detection Allocation and Actuation
Sep 2009
Publication
The hydrogen detection system is a key component of the hydrogen safety systems (HSS). Any HSS forms a second layer of protection for the assets under accidental conditions when a first layer of protection - passive protection systems (separation at “safe” distance natural ventilation) are inoperable or failed. In this report a performance-based risk-informed methodology for establishing of the explicit quantitative requirements for hydrogen detectors all Read More
Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Hydrogen-fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System for Micro-grid Applications - Effect of Failure and Degradation on Transient Performance
May 2020
Publication
We use a detailed solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) model for micro-grid applications to analyze the effect of failure and degradation on system performance. Design and operational constraints on a component and system level are presented. A degrees of freedom analysis identifies controlled and manipulated system variables which are important for control. Experimental data are included to model complex degradation phenomena of the SOFC unit. Ra Read More
Failure of PEM Water Electrolysis Cells: Case Study Involving Anode Dissolution and Membrane Thinning
Sep 2013
Publication
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is an efficient and environmental friendly method that can be used for the production of molecular hydrogen of electrolytic grade using zero-carbon power sources such as renewable and nuclear. However market applications are asking for cost reduction and performances improvement. This can be achieved by increasing operating current density and lifetime of operation. Concerning performance Read More
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Hydrogen Gas Auto-ignition
Sep 2007
Publication
This paper describes hydrogen self-ignition as a result of the formation of a shock wave in front of a high-pressure hydrogen gas propagating in the tube and the semi-confined space for which the numerical and experimental investigation was done. An increase in the temperature behind the shock wave leads to the ignition on the contact surface of the mixture of combustible gas with air. The required condition of combustible self-ignition is to maintain the Read More
Research of Nanomaterials as Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Jan 2022
Publication
This paper has experimentally proved that hydrogen accumulates in large quantities in metal-ceramic and pocket electrodes of alkaline batteries during their operation. Hydrogen accumulates in the electrodes in an atomic form. After the release of hydrogen from the electrodes a powerful exothermic reaction of atomic hydrogen recombination with a large energy release occurs. This exothermic reaction is the cause of thermal runaway in alkaline batteries Read More
Effect of Vanadium-alloying on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Austenitic High-nitrogen Steels
Dec 2018
Publication
The effect of hydrogen on tensile behavior and fracture mechanisms of V-alloying and V-free high-nitrogen austenitic steels was evaluated. Two steels with the chemical compositions of Fe-23Cr–17Mn–0.1C–0.6N (0V-HNS) and Fe-19Cr–22Mn–1.5V–0.3C–0.9N (1.5V-HNS) were electrochemically hydrogen-charged in NaCl water-solution for 100 hours. According to X-ray diffraction analysis and TEM researches V-alloying promotes particle strengthening of the 1. Read More
A Critical Review of Renewable Hydrogen Production Methods: Factors Affecting Their Scale-Up and Its Role in Future Energy Generation
Feb 2022
Publication
An increase in human activities and population growth have significantly increased the world’s energy demands. The major source of energy for the world today is from fossil fuels which are polluting and degrading the environment due to the emission of greenhouse gases. Hydrogen is an identified efficient energy carrier and can be obtained through renewable and non-renewable sources. An overview of renewable sources of hydrogen production w Read More
Features of the Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking Mechanism in the Low-Carbon Steel at Ex- and In-situ Hydrogen Charging
Dec 2018
Publication
Hydrogen embrittlement has been intensively studied in the past. However its governing mechanism is still under debate. Particularly the details of the formation of specific cleavage-like or quasi-cleavage fracture surfaces related to hydrogen embrittled steels are unclear yet. Recently it has been found that the fracture surface of the hydrogen charged and tensile tested low-carbon steel exhibits quasi-cleavage facets having specific smoothly curved s Read More
