China, People’s Republic

The energy transition from hydrocarbon-based energy sources to renewable and carbon-free energy sources such as wind solar and hydrogen is facing increasing demands. The decarbonization of global transportation could come true via applying carbon-free fuel such as ammonia especially for internal combustion engines (ICEs). Although ammonia has advantages of high hydrogen content high octane number and safety in storage it is uninflammable with low laminar burning velocity thus limiting its direct usage in ICEs. The purpose of this review paper is to provide previous studies and current research on the current technical advances emerging in assisted combustion of ammonia. The limitation of ammonia utilization in ICEs such as large minimum ignition energy lower flame speed and more NOx emission with unburned NH3 could be solved by oxygen-enriched combustion ammonia–hydrogen mixed combustion and plasma-assisted combustion (PAC). In dual-fuel or oxygen-enriched NH3 combustion accelerated flame propagation speeds are driven by abundant radicals such as H and OH; however NOx emission should be paid special attention. Furthermore dissociating NH3 in situ hydrogen by non-noble metal catalysts or plasma has the potential to replace dual-fuel systems. PAC is able to change classical ignition and extinction S-curves to monotonic stretching which makes low-temperature ignition possible while leading moderate NOx emissions. In this review the underlying fundamental mechanism under these technologies are introduced in detail providing new insight into overcoming the bottleneck of applying ammonia in ICEs. Finally the feasibility of ammonia processing as an ICE power source for transport and usage highlights it as an appealing choice for the link between carbon-free energy and power demand.

This study presents a Two-Layer Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TL-DDPG) energy management strategy for Hydrogen fuel cell hybrid train that aims to solve the problem that traditional reinforcement learning strategies require high initial values and are difficult to optimize global variables. Augmenting the optimization capabilities of the inner layer a frequency decoupling algorithm integrates into the outer layer furnishing a fitting initial value for strategy optimization. This addition aims to bolster the stability of fuel cell output thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the hybrid power system. In comparison with the traditional reinforcement learning algorithm the proposed approach demonstrates notable improvements: a reduction in hydrogen consumption per 100 km by 16.3 kg a 9.7% increase in the output power stability of the fuel cell and a 1.8% enhancement in its efficiency.

In the context of the increasingly strict pollutant emission regulations and carbon emission reduction targets proposed by the International Maritime Organization the shipping industry is seeking new types of marine power plants with the advantages of high efficiency and low emissions. Among the possible alternatives the fuel cell is considered to be the most practical technology as it provides an efficient means to generate electricity with low pollutant emissions and carbon emissions. Very few comprehensive reviews focus on the maritime applications of the fuel cell. Thus news reports and literature on the maritime applications of the fuel cell in the past sixty years were collected and the industrial development status and prospects of the marine fuel cell were summarized as follows. Some countries in Europe North America and Asia have invested heavily in researching and developing the marine fuel cell and a series of research projects have achieved concrete results such as the industrialized marine fuel cell system or practical demonstration applications. At present the worldwide research of the marine fuel cell focuses more on the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). However the power demand of the marine fuel cell in the future will show steady growth and thus the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with the advantages of higher power and fuel diversity will be the mainstream in the next research stage. Although some challenges exist the SOFC can certainly lead the upgrading and updating of the marine power system with the cooperative efforts of the whole world.

In response to the objective of fully attaining carbon neutrality by 2060 people from all walks of life are pursuing low-carbon transformation. Due to the high water cut in the middle and late phases of development the oilfield’s energy consumption will be quite high and the rise in energy consumption will lead to an increase in carbon emission at the same time. As a result the traditional energy model is incapable of meeting the energy consumption requirement of high water cut oilfields in their middle and later phases of development. The present wind hydrogen coupling energy system was researched and coupled with the classic dispersed oilfield energy system to produce energy for the oilfields in this study. This study compares four future energy system models to existing ones computes the energy cost and net present value of an oilfield in Northwest China and proposes a set of economic evaluation tools for oilfield energy systems. The study’s findings indicate that scenario four provides the most economic and environmental benefits. This scenario effectively addresses the issue of high energy consumption associated with aging oilfields at this point significantly reduces carbon emissions absorbs renewable energy locally and reduces the burden on the power grid system. Finally sensitivity analysis is utilized to determine the effect of wind speed electricity cost and oilfield gas output on the system’s economic performance. The results indicate that the system developed in this study can be applied to other oilfields.

