China, People’s Republic

Solar-driven hydrogen production from water using particulate photocatalysts is considered the most economical and effective approach to produce hydrogen fuel with little environmental concern. However the efficiency of hydrogen production from water in particulate photocatalysis systems is still low. Here we propose an efficient biphase photocatalytic system composed of integrated photothermal–photocatalytic materials that use charred wood substrates to convert liquid water to water steam simultaneously splitting hydrogen under light illumination without additional energy. The photothermal–photocatalytic system exhibits biphase interfaces of photothermally-generated steam/photocatalyst/hydrogen which significantly reduce the interface barrier and drastically lower the transport resistance of the hydrogen gas by nearly two orders of magnitude. In this work an impressive hydrogen production rate up to 220.74 μmol h−1 cm−2 in the particulate photocatalytic systems has been achieved based on the wood/CoO system demonstrating that the photothermal–photocatalytic biphase system is cost-effective and greatly advantageous for practical applications.

Efficient and robust control strategies can greatly contribute to the reliability of fuel cell systems and a stable output voltage is a key criterion for evaluating a fuel cell system's reliability as a power source. In this study a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) system model is developed and its performances under different operating conditions are studied. Then two different novel controllers—a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller and a model predictive control (MPC) controller—are proposed and applied in the PEFC system to control its output voltage at a desired value by regulating the hydrogen and air flow rates at the same time which features a multi‐input and single‐output control problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the developed PEFC system model is qualified to capture the system's behaviour. And both the developed PID and MPC controllers are effective at controlling the PEFC system's output voltage. While the MPC controller presents superior performance with faster response and smaller overshoot. The proposed MPC controller can be easily employed in various control applications for fuel cell systems.

Hydrogen production from biomass pyrolysis is economically and technologically attractive from the perspectives of energy and the environment. The two-stage catalytic pyrolysis of pine sawdust for hydrogen-rich gas production is investigated using nano-NiO/Al2O3 as the catalyst at high temperatures. The influences of residence time (0–30 s) and catalytic temperature (500–800 ◦C) on pyrolysis performance are examined in the distribution of pyrolysis products gas composition and gas properties. The results show that increasing the residence time decreased the solid and liquid products but increased gas products. Longer residence times could promote tar cracking and gas-phase conversion reactions and improve the syngas yield H2/CO ratio and carbon conversion. The nano-NiO/A12O3 exhibits excellent catalytic activity for tar removal with a tar conversion rate of 93% at 800 ◦C. The high catalytic temperature could significantly improve H2 and CO yields by enhancing the decomposition of tar and gas-phase reactions between CO2 and CH4 . The increasing catalytic temperature increases the dry gas yield and carbon conversion but decreases the H2/CO ratio and low heating value.

Managing the concentration of atmospheric CO₂ requires a multifaceted engineering strategy which remains a highly challenging task. Reducing atmospheric CO₂ (CO2R) by converting it to value-added chemicals in a carbon neutral footprint manner must be the ultimate goal. The latest progress in CO2R through either abiotic (artificial catalysts) or biotic (natural enzymes) processes is reviewed herein. Abiotic CO2R can be conducted in the aqueous phase that usually leads to the formation of a mixture of CO formic acid and hydrogen. By contrast a wide spectrum of hydrocarbon species is often observed by abiotic CO2R in the gaseous phase. On the other hand biotic CO2R is often conducted in the aqueous phase and a wide spectrum of value-added chemicals are obtained. Key to the success of the abiotic process is understanding the surface chemistry of catalysts which significantly governs the reactivity and selectivity of CO2R. However in biotic CO2R operation conditions and reactor design are crucial to reaching a neutral carbon footprint. Future research needs to look toward neutral or even negative carbon footprint CO2R processes. Having a deep insight into the scientific and technological aspect of both abiotic and biotic CO2R would advance in designing efficient catalysts and microalgae farming systems. Integrating the abiotic and biotic CO2R such as microbial fuel cells further diversifies the spectrum of CO2R.