Stationary Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Railway Electrification: A Review
Sep 2021
Publication
This article provides an overview of modern technologies and implemented projects in the field of renewable energy systems for the electrification of railway transport. In the first part the relevance of the use of renewable energy on the railways is discussed. Various types of power-generating systems in railway stations and platforms along the track as well as in separate areas are considered. The focus is on wind and solar energy conversion systems. The Read More
The Role of Hydrocarbons in the Global Energy Agenda: The Focus on Liquefied Natural Gas
May 2020
Publication
Presently there is a paradoxical situation in the global energy market related to a gap between the image of hydrocarbon resources (HCR) and their real value for the economy. On the one hand we face an increase in expected HCR production and consumption volumes both in the short and long term. On the other hand we see the formation of the image of HCR and associated technologies as an unacceptable option without enough attention to the diff Read More
Selected Aspects of Hydrogen Production via Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrocarbons
Feb 2021
Publication
Owing to the high hydrogen content hydrocarbons are considered as an alternative source for hydrogen energy purposes. Complete decomposition of hydrocarbons results in the formation of gaseous hydrogen and solid carbonaceous by-product. The process is complicated by the methane formation reaction when the released hydrogen interacts with the formed carbon deposits. The present study is focused on the effects of the reaction mixtu Read More
Flare Gas Monetization and Greener Hydrogen Production via Combination with Crypto Currency Mining and Carbon Dioxide Capture
Jan 2022
Publication
In view of the continuous debates on the environmental impact of blockchain technologies in particular crypto currency mining accompanied by severe carbon dioxide emissions a technical solution has been considered assuming direct monetization of associated petroleum gas currently being flared. The proposed approach is based on the technology of low-temperature steam reforming of hydrocarbons which allows flare gas conditioning towards Read More
Investigation of Structure of AlN Thin Films Using Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Feb 2020
Publication
This study focuses on structural imperfections caused by hydrogen impurities in AlN thin films obtained using atomic layer deposition method (ALD). Currently there is a severe lack of studies regarding the presence of hydrogen in the bulk of AlN films. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is one of the few methods that allow detection bonds of light elements in particular - hydrogen. Hydrogen is known to be a frequent contaminant in AlN films grown Read More
The Microstructure Study of the Hydrogenated Titanium Specimens Tested at High Temperature Creep for Long-term Tensile Strength
Feb 2020
Publication
Experimental tests of flat titanium samples at a temperature of 450 °C stretched with a constant force up to destruction were carried out. Titanium samples were hydrogenated in the Moscow Aviation Institute laboratory to a hydrogen content of 0.1 % 0.3 % and 0.6 % by weight of the specimen and then tested in the laboratory of Lomonosov Moscow State University. From the experiments the time to failure the localization time of the deformations and the Read More
On Flame Ball-to-Deflagration Transition in Hydrogen-air Mixtures
Sep 2021
Publication
Ultra-lean hydrogen-air combustion is characterized by two phenomena: the difference in upward and downward flame propagation concentration limits and the incomplete combustion. The clear answers on the two basic questions are still absent: What is a reason and what is a mechanism for their manifestation? Problem statement and the principal research topics of the Flame Ball to Deflagration Transition (FBDT) phenomenon in gaseous h Read More
Prospects and Obstacles for Green Hydrogen Production in Russia
Jan 2021
Publication
Renewable energy is considered the one of the most promising solutions to meet sustainable development goals in terms of climate change mitigation. Today we face the problem of further scaling up renewable energy infrastructure which requires the creation of reliable energy storages environmentally friendly carriers like hydrogen and competitive international markets. These issues provoke the involvement of resource-based countries in the energy tra Read More
On the Use of Hydrogen in Confined Spaces: Results from the Internal Project InsHyde
