United Kingdom

Direct gaseous fuel injection in internal combustion engines is a potential strategy for improving in-cylinder combustion processes and performance while reducing emissions and increasing hydrogen energy share (HES). Through use of numerical modelling the current study explores combustion in a compression ignition engine utilising a late compression/early power stroke direct gaseous hydrogen injection ignited by a diesel pilot at up to 99% Read More

Industry is the biggest sector of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions whose decarbonisation is essential to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Carbon capture energy efficiency improvement and hydrogen are among the main strategies for industrial decarbonization. However novel approaches are needed to address the key requirements and differences between sectors to ensure they can work together to well integrat Read More

This review presents a state-of-the-art of geochemical geomechanical and hydrodynamic modelling studies in the Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) domain. Geochemical modelling assessed the reactivity of hydrogen and res pective fluctuations in hydrogen losses using kinetic reaction rates rock mineralogy brine salinity and the integration of hydrogen redox reactions. Existing geomechanics studies offer an array of coupled hydromechanic Read More

Renewable energies such as the wind energy and solar energy generate low-carbon electricity which can directly charge battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Meanwhile the surplus electricity can be used to produce the “green hydrogen” which provides zero-emission hydrogen fuels to those fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). In order to charge/refuel multi-energy vehicles we propose a novel scheme of hybrid hydrogen/electricity supply using cryogenic Read More

Green energy is at the forefront of current policy research and engineering but some of the potential fuels require either a lot of deeper research or a lot of infrastructure before they can be implemented. In the case of hydrogen both are true. This report aims to analyse the potential of hydrogen as a future fuel source by performing a life-cycle assessment. Through this the well-to-tank phase of fuel production and the usage phase of the system have bee Read More

This document is phase 2 of the energy storage strategy study and it covers the storage challenges of the energy transition. We start in section 3 by covering historical and current natural gas imports into the UK and what these could look like in the future. In section 4 we explore what demand for hydrogen could look like – this has a high level of uncertainty and future policy decisions will have significant impacts on hydrogen volumes and annual variations. Read More

This paper presents the HEGIT (Heat Electricity and Gas Infrastructure and Technology) model for optimal infrastructure planning for decarbonising heating in buildings. HEGIT is an optimisation model based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming. The model co-optimises the integrated operation and capacity expansion planning of electricity and gas grids as well as heating technologies on the consumer side while maintaining the security of supply and s Read More

This is a summary report of a study which aimed to understand the safety feasibility cost and impacts for 7 industrial sites to switch from natural gas to 100% hydrogen for heating. The volunteer industrial sites:♦ are located away from industrial clusters♦ use natural gas to meet most of their energy demand♦ will likely be most impacted by decisions on the future of the natural gas gridWe have published the report in order to share its findings with other ind Read More

To achieve carbon neutrality in Japan by 2050 renewable energy needs to be used as the main energy source. Based on the constraints of various renewable energies the importance of hydrogen cannot be ignored. This study aimed to investigate the diffusion of hydrogen demand technologies in various sectors and used projections and assumptions to investigate the hydrogen supply side. By performing simulations with the E3ME-FTT model and comparin Read More

Hydrogen is considered the fuel of the future due to its cleaner nature compared to methane and gasoline. Therefore renewable hydrogen production technologies and long-term affordable and safe storage have recently attracted significant research interest. However natural underground hydrogen production and storage have received scant attention in the literature despite its great potential. As such the associated formation mechanisms g Read More

This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing explosion mitigation techniques for tunnels and evaluates their applicability in scenarios of hydrogen tank rupture in a fire. The study provides an overview of the current state of the art in tunnel explosion mitigation and discusses the challenges associated with hydrogen explosions in the context of fire incidents. The review shows that there are several approaches available to decrease the effects of Read More

This paper presents work undertaken by the HSE as part of the Hytunnel-CS project a consortium investigating safety considerations for fuel cell hydrogen (FCH) vehicles in tunnels and similar confined spaces. The test programme investigating hydrogen dispersion in tunnels involved simulating releases analogous to Thermally activated Pressure Relief Devices (TPRDs) typically found on hydrogen vehicles into the HSE Tunnel facility. The releases w Read More