Producing hydrogen by water electrolysis suffers from the kinetic barriers in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that limits the overall efficiency. With spin-dependent kinetics in OER to manipulate the spin ordering of ferromagnetic OER catalysts (e.g. by magnetization) can reduce the kinetic barrier. However most active OER catalysts are not ferromagnetic which makes the spin manipulation challenging. In this work we report a strategy with spin pinning effect to make the spins in paramagnetic oxyhydroxides more aligned for higher intrinsic OER activity. The spin pinning effect is established in oxideFM/oxyhydroxide interface which is realized by a controlled surface reconstruction of ferromagnetic oxides. Under spin pinning simple magnetization further increases the spin alignment and thus the OER activity which validates the spin effect in rate-limiting OER step. The spin polarization in OER highly relies on oxyl radicals (O∙) created by 1st dehydrogenation to reduce the barrier for subsequent O-O coupling.

The grand challenges in renewable energy lie in our ability to comprehend efficient energy conversion systems together with dealing with the problem of intermittency via scalable energy storage systems. Relatively little progress has been made on this at grid scale and two overriding challenges still need to be addressed: (i) limiting damage to the environment and (ii) the question of environmentally friendly energy conversion. The present review focuses on a novel route for producing hydrogen the ultimate clean fuel from the Sun and renewable energy source. Hydrogen can be produced by light-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting but it is very inefficient; rather we focus here on how electric fields can be applied to metal oxide/water systems in tailoring the interplay with their intrinsic electric fields and in how this can alter and boost PEC activity drawing both on experiment and non-equilibrium molecular simulation.

According to new findings the use of alternative energy sources such as wind energy is needed to supply the energy demand of future generations. On the other hand combined renewable energy systems can be more efficient than their stand-alone systems. Therefore clean energy-based hybrid energy systems can be a suitable solution for fossil fuels. However for their widespread commercialization more detailed and powerful studies are needed. On the other hand in order to attain sustainable development for the use of renewable energy sources due to their nature energy storage is required. The motivation of this study is introduce and examine a new energy system performance for the production of electricity and hydrogen fuel as well as energy storage. So this paper presents the energy and exergy operation of a hybrid wind turbine water electrolyzer and Pumped-hydro-compressed air system. The electricity produced by the wind turbine is used to produce hydrogen fuel in electrolyzer and the excess energy is stored using the storage system. It was found that the electrolyzer needed 512.6 W of electricity to generate 5 mol/h of hydrogen fuel which was supplied by a 10 kW-wind turbine. In such a context the efficiency of the process was 74.93%. Furthermore on average the isothermal process requires 17.53% less storage capacity than the isentropic process. The effect of key parameters such as rate of hydrogen fuel production operating pressures wind speed and components efficiency on the process operation is also examined.

In this study hydrogen-storage glass microballoons were introduced into emulsion explosives to improve the detonation performance of the explosives. The effect of hydrogen-storage pressure on the detonation characteristics of emulsion explosives was systematically investigated. Detonation velocity experiments shows that the change of sensitizing gas and the increase of hydrogen pressure have different effects on the detonation velocity. The experimental parameters of underwater explosion increase first and then decreases with the increase of hydrogen pressure. The decrease of these parameters indicates that the strength of glass microballoons is the limiting factor to improve the detonation performance of hydrogen-storage emulsion explosives. Compared with the traditional emulsion explosives the maximum peak pressure of shock wave of hydrogen-storage emulsion explosives increases by 10.6% at 1.0 m and 10.2% at 1.2 m the maximum values of shock impulse increase by 5.7% at 1.0 m and 19.4% at 1.2 m. The stored hydrogen has dual effects of sensitizers and energetic additives which can improve the energy output of emulsion explosives.