As one kind of clean zero carbon and sustainable energy hydrogen energy has been regarded as the most potential secondary energy. Recently hydrogen refueling station gradually becomes one of important distribution infrastructures that provides hydrogen sources for transport vehicles and other distribution devices. However the highly combustible nature of hydrogen may bring great hazards to environment and human. The safety design of hydrogen usage has been brought to public too. This paper is mainly focused on the hydrogen leakage and dispersion process. A new solver for gaseous buoyancy dispersion process is developed based on OpenFOAM [1]. Thermodynamic and transport properties of gases are updated by library Mutation ++ [2]. For validation two tests of hydrogen dispersion in partially opened space and closed space are presented. Numerical simulation of hydrogen dispersion behavior in hydrogen refueling station is carried out in this paper as well. From the results three phases of injection dispersion and buoyancy can be seen clearly. The profile of hydrogen concentration is tend to be Gaussian in dispersion region. Subsonic H2 jet in stagnant environment is calculated for refueling station the relationship between H2 concentration decay and velocity along the jet trajectory is obtained.

Extreme disasters have become increasingly common in recent years and pose significant dangers to the integrated energy system’s secure and dependable energy supply. As a vital part of an integrated energy system the energy storage system can help with emergency rescue and recovery during major disasters. In addition it can improve energy utilization rates and regulate fluctuations in renewable energy under normal conditions. In this study the sizing scheme of multienergy storage equipment in the electric–thermal–hydrogen integrated energy system is optimized; economic optimization in the regular operating scenario and resilience enhancement in extreme disaster scenarios are also considered. A refined model of multi-energy storage is constructed and a two-layer capacity configuration optimization model is proposed. This model is further enhanced by the integration of a Markov two-state fault transmission model which simulates equipment defects and improves system resilience. The optimization process is solved using the tabu chaotic quantum particle swarm optimization (TCQPSO) algorithm to provide reliable and accurate optimization results. The results indicate that addressing severe disaster situations in a capacity configuration fully leverages the reserve energy function of energy storage and enhances system resilience while maintaining economic efficiency; furthermore adjusting the load loss penalty coefficients offers a more targeted approach to the balancing of the system economy and resilience. Thus new algorithmic choices and planning strategies for future research on enhancing the resilience of integrated energy systems under extreme disaster scenarios are provided.

Hydrogen as an energy carrier is very versatile in energy storage applications. Developments in novel sustainable technologies towards a CO2-free society are needed and the exploration of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) as well as solid-state hydrogen storage applications based on metal hydrides can provide solutions for such technologies. However there are still many technical challenges for both hydrogen storage material and ASSBs related to designing low-cost materials with low-environmental impact. The current materials considered for all-solid-state batteries should have high conductivities for Na+ Mg2+ and Ca2+ while Al3+-based compounds are often marginalised due to the lack of suitable electrode and electrolyte materials. In hydrogen storage materials the sluggish kinetic behaviour of solid-state hydride materials is one of the key constraints that limit their practical uses. Therefore it is necessary to overcome the kinetic issues of hydride materials before discussing and considering them on the system level. This review summarizes the achievements of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) innovative training network (ITN) ECOSTORE the aim of which was the investigation of different aspects of (complex) metal hydride materials. Advances in battery and hydrogen storage materials for the efficient and compact storage of renewable energy production are discussed.

In order to improve the energy efficiency of the internal combustion engine and replace fossil fuel with alternative fuels a concept of the methanol-syngas engine was proposed and the prototype was developed. Gasoline and dissociated methanol gas (GDM) were used as dual fuels and the engine performance was investigated by simulation and experiments. Dissociated methanol gas is produced by recycling the exhaust heat. The performance and combustion process was studied and compared with the gasoline engine counterpart. There is 1.9% energy efficiency improvement and 5.5% fuel consumption reduction under 2000r/min 100 N · m working condition with methanol substitution ratio of 10%. In addition the engine efficiency further improves with an increase of dissociated methanol gas substitution ratio because of the increased heating value of the fuel and effects of hydrogen. The peak pressure in the cylinder and the peak heat release rate of the GDM engine are higher than that of the original gasoline engine with a phase closer to the top dead center (TDC). Therefore blending hydrogen-rich gas in the spark-ignition engine can recycle the exhaust heat and improve the thermal efficiency of the engine.