Sep 2009
Publication
Alexandros G. Venetsanos,
Paul Adams,
Inaki Azkarate,
A. Bengaouer,
Marco Carcassi,
Angunn Engebø,
E. Gallego,
Olav Roald Hansen,
Stuart J. Hawksworth,
Thomas Jordan,
Armin Keßler,
Sanjay Kumar,
Vladimir V. Molkov,
Sandra Nilsen,
Ernst Arndt Reinecke,
M. Stöcklin,
Ulrich Schmidtchen,
Andrzej Teodorczyk,
D. Tigreat,
N. H. A. Versloot and
L. Boon-Brett
The paper presents an overview of the main achievements of the internal project InsHyde of the HySafe NoE. The scope of InsHyde was to investigate realistic small-medium indoor hydrogen leaks and provide recommendations for the safe use/storage of indoor hydrogen systems. Additionally InsHyde served to integrate proposals from HySafe work packages and existing external research projects towards a common effort. Following a state of t Read More
Decarbonizing Russia: Leapfrogging from Fossil Fuel to Hydrogen
Jan 2022
Publication
We examine a different approach to complete the decarbonization of the Russian economy in a world where climate policy increasingly requires the radical reduction of emissions wherever possible. We propose an energy system that can supply solar and wind-generated electricity to fulfill demand and which accounts for intermittency problems. This is instead of the common approach of planning for expensive carbon capture and storage and a massiv Read More
Cell Failure Mechanisms in PEM Water Electrolyzers
Sep 2011
Publication
PEM water electrolysis offers an efficient and flexible way to produce “green-hydrogen” from renewable (intermittent) energy sources. Most research papers published in the open literature on the subject are addressing performances issues and to date very few information is available concerning the mechanisms of performance degradation and the associated consequences. Results reported in this communication have been used to analyze the failure mec Read More
Deflagration-to-detonation Transition in Highly Reactive Combustible Mixtures
Sep 2011
Publication
High resolution numerical simulations used to study the mechanism of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). The computations solved two-dimensional time-dependent reactive Navier-Stokes equations including the effects of compressibility molecular diffusion thermal conduction viscosity and detailed chemical kinetics for the reactive species with subsequent chain branching production of radicals and energy release. It is shown that from the be Read More
Syngas Explosion Reactivity in Steam Methane Reforming Process
Sep 2013
Publication
During the synthesis of hydrogen by methane steam reforming mixtures composed of H2 CH4 CO and CO2 are produced in the process. In this work the explosion reactivity of these mixtures on the basis of detonation cell size and laminar flame speed is calculated using a reactant assimilation simplification and a kinetic approach. The detonation cells width are calculated using the Cell_CH Kurchatov institute method and the laminar flame velocities ar Read More
Explosion Hazard of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures in the Large Volumes
Sep 2007
Publication
The report deals with the investigation of non-stationary combustion of hydrogen-air mixtures extremely relevant to the issues of safety. Considered are the conditions of its formation and development in the tubes in the conic element and in the spherical 12-m diameter chamber. The report shows that at the formation of non-stationary combustion in the conic element in its top the pressure can develop exceeding 1000 atmospheres. It is also shown tha Read More
Full Suppression of Hydrogen Explosion Using Phlegmatization Additives- Experimental Results
Sep 2011
Publication
The paper presents results of experimental investigations of different phlegmatizator substances and its binary compounds used for full hydrogen combustion suppression. The work was performed in experimental facilities of three different scales (small medium and large) at normal initial pressure and temperature range 20 ⎯ 120 °С. Ten individual substances and six binary compounds were tested in a small scale experiments. Three individual halogen contain Read More
Hydrogen Self-Ignition In Pressure Relief Devices
Sep 2009
Publication
In future pressure relief devices (PRDs) should be installed on hydrogen vehicles to prevent a hydrogen container burst in the event of a nearby fire. Weakening of the container at elevated temperature could result in such burst. In this case the role of a PRD is to release some or all of the system fluid in the event of an abnormally high pressure. The paper analyzes the possibility of hydrogen self-ignition at PRD operation and ways of its prevention.