The electrolysis of water for sustainable hydrogen producing is a crucial segment of various emerging clean-energy technologies. However pursuing an efficient and cheap alternative catalyst to substitute state-of-the-art platinum-group electrocatalysts remains a prerequisite for the commercialization of this technology. Typically precious-metal-free catalysts have always much lower activities towards hydrogen production than that of Pt-group catalysts. To explore high-performance catalysts maximally exposed active sites rapid charge transfer ability and desirable electronic configuration are essentially demanded. Herein the fundamentals of hydrogen evolution reaction will be briefly described and the main focus will be on the interfacial engineering strategies by means of constructing defect structure creating heterojunction phase engineering lattice strain control designing hierarchical architecture and doping heteroatoms to effectively proliferate the catalytic active sites facilitate the electron diffusion and regulate the electronic configuration of numerous transition metals and their nitrides carbides sulfides phosphides as well as oxides achieving a benchmark performance of platinum-free electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. This review unambiguously offers proof that the conventional cheap and earth-abundant transition metal-based substances can be translated into an active water splitting catalyst by the rational and controllable interfacial designing.

The effects of hot stamping (HS) and tempering on the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) behavior of a low-carbon boron-alloyed steel were studied by using slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests on notched sheet specimens. It was found that an additional significant hydrogen desorption peak at round 65–80 °C appeared after hydrogen-charging the corresponding hydrogen concentration (CHr) of the HS specimen was higher than that of the directed quenched (DQ) specimen and subsequent low-temperature tempering gave rise to a decrease of CHr. The DQ specimen exhibited a comparatively high HE susceptibility while tempering treatment at 100 °C could notably alleviate it by a relative decrease of ~24% at no expanse of strength and ductility. The HS specimen demonstrated much lower HE susceptibility compared with the DQ specimen and tempering at 200 °C could further alleviate its HE susceptibility. SEM analysis of fractured SSRT surfaces revealed that the DQ specimen showed a mixed transgranular-intergranular fracture while the HS and low-temperature tempered specimens exhibited a predominant quasi-cleavage transgranular fracture. Based on the obtained results we propose that a modified HS process coupled with low-temperature tempering treatment is a promising and feasible approach to ensure a low HE susceptibility for high-strength automobile parts made of this type of steel.

The composites comprised of Co nanoparticle and C nanosheet were prepared though a high-temperature carbonization reaction. The catalysis of Co@C composites on the hydrogen storage behavior of Mg₉₀Ce₅Y₅ alloy was investigated in detail by XRD SEM TEM PCI and DSC method. Because of the synergistic catalytic function of C and Co in C@Co nanocomposites the Mg₉₀Ce₅Y₅ alloy with 10 wt.% C@Co shows the excellent hydrogen absorption and desorption performances. Time for releasing hydrogen reduces from 150 min to 11 min with the addition of the C@Co composites at the temperature of 300 °C. Meanwhile the dehydrogenation activation energy also declines from 130.3 to 81.9 kJ mol−1 H₂ after the addition of the C@Co composites. This positive effect attributes to the C layer with the high defect density and the Co nanoparticles which reduces the energy barriers for the nucleation of Mg/MgH₂ phase and the recombination of hydrogen molecule. Besides the C@Co composites also improve the activation property of the Mg₉₀Ce₅Y₅ alloy which was fully activated in the first cycle. Moreover the temperature for initial dehydrogenation and the endothermic peak of the alloy hydride were also decreased. Although the addition of the C@Co composites increases the plateau pressures and decreases the value of the decomposition enthalpy these differences are so small that the improvement on thermodynamics can hardly be seen.