Blending hydrogen into ammonia can I mprove the burning intensity of ammonia and the safety of hydrogen and it is important to understand the flames of NH3/H2/air mixtures. In this work lamiar flame characteristics of 50-50 (vol%) ammonia-hydrogen mixtures in air were studied using the spherical flame propagation method in a constant-volume bom at initital temperature Tu = 298K and different pressures.

According to the specific requirements of railway engineering a techno-economic comparison for onboard hydrogen storage technologies is conducted to discuss their feasibility and potentials for hydrogen-powered hybrid trains. Physical storage methods including compressed hydrogen (CH2 ) liquid hydrogen (LH2 ) and cryo-compressed hydrogen (CcH2 ) and material-based (chemical) storage methods such as ammonia liquid organic hydrogen carriages (LOHCs) and metal hydrides are carefully discussed in terms of their operational conditions energy capacity and economic costs. CH2 technology is the most mature now but its storage density cannot reach the final target which is the same problem for intermetallic compounds. In contrast LH2 CcH2 and complex hydrides are attractive for their high storage density. Nevertheless the harsh working conditions of complex hydrides hinder their vehicular application. Ammonia has advantages in energy capacity utilisation efficiency and cost especially being directly utilised by fuel cells. LOHCs are now considered as a potential candidate for hydrogen transport. Simplifying the dehydrogenation process is the important prerequisite for its vehicular employment. Recently increasing novel hydrogen-powered trains based on different hydrogen storage routes are being tested and optimised across the world. It can be forecasted that hydrogen energy will be a significant booster to railway decarbonisation.

Kazakhstan has long been regarded as a major exporter of fossil fuel energy. As the global energy sector is undergoing an unprecedented transition to low-carbon solutions new emerging energy technologies such as hydrogen production require more different resource bases than present energy technologies. Kazakhstan needs to consider whether it has enough resources to stay competitive in energy markets undergoing an energy transition. Green hydrogen can be made from water electrolysis powered by low-carbon electricity sources such as wind turbines and solar panels. We provided the first resource assessment for green hydrogen production in Kazakhstan by focusing on three essential resources: water renewable electricity and critical raw materials. Our estimations showed that with the current plan of Kazakhstan to keep its water budget constant in the future producing 2–10 Mt green hydrogen would require reducing the water use of industry in Kazakhstan by 0.6–3% or 0.036–0.18 km3/year. This could be implemented by increasing the share of renewables in electricity generation and phasing out some of the water- and carbon-intensive industries. Renewable electricity potential in South and West Kazakhstan is sufficient to run electrolyzers up to 5700 and 1600 h/year for wind turbines and solar panels respectively. In our base case scenario 5 Mt green hydrogen production would require 50 GW solar and 67 GW wind capacity considering Kazakhstan's wind and solar capacity factors. This could convert into 28652 tons of nickel 15832 tons of titanium and many other critical raw materials. Although our estimations for critical raw materials were based on limited geological data Kazakhstan has access to the most critical raw materials to support original equipment manufacturers of low-carbon technologies in Kazakhstan and other countries. As new geologic exploration kicks off in Kazakhstan it is expected that more deposits of critical raw materials will be discovered to respond to their potential future needs for green hydrogen production.

To address the negative influence caused by power randomness of distributed PV output on energy system’s economic operation in this work an economic operation strategy considering the uncertainty features of PV output has been designed and applied on an integrated hydrogen energy system. First the thermal system operation model and the thermoelectric output control model are precisely built for the integrated hydrogen energy system and the hydrogen-based fuel cell respectively. Then referring to the PV output prediction data the uncertainty of light intensity variation is analyzed to correct the PV output prediction curve. Finally a cost–benefit model for the optimal economic operation of the integrated hydrogen energy system including PV hydrogen fuel cell and cogeneration unit is designed with an objective function of achieving an optimal economic operation of the multi-energy coupling devices. The simulation tests validate that considering the influence of PV output uncertainty on hydrogen fuel cell output can make the system operation more reasonable which ensures the economic and reliable operation of hydrogen energy systems.