A Comparison Exercise on the CFD Detonation Simulation in Large Scale Confined Volumes
Sep 2009
Publication
The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier is going to widen exponentially in the next years. In order to ensure the public acceptance of the new fuel not only the environmental impact has to be excellent but also the risk management of its handling and storage must be improved. As a part of modern risk assessment procedure CFD modeling of the accident scenario development must provide reliable data on the possible pressure loads resulted fro Read More
Hydrogen Subsonic Upward Release and Dispersion Experiments in Closed Cylindrical Vessel
Sep 2007
Publication
Report presents the preliminary experimental results on hydrogen subsonic leakage in a closed vessel under the well-controlled boundary/initial conditions. Formation of hydrogen-air gas mixture cloud was studied for a transient (10 min) upward hydrogen leakage which was followed by subsequent evolution (15 min) of explosive cloud. Low-intensity ( 0.46⋅10−3 m3/sec) hydrogen release was performed via circular (diameter 0.014 m) orifice located in the Read More
Estimation of Uncertainty in Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Applications
Sep 2011
Publication
Hydrogen technologies such as hydrogen fuelled vehicles and refuelling stations are being tested in practice in a number of projects (e.g. HyFleet-Cute and Whistler project) giving valuable information on the reliability and maintenance requirements. In order to establish refuelling stations the permitting authorities request qualitative and quantitative risk assessments to show the safety and acceptability in terms of failure frequencies and respectiv Read More
Integration of Experimental Facilities: A Joint Effort for Establishing a Common Knowledge Base in Experimental Work on Hydrogen Safety
Sep 2009
Publication
With regard to the goals of the European HySafe Network research facilities are essential for the experimental investigation of relevant phenomena for testing devices and safety concepts as well as for the generation of validation data for the various numerical codes and models. The integrating activity ‘Integration of Experimental Facilities (IEF)’ has provided basic support for jointly performed experimental work within HySafe. Even beyond the fu Read More
Safe Storage of Compressed Hydrogen at Ambient and Cryogenic Temperatures in Flexible Glass Capillaries
Sep 2013
Publication
We have demonstrated that the strength of produced flexible quartz capillaries can be high enough to withstand the internal hydrogen pressure up to 233 MPa at normal and cryogenic temperature. According to the experimental results the cryo-compressed storage of hydrogen in the capillaries at moderate pressure can enable one to reach DOE 2015 aims for the gravimetric and volumetric capacities of vessels for the safe mobile hydrogen storage. F Read More
Complex Methods of Estimation Technological Strength of Welded Joints in Welding at Low Temperatures
Feb 2021
Publication
A comprehensive methodology for estimating the technological strength of welded joints are developed based on parameters reflecting the welding technology weldability hydrogen force and deformation conditions for welding and other informative parameters that correlate with the characteristics of the welded joint as well as improving existing methods for estimating the technological strength of welded joints connections through the introduction Read More
Hydrogen Accumulation and Distribution in Pipeline Steel in Intensified Corrosion Conditions
Apr 2019
Publication
Hydrogen accumulation and distribution in pipeline steel under conditions of enhanced corrosion has been studied. The XRD analysis optical spectrometry and uniaxial tension tests reveal that the corrosion environment affects the parameters of the inner and outer surface of the steel pipeline as well as the steel pipeline bulk. The steel surface becomes saturated with hydrogen released as a reaction product during insignificant methane dissociation. Read More
Magnesium Based Materials for Hydrogen Based Energy Storage: Past, Present and Future
Jan 2019
Publication
Volodymyr A. Yartys,
Mykhaylo V. Lototskyy,
Etsuo Akiba,
Rene Albert,
V. E. Antonov,
Jose-Ramón Ares,
Marcello Baricco,
Natacha Bourgeois,
Craig Buckley,
José Bellosta von Colbe,
Jean-Claude Crivello,
Fermin Cuevas,
Roman V. Denys,
Martin Dornheim,
Michael Felderhoff,
David M. Grant,
Bjørn Christian Hauback,
Terry D. Humphries,
Isaac Jacob,
Petra E. de Jongh,
Jean-Marc Joubert,
Mikhail A. Kuzovnikov,
Michel Latroche,
Mark Paskevicius,
Luca Pasquini,
L. Popilevsky,