During the 13th Five-Year Plan China's natural gas industry developed rapidly and a diversified supply and marketing pattern was formed including domestic conventional gas unconventional gas (shale gas tight sandstone gas coalbed methane etc.) coal-based synthetic natural gas imported LNG and imported pipeline gas. The gross calorific value of gas sources ranged from 34 MJ/m3 to 43 MJ/m3 and the maximum difference of calorific value between different gas sources exceeded 20%. On May 24th 2019 the National Development and Reform Commission and other three ministries/commissions jointly issued the Supervision Regulation on the Fair Access of Oil and Gas Pipeline Network Facilities and required that a natural gas energy measuring and pricing system shall be established within 24 months from the implementation date of this Regulation. In order to speed up the construction of China's natural gas energy measuring system this paper summarizes domestic achievements in the construction of natural gas energy measuring system from the aspects of value traceability and energy measurement standard and analyzes natural gas flowrate measurement technology calorific value determination technology value traceability localization intelligentization and application technology of key energy measurement equipment natural gas pipeline network energy balancing technology based on big data analysis multi-source quality tracking and monitoring technology and energy measurement standard system the need of new energy detection and measurement technology and put forward strategy for the development of natural gas measuring in China. And the following research results are obtained. First China's natural gas energy measuring system can basically meet the requirements of implementing natural gas energy measurement but it still falls behind the international leading level in terms of calibration and application of high-level flowmeter (such as 0.5 class) high-accuracy gas reference material level of calorific value reference equipment and measurement standard system and needs to be further improved. Second it is necessary for China to speed up the research and application of the localization and intelligentization technologies of key energy measurement equipment. Third natural gas pipeline network shall be equipped with measurement check method energy balancing system based on big data analysis and multi-source quality tracking and monitoring system so that the energy transmission loss index of natural gas pipeline network can be superior to the international leading level (0.10%). Fourth to realize the large-scale application of hydrogen energy and bio-energy and the mixed transportation of hydrogen bio-methane and natural gas it is necessary to carry out research on new technology and standardization of hydrogen/bio-methane blended natural gas detection and measurement.

Adjusting the structure of g-C₃N₄ to significantly enhance its photocatalytic activity has attracted considerable attention. Herein a novel sponge-like g-C₃N₄ with a porous structure is prepared from the annealing of protonated melamine under N2/H₂ atmosphere (PH-CN). Compared to bulk g-C₃N₄ via calcination of melamine under ambient atmosphere (B-CN) PH-CN displays thinner nanosheets and a higher surface area (150.1 m²/g) which is a benefit for shortening the diffusion distance of photoinduced carriers providing more active sites and finally favoring the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity. Moreover it can be clearly observed from the UV-vis spectrum that PH-CN displays better performance for harvesting light compared to B-CN. Additionally the PH-CN is prepared with a larger band gap of 2.88 eV with the Fermi level and conduction band potential increased and valence band potential decreased which could promote the water redox reaction. The application experiment results show that the hydrogen evolution rate on PH-CN was nearly 10 times higher than that of B-CN which was roughly 4104 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹. The method shown in this work provides an effective approach to adjust the structure of g-C₃N₄with considerable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.

Photocatalytic hydrogen production is considered as an ideal approach to solve global energy crisis and environmental pollution. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has received extensive consideration due to its facile synthesis stable physicochemical properties and easy functionalization. However the pristine g-C3N4 usually shows unsatisfactory photocatalytic activity due to the limited separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. Generally introducing semiconductors or co-catalysts to construct g–C3N4–based heterojunction photocatalysts is recognized as an effective method to solve this bottleneck. In this review the advantages and characteristics of various types of g–C3N4–based heterojunction are analyzed. Subsequently the recent progress of highly efficient g–C3N4–based heterojunction photocatalysts in the field of photocatalytic water splitting is emphatically introduced. Finally a vision of future perspectives and challenges of g–C3N4–based heterojunction photocatalysts in hydrogen production are presented. Predictably this timely review will provide valuable reference for the design of efficient heterojunctions towards photocatalytic water splitting and other photoredox reactions.