The blending of hydrogen gas into natural gas pipelines is an effective way of achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. Due to the large differences in the calorific values of natural gas from different sources the calorific value of natural gas after mixing with hydrogen may not meet the quality requirements of natural gas and the quality of natural gas entering long-distance natural gas and urban gas pipelines also has different requirements. Therefore it is necessary to study the effect of multiple gas sources and different pipe network types on the differences in the calorific values of natural gas following hydrogen admixing. In this regard this study aimed to determine the quality requirements and proportions of hydrogen-mixed gas in natural gas pipelines at home and abroad and systematically determined the quality requirements for natural gas entering both long-distance natural gas and urban gas pipelines in combination with national standards. Taking the real calorific values of the gas supply cycle of seven atmospheric sources as an example the calorific and Wobbe Index values for different hydrogen admixture ratios in a one-year cycle were calculated. The results showed that under the requirement of natural gas interchangeability there were great differences in the proportions of natural gas mixed with hydrogen from different gas sources. When determining the proportion of hydrogen mixed with natural gas both the factors of different gas sources and the factors of the gas supply cycle should be considered.

In recent years photocatalytic technology driven by solar energy has been extensively investigated to ease energy crisis and environmental pollution. Nevertheless efficiency and stability of photocatalysts are still unsatisfactory. To address these issues design of advanced photocatalysts is important. Cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanomaterials are one of the promising photocatalysts. Among them hollow-structured CdS featured with enhanced light absorption ability large surface area abundant active sites for redox reactions and reduced diffusion distance of photogenerated carriers reveals a broad application prospect. Herein main synthetic strategies and formation mechanism of hollow CdS photocatalysts are summarized. Besides we comprehensively discuss the current development of hollow-structured CdS nanomaterials in photocatalytic applications including H₂ production CO₂ reduction and pollutant degradation. Finally brief conclusions and perspectives on the challenges and future directions for hollow CdS photocatalysts are proposed.

It is now well established that electrochemical systems can optimally perform only within a narrow range of temperature. Exposure to temperatures outside this range adversely affects the performance and lifetime of these systems. As a result thermal management is an essential consideration during the design and operation of electrochemical equipment and can heavily influence the success of electrochemical energy technologies. Recently significant attempts have been placed on the maturity of cooling technologies for electrochemical devices. Nonetheless the existing reviews on the subject have been primarily focused on battery cooling. Conversely heat transfer in other electrochemical systems commonly used for energy conversion and storage has not been subjected to critical reviews. To address this issue the current study gives an overview of the progress and challenges on the thermal management of different electrochemical energy devices including fuel cells electrolysers and supercapacitors. The physicochemical mechanisms of heat generation in these electrochemical devices are discussed in-depth. Physics of the heat transfer techniques currently employed for temperature control are then exposed and some directions for future studies are provided.

The role of hydrogen in fatigue failure of low strength steels is not as well understood as of high strength steels in very high cycle fatigue regime. In this work axially cyclic tests on a low strength Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel with charged hydrogen were carried out up to the very high cycle fatigue regime under ultrasonic frequency to examine the degradation of fatigue strength and associated failure mechanisms. Results show that the S-N curves show a continuously decreasing mode and hydrogen-charged specimens have lower fatigue strength and shorter fatigue lifetime as compared with as-received specimens. It is concluded that the hydrogen trapped by inclusions drives interior micro-defects as dominant crack initiation site and has a clear link to the initiation and early growth of interior fatigue cracks.

Rod-like molybdenum carbide (Mo₂C) microcrystals were obtained from the pyrolysis of Mo-containing organic-inorganic hybrid composite. We investigated the photocatalytic H₂ evolution activity of Mo₂C by constructing a Mo₂C-dye sensitizer photocatalyst system. A high quantum efficiency of 29.7% was obtained at 480 nm. Moreover Mo₂C catalyst can be easily recycled by simple filtration.