This study investigates methods for reducing air pollution in the shipping sector particularly in port areas. The study examines the use of fuel cells as an alternative to diesel generators. Environmental pollution at ports remains a critical issue so using fuel cells as an alternative to conventional energy systems warrants further research. This study compares commercial fuel cell types that can be used on a case study very large crude carrier (VLCC) vesse Read More

With the growing demand for green technologies hydrogen energy devices such as Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells and water electrolysers have received accelerated developments. However the materials and manufacturing cost of these technologies are still relatively expensive which impedes their widespread commercialization. Additive Manufacturing (AM) commonly termed 3D Printing (3DP) with its advanced capabilities could be a potentia Read More

Distributed waste-to-hydrogen (WtH) systems are a potential solution to tackle the dual challenges of sustainable waste management and zero emission transport. Here we propose a concept of distributed WtH systems based on gasification and fermentation to support hydrogen fuel cell buses in Glasgow. A variety of WtH scenarios were configured based on biomass waste feedstock hydrogen production reactors and upstream and downstream syste Read More

The growing need for hydrogen indicates that there is likely to be a demand for transporting hydrogen. Hydrogen pipelines are an economical option but the issue of hydrogen damage to pipeline steels needs to be studied and investigated. So far limited research has been dedicated to determining how the choice of inspection method for pipeline integrity management changes depending on the presence of a coating. Thus this review aims to evaluate the ef Read More

Reducing industrial emissions to achieve net-zero targets by the middle of the century will require profound and sustained changes to how energy intensive industries operate. Preliminary activity is now underway with governments of several developed economies starting to implement policy and providing funding to support the deployment of low carbon infrastructure into high emitting industrial clusters. While clusters appear to offer the economies Read More

To situate its low-carbon transition process in longer-term real-world business contexts this article makes a longitudinal analysis of the UK petrochemical industry focusing on changing economic and socio-political environments and company strategies in the last 50 years. Using the Triple Embeddedness Framework the paper identifies two parallel and conflicting reorientation processes in the UK petrochemical industry. The first one which started in Read More

This paper describes the performance of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) composite tanks of Type IV in fires of realistic intensity HRR/A=1 MW/m2 in conditions of first responders’ intervention. This breakthrough safety technology does not require the use of thermally activated pressure relief devices (TPRD). It provides microleaks-no-burst (LNB) performance of high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks in a fire. Two fire intervention strate Read More

Green hydrogen is often promoted as a key facilitator for the clean energy transition but its implementation raises concerns around energy justice. This paper examines the socio-political and techno-economic challenges that green hydrogen projects may pose to the three tenets of energy justice: distributive procedural and recognition justice. From a socio-political perspective the risk of neocolonial resource extraction uneven distribution of benefits ex Read More

The MultHyFuel project aims to develop evidence-based guidelines for the safe implementation of Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRS) in a multi-fuel context. As a part of the generation of good practice guidelines for HRS Hazardous Area Classification (HAC) methodologies were analyzed and applied to case studies representing example configurations of HRS. It has been anticipated that Negligible Extent (NE) classifications might be applicable for sections of t Read More

This work investigated hydrogen production from biomass feedstocks (i.e. glucose starch lignin and cellulose) using a 100 mL h-type proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell. Biomass electrolysis is a promising process for hydrogen production although low in technology readiness level but with a series of recognised advantages: (i) lower-temperature conditions (compared to thermochemical processes) (ii) minimal energy consumption and low-co Read More

Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) plays a critical role in ensuring the stability and security of the future clean energy supply. However the efficiency and reliability of UHS technology depend heavily on the careful and criteria-driven selection of suitable storage sites. This study presents a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making framework integrating the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Preference Ranking Organisation Method for Enrichment of Ev Read More

This paper presents work undertaken by the HSE as part of the Hytunnel-CS project a consortium investigating safety considerations for fuel cell hydrogen (FCH) vehicles in tunnels and similar confined spaces.Hydrogen vehicles typically have a Thermally activated Pressure Release Device (TPRD) providing protection to the on-board storage of the vehicle. Upon activation the content of the vessel is released in a blowdown. The release of this hydroge Read More

As an important energy source to achieve carbon neutrality green hydrogen has always faced the problems of high use cost and unsatisfactory environmental benefits due to its remote production areas. Therefore a liquid-gaseous cascade green hydrogen delivery scheme is proposed in this article. In this scheme green hydrogen is liquefied into high-density and low-pressure liquid hydrogen to enable the transport of large quantities of green hy Read More