Temperature and humidity are two important interconnected factors in the performance of PEMFCs (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells). The fuel and oxidant humidity and stack temperature in a fuel cell were analyzed in this study. There are many factors that affect the temperature and humidity of the stack. We adopt the fuzzy control method of multi-input and multi-output to control the temperature and humidity of the stack. A model including a driver vehicle transmission motor air feeding electrical network stack hydrogen supply and cooling system was established to study the fuel cell performance. A fuzzy controller is proven to be better in improving the output power of fuel cells. The three control objectives are the fan speed control for regulating temperature the solenoid valve on/off control of the bubble humidifier for humidity variation and the speed of the pump for regulating temperature difference. In addition the results from the PID controller stack model and the fuzzy controller stack model are compared in this research. The fuel cell bench test has been built to validate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy control. The maximum temperature of the stack can be reduced by 5 ◦C with the fuzzy control in this paper so the fuel cell output voltage (power) increases by an average of approximately 5.8%.

In this model we used a 50 WP photovoltaic panel to produce electrical energy. This electricity production was used directly and stored in a battery. In this design we coupled batteries and hydrogen as a means of storing energy. In case of overcharging the battery it will be attached with water electrolysis to convert the excess amount of chemical energy of the battery into hydrogen energy storage. Hydrogen will be stored as a compacted gas and in chemical storage. We used PEM (proton exchange membrane) electrolysis technologies to breakdown water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen which were then stored in the designed tanks. Different supply voltages were used in our practical readings with an average gaining of 22.8 mL/min on a voltage supply of 2. While using Ansys simulation software we extrapolated hydrogen production until reaching 300 mL/min on 12 V of supply (which represents 220% higher production). By using the second phase of this model hydrogen energy was converted back into electrical energy with the help of a PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell when needed. This model explores the feasibility of energy storage in the form of hydrogen and chemical energy for off-grid communities and remote areas comprising batteries water electrolysis and fuel cells. The main purpose of hydrogen storage in this system is to store and handle the extra energy of system produced through PV panel and utilize it for any desired requirements.

The development of hydrogen energy is an effective solution to the energy and environmental crisis. Hydrogen fuel cells and energy storage cells as hybrid power have broad application prospects in the field of vehicle power. Energy management strategies are key technologies for fuel cell hybrid systems. The traditional optimization strategy is generally based on optimization under the global operating conditions. The purpose of this project is to develop a power allocation optimization method based on real-time load forecasting for fuel cell/lithium battery hybrid electric vehicles which does not depend on specific working conditions or causal control methods. This paper presents an energy-management algorithm based on real-time load forecasting using GRU neural networks to predict load requirements in the short time domain and then the local optimization problem for each predictive domain is solved using a method based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP). The algorithm adopts the idea of model prediction control (MPC) to transform the global optimization problem into a series of local optimization problems. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can achieve a good fuel-saving control effect. Compared with the rule-based strategy and equivalent hydrogen consumption strategy (ECMS) the fuel consumption is lower under two typical urban conditions. In the 1800 s driving cycle under WTCL conditions the fuel consumption under the MPC-PMP strategy is 22.4% lower than that based on the ECMS strategy and 10.3% lower than the rules-based strategy. Under CTLT conditions the fuel consumption of the MPC-PMP strategy is 13.12% lower than that of the rule-based strategy and 3.01% lower than the ECMS strategy.

Due to their environmental protection and high power generation efficiency the control technology of hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) connected to the microgrid has become a research hotspot. However when they encounter peak demand or transient events the lack of power cannot be compensated immediately by HFCs which results in sudden changes of the voltage and frequency. The improved virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy based on HFCs and supercapacitors (SCs) combined power generation system is proposed to overcome this shortcoming in this paper. The small-signal model for designing the combined system parameters is provided which are in accordance with the system loop gain phase angle margin and adjustment time requirements. Besides the voltage and current double closed-loop based on sequence control is introduced in the VSG controller. The second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) is utilized to separate the positive and negative sequence components of the output voltage. At the same time a positive and negative sequence voltage outer loop is designed to suppress the negative sequence voltage under unbalanced conditions thereby reducing the unbalance of the output voltage. Finally simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink environment verify that the proposed method has better dynamic characteristics and higher steady-state accuracy compared with the traditional VSG control