The concerns over food security and protein scarcity driven by population increase and higher standards of living have pushed scientists toward finding new protein sources. A considerable proportion of resources and agricultural lands are currently dedicated to proteinaceous feed production to raise livestock and poultry for human consumption. The 1st generation of microbial protein (MP) came into the market as land-independent proteinaceous feed for livestock and aquaculture. However MP may be a less sustainable alternative to conventional feeds such as soybean meal and fishmeal because this technology currently requires natural gas and synthetic chemicals. These challenges have directed researchers toward the production of 2nd generation MP by integrating renewable energies anaerobic digestion nutrient recovery biogas cleaning and upgrading carbon-capture technologies and fermentation. The fermentation of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (HOB) i.e. two protein rich microorganisms has shown a great potential on the one hand to upcycle effluents from anaerobic digestion into protein rich biomass and on the other hand to be coupled to renewable energy systems under the concept of Power-to-X. This work compares various production routes for 2nd generation MP by reviewing the latest studies conducted in this context and introducing the state-of-the-art technologies hoping that the findings can accelerate and facilitate upscaling of MP production. The results show that 2nd generation MP depends on the expansion of renewable energies. In countries with high penetration of renewable electricity such as Nordic countries off-peak surplus electricity can be used within MP-industry by supplying electrolytic H2 which is the driving factor for both MOB and HOB-based MP production. However nutrient recovery technologies are the heart of the 2nd generation MP industry as they determine the process costs and quality of the final product. Although huge attempts have been made to date in this context some bottlenecks such as immature nutrient recovery technologies less efficient fermenters with insufficient gas-to-liquid transfer and costly electrolytic hydrogen production and storage have hindered the scale up of MP production. Furthermore further research into techno-economic feasibility and life cycle assessment (LCA) of coupled technologies is still needed to identify key points for improvement and thereby secure a sustainable production system.

Introducing CO2 electrochemical conversion technology to the iron-making blast furnace not only reduces CO2 emissions but also produces H2 as a byproduct that can be used as an auxiliary reductant to further decrease carbon consumption and emissions. With adequate H2 supply to the blast furnace the injection of H2 is limited because of the disadvantageous thermodynamic characteristics of the H2 reduction reaction in the blast furnace. This paper presents thermodynamic analysis of H2 behaviour at different stages with the thermal requirement consideration of an iron-making blast furnace. The effect of injecting CO2 lean top gas and CO2 conversion products H2–CO gas through the raceway and/or shaft tuyeres are investigated under different operating conditions. H2 utilisation efficiency and corresponding injection volume are studied by considering different reduction stages. The relationship between H2 injection and coke rate is established. Injecting 7.9–10.9 m3/tHM of H2 saved 1 kg/tHM coke rate depending on injection position. Compared with the traditional blast furnace injecting 80 m3/tHM of H2 with a medium oxygen enrichment rate (9%) and integrating CO2 capture and conversion reduces CO2 emissions from 534 to 278 m3/tHM. However increasing the hydrogen injection amount causes this iron-making process to consume more energy than a traditional blast furnace does.

While electrification of light duty vehicles is becoming a real solution to abate local pollutant as well as greenhouse gases emission heavy duty applications (such as long distance freight and maritime transport) will keep requiring fuel-based propulsion systems. In these sectors dominated by compression ignition engines research on alternative biofuels and new combustion modes is still highly necessary. Dual-fuel combustion appears as a very promising concept to replace conventional diesel fuel by sustainable ones. Among the latter hydrogen-derived fuels (the so-called electrofuels or e-fuels) are maybe the most interesting. This work addresses the effect of partial substitution of diesel fuel by hydrogen and hydrogen-carriers (ammonia and methane) on the autoignition process under low temperature conditions. Tests were carried out in a constant volume combustion chamber at different temperatures (535 600 and 650 ◦C) and pressures (11 16 and 21 bar). While the cool flames timing and intensity was only slightly affected by the low reactivity fuel energy content the main ignition was delayed this effect being much more noticeable for ammonia followed by hydrogen and finally methane. Kinetic simulations showed a clear competition for active radicals between both fuels (diesel and low reactivity fuel). The combustion duration also increased with the hydrogen or hydrogen-carrier content which greatly points to the need of modifications in the injection strategy of compression ignition engines operating under dual mode. A correlation was proposed for estimating the autoignition delay time for dual-fuel lean combustion at low temperature.