Vladimir M. Skripnyuk,
Eugene I. Rabkin,
M. Veronica Sofianos,
Alastair D. Stuart,
Gavin Walker,
Hui Wang,
Colin Webb,
Min Zhu and
Torben R. Jensen
Magnesium hydride owns the largest share of publications on solid materials for hydrogen storage. The “Magnesium group” of international experts contributing to IEA Task 32 “Hydrogen Based Energy Storage” recently published two review papers presenting the activities of the group focused on magnesium hydride based materials and on Mg based compounds for hydrogen and energy storage. This review article not only overviews the lat Read More
Sensitivity to Detonation and Detonation Cellular Structure of H2-O2-AIr-H2O2 Gas Mixtures
Sep 2005
Publication
Today it is not known – neither qualitatively not quantitatively - how large the impact can be of the promoters on sensitivity to hydrogen-air detonation in hypothetical accidents at hydrogen-containing installations transport or storage facilities. Report goal is to estimate theoretically an effect of hydrogen-peroxide (as representative promoter) on sensitivity to detonation of the stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen gas mixtures. The classical H2-O2-Ar (2: Read More
Development of Hydrogen Sensors and Recombiners
Sep 2005
Publication
Hydrogen energy is very promising as it ensures a high efficiency and ecological cleanliness of energy conversion. The goal of the present work is to provide the analysis of hydrogen safety aspects and to prescribe methods of safety operation with hydrogen. The authors conducted a hazard analysis of hydrogen operation and storage in comparison with other fuels. Good ventilation is the main hydrogen operation requirement. Besides an effective way of p Read More
Critical Morphological Phenomena During Ultra-lean Hydrogen-air Combustion in Closed Horizontal Hele-Shaw Cell
Sep 2021
Publication
Free quasi-two-dimensional outward propagation of the ultra-lean hydrogen-air flames was studied in a horizontal closed flat channel in order to minimize the influences of gravity and natural convection. Experiments were carried out with a sequential change of initial hydrogen concentration in the premixed gaseous hydrogen-air mixtures in the range from 3 to 12 vol. % H2 under normal pressure and temperature conditions. Two types Read More
The Hydrogen Energy Infrastructure Development in Japan
Nov 2018
Publication
The actual start of the full-scale hydrogen energy infrastructure operations is scheduled to 2020 in Japan. The scope of factors and policy for the hydrogen infrastructure development in Japan is made. The paper provides observation for the major undergoing and already done projects for each link within hydrogen infrastructure chain – from production to end-user applications. Implications for the Russian energy policy are provided.
Metallurgical Model of Diffusible Hydrogen and Non-Metallic Slag Inclusions in Underwater Wet Welding of High-Strength Steel
Nov 2020
Publication
High susceptibility to cold cracking induced by diffusible hydrogen and hydrogen embrittlement are major obstacles to greater utilization of underwater wet welding for high-strength steels. The aim of the research was to develop gas–slag systems for flux-cored wires that have high metallurgical activity in removal of hydrogen and hydroxyl groups. Thermodynamic modeling and experimental research confirmed that a decrease in the concentration Read More
Pd Catalysts Supported on Bamboo-Like Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Production
Mar 2021
Publication
Bamboo-like nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) were used to synthesize supported palladium catalysts (0.2–2 wt.%) for hydrogen production via gas phase formic acid decomposition. The beneficial role of nitrogen centers of N-CNTs in the formation of active isolated palladium ions and dispersed palladium nanoparticles was demonstrated. It was shown that although the surface layers of N-CNTs are enriched with graphitic nitrogen palladium first inter Read More
Mathematical Description of Energy Transition Scenarios Based on the Latest Technologies and Trends
Dec 2021
Publication
This work dedicated to a mathematical description of energy transition scenarios consists of three main parts. The first part describes modern trends and problems of the energy sector. A large number of charts reflecting the latest updates in energy are provided. The COVID-2019 pandemic’s impacts on the energy sector are also included. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the analysis of energy consumption and the structure of the world fu Read More
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