Photovoltaic (PV) is promising to supply power for residential buildings. Battery is the most widely employed storage method to mitigate the intermittence of PV and to overcome the mismatch between production and load. Hydrogen storage is another promising method that it is suitable for long-term storage. This study focuses on the comparison of self-sufficiency ratio and cost performance between battery storage and hydrogen storage for a residential building in Sweden. The results show that battery storage is superior to the hydrogen storage in the studied case. Sensitivity study of the component cost within the hydrogen storage system is also carried out. Electrolyzer cost is the most sensitive factor for improving system performance. A hybrid battery and hydrogen storage system which can harness the advantages of both battery and hydrogen storages is proposed in the last place.

The construction of hydrogen refueling stations is an important part of the promotion of fuel cell vehicles. In this paper a multi-period hydrogen refueling station location model is presented that can be applied to the planning and construction of hydrogen infrastructures. Based on the hydrogen demand of fuel cell passenger cars and commercial vehicles the model calculates the hydrogen demand of each zone by a weighting method according to population economic level and education level. Then the hydrogen demand of each period is calculated using the generalized Bass diffusion model. Finally the set covering model is improved to determine the locations of the stations. The new model is applied to the scientific planning of hydrogen refueling stations in Jiading District Shanghai; the construction location and sequence of hydrogen refueling stations in each period are given and the growth trend of hydrogen demand and the promoting effect of hydrogen refueling stations are analyzed. The model adopted in this model is then compared with the other two kinds of node-based hydrogen refueling station location models that have previously been proposed.

The development of a hydrogen energy-based society is becoming the solution for more and more countries. Fuel cell electric vehicles are the best carriers for developing a hydrogen energy-based society. The current research on hydrogen leakage and the diffusion of fuel cell electric vehicles has been sufficient. However the study of hydrogen safety has not reduced the safety concerns for society and government management departments concerning the large-scale promotion of fuel cell electric vehicles. Hydrogen safety is both a technical and psychological issue. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of fuel cell electric vehicles’ hydrogen dispersion and the burning behavior and introduce the relevant work of international standardization and global technical regulations. The CFD simulations in tunnels underground car parks and multistory car parks show that the hydrogen escape performance is excellent. At the same time the research verifies that the flow the direction of leakage and the vehicle itself are the most critical factors affecting hydrogen distribution. The impact of the leakage location and leakage pore size is much smaller. The relevant studies also show that the risk is still controllable even if the hydrogen leakage rate is increased ten times the limit of GTR 13 to 1000 NL/min and then ignited. Multi-vehicle combustion tests of fuel cell electric vehicles showed that adjacent vehicles were not ignited by the hydrogen. This shows that as long as the appropriate measures are taken the risk of a hydrogen leak or the combustion of fuel cell electric vehicles is controllable. The introduction of relevant standards and regulations also indirectly proves this point. This paper will provide product design guidelines for R&D personnel offer the latest knowledge and guidance to the regulatory agencies and increase the public’s acceptance of fuel cell electric vehicles.

Hydrogen energy leads us in an important direction in the development of clean energy and the comprehensive utilization of hydrogen energy is crucial for the low-carbon transformation of the power sector. In this paper the demand for hydrogen energy in various fields is predicted based on the support vector regression algorithm which can be converted into an equivalent electrical load when it is all produced from water electrolysis. Then the investment costs of power generators and hydrogen energy equipment are forecast considering uncertainty. Furthermore a planning model is established with the forecast data initial installed capacity and targets for carbon emission reduction as inputs and the installed capacity as well as share of various power supply and annual carbon emissions as outputs. Taking Gansu Province of China as an example the changes of power supply structure and carbon emissions under different scenarios are analysed. It can be found that hydrogen production through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy can reduce carbon emissions but will increase the demand for renewable energy generators. Appropriate planning of hydrogen storage can reduce the overall investment cost and promote a low carbon transition of the power system