This study proposes a novel hybrid solar-gas power and hydrogen-production system which is comprised by the solar tower thermal system gas-steam turbine combined cycle and organic Rankine cycle-based hydrogen-production system. Based on the Ebsilon code the operation processes of the hybrid system are simulated. The results show that the output power and electric efficiency of the hybrid system are 103.9 MW and 41.3% and the daily hydrogen output is 62.2 kg. The operation simulation results of the hybrid system reveal that the gas-steam combined cycle and solar island can both achieve stable operations and the power generation section and hydrogen-production device can both work effectively which means the hybrid system is technically feasible. The exergy estimate results of the hybrid system show that the combustion chamber and solar receiver have the two largest exergy destructions which are 56.5 MW and 45.3 MW. That means the performances of the two components can be further improved. For the hydrogen-production system the exergy destructions of the proton exchange membrane electrolyzer turbine condenser and evaporator of the organic Rankine cycle are 0.156 MW 0.111 MW 2.338 MW and 1.891 MW and the corresponding exergy efficiencies are 51.2% 92.6% 80.7% and 79.5% respectively.

The lack of hydrogen (H2) transportation infrastructure restricts the development of the H2 industry. Owing to the high investment of building specific facilities using existing natural gas (NG) pipelines to transport a blend of H2 and NG (H2NG) is a viable means of transportation and approach for large-scale long-time storage. However variation in the thermo-physical properties of an H2NG blend will impact the performance of pipeline appliances. To address the gaps in H2 transmission via an NG system in the context of energy consumption in the present paper a one-dimensional pipeline model is proposed to predict the blended flow in a real existing pipeline (Shan–Jing I China). The data of NG components were derived from real gas fields. Furthermore the influence of H2 fractions on pipeline energy coefficient and the layout of pressurization stations are comprehensively analyzed. In addition the case of intermediate gas injection is investigated and the effects of injection positions are studied. This study serves as a useful reference for the design of an H2NG pipeline system. The present study reveals that with the increasing in H2 fraction the distance between pressure stations increases. Furthermore when the arrangement of original pressure stations is maintained overpressure occur. Intermediate gas injection results in the inlet pressure of subsequent pressurization stations reducing. Using existing pipeline network to transport H2NG it is necessary to make appropriate adjustment.

A wind–hydrogen coupled power generation system can effectively reduce the power loss caused by wind power curtailment and further improve the ability of the energy system to accommodate renewable energy. However the feasibility and economy of deploying such a power generation system have not been validated through large‐scale practical applications and the economic comparison between regions and recommendations on construction are still lacking. In order to solve the aforementioned problems this paper establishes an economic analysis model for the wind–hydrogen coupled power generation system and proposes a linear optimisation‐based priority analysis method focusing on the major net present value for regional energy system as well as a cost priority analysis method for hydrogen production within sample power plants. The case study proves the effectiveness of the proposed analysis methods and the potential to develop wind–hydrogen coupled power generation systems in various provinces is compared based on the national wind power data in recent years. This provides recommendations for the future pilot construction and promotion of wind–hydrogen coupled power generation systems in China.

Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect. The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as “gray carbon” while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called “black carbon”. Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics resources technology market and energy structure etc. It is proposed that carbon replacement carbon emission reduction carbon sequestration and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral among which carbon replacement is the backbone. New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future. Nowadays solar energy wind energy hydropower nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions. “Green hydrogen” is the reserve force of new energy helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields. Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy. It is predicted that the peak value of China’s carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110108 t in 2030. The study predicts that China's carbon emissions will drop to 22108 t 33108 t and 44108 t respectively in 2060 according to three scenarios of high medium and low levels. To realize carbon neutral in China seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new “three small and one large” energy structure in China and promote the realization of China's energy independence strategy.

In recent years the stability of the distribution network has declined due to the large proportion of the uses of distributed generation (DG) with the continuous development of renewable energy power generation technology. Meanwhile the traditional distribution network operation mode cannot keep the balance of the source and load. The operation mode of the active distribution network (ADN) can effectively reduce the decline in operation stability caused by the high proportion of DG. Therefore this work proposes a bi-layer model for the planning of the electricity–hydrogen hybrid energy storage system (ESS) considering demand response (DR) for ADN. The upper layer takes the minimum load fluctuation maximum user purchase cost satisfaction and user comfort as the goals. Based on the electricity price elasticity matrix model the optimal electricity price formulation strategy is obtained for the lower ESS planning. In the lower layer the optimal ESS planning scheme is obtained with the minimum life cycle cost (LCC) of ESS the voltage fluctuation of ADN and the load fluctuation as the objectives. Finally the MOPSO algorithm is used to test the model and the correctness of the proposed method is verified by the extended IEEE-33 node test system. The simulation results show that the fluctuation in the voltage and load is reduced by 62.13% and 37.06% respectively.