Energy consumption is essential for evaluating the competitiveness of fuel cell electric vehicles. A critical step in energy consumption measurement is measuring hydrogen consumption including the mass method the P/T method and the flowmeter method. The flowmeter method has always been a research focus because of its simple operation low cost and solid real-time performance. Current research has shown the accuracy of the flowmeter method under specific conditions. However many factors in the real scenario will influence the test result such as unintended vibration environment temperature and onboard hydrogen capacity calibration. On the other hand the short-cut method is also researched to replace the run-out method to improve test efficiency. To evaluate whether the flowmeter method basing on the short-cut method can genuinely reflect the hydrogen consumption of an actual vehicle we research and test for New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and China Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle (CLTC) using the same vehicle. The results show that the short-cut method can save at least 50% of the test time compared with the run-out method. The error of the short-cut method based on the flowmeter for the NEDC working condition is less than 0.1% and for the CLTC working conditions is 8.12%. After adding a throttle valve and a 4L buffer tank the error is reduced to 4.76% from 8.12%. The test results show that hydrogen consumption measurement based on the flowmeter and short-cut method should adopt corresponding solutions according to the scenarios.

Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites have attracted great attention in high pressure hydrogen storage for its light weight and excellent mechanical properties. The degradation of residual mechanical properties at elevated temperature from 20 °C to 450 °C were studied experimentally. The effects of temperature on the tensile strength and failure mode of the composite specimens with stacking sequences of 0° 90° and ±45° (labeled as CF0 CF90 and CF 45) were systematically analyzed followed by the fracture surfaces examination. Results show that the tensile strength residual ratios of the three kinds of specimens decrease significantly with heating temperature increasing. In particular the decomposing temperature of the resin matrix exerts the largest effects on the degradation of tensile strength of CF0 specimen within 450 °C. While the loss of tensile strength of CF90 and CF45 specimens is dependent on the thermal softening of epoxy resin which has closely related to the glass transition temperature. Furthermore the debonding and fiber softening appeared in the CF0 specimens when the temperature reached 450 °C. For CF90 specimens the degradation of bonding strength of epoxy could be found at 150 °C and regarding CF45 specimens delamination cracking between plies occurred extensively when the temperature above 125 °C.

In the context of carbon trading energy conservation and emissions reduction are the development directions of integrated energy systems. In order to meet the development requirements of energy conservation and emissions reduction in the power grid considering the different responses of the system in different time periods a wind-hydrogen integrated multi-time scale energy scheduling model was established to optimize the energy-consumption scheduling problem of the system. As the scheduling model is a multiobjective nonlinear problem the artificial fish swarm algorithm–shuffled frog leaping algorithm (AFS-SFLA) was used to solve the scheduling model to achieve system optimization. In the experimental test process the Griewank benchmark function and the Rosenbrock function were selected to test the performance of the proposed AFS-SFL algorithm. In the Griewank environment compared to the SFLA algorithm the AFS-SFL algorithm was able to find a feasible solution at an early stage and tended to converge after 110 iterations. The optimal solution was −4.83. In the test of total electric power deviation results at different time scales the maximum deviation of early dispatching was 14.58 MW and the minimum deviation was 0.56 MW. The overall deviation of real-time scheduling was the minimum and the minimum deviation was 0 and the maximum deviation was 1.89 WM. The integrated energy system adopted real-time scale dispatching with good system stability and low-energy consumption. Power system dispatching optimization belongs to the objective optimization problem. The artificial fish swarm algorithm and frog algorithm were innovatively combined to solve the dispatching model which improved the accuracy of power grid dispatching. The research content provides an effective reference for the efficient use of clean and renewable energy.