Transmission, Distribution & Storage
Hydrogen Transport to Fracture Sites in Metals and Alloys Multiphysics Modelling
Sep 2017
Publication
Generalised continuum model of hydrogen transport to fracture loci is developed for the purposes of analysis of the hydrogenous environment assisted fracture (HEAF). The model combines the notions of the theories of gas flow surface science and diffusion and trapping in stressed solids. Derived flux and balance equations describe the species migration across different states (gas adsorbed specie at the gas-metal interface interstitial solute in meta Read More
Heat Transfer Analysis for Fast Filling of On-board Hydrogen Tank
Mar 2019
Publication
The heat transfer analysis in the filling process of compressed on-board hydrogen storage tank has been the focus of hydrogen storage research. The initial conditions mass flow rate and heat transfer coefficient have certain influence on the hydrogen filling performance. In this paper the effects of mass flow rate and heat transfer coefficient on hydrogen filling performance are mainly studied. A thermodynamic model of the compressed hydrogen storage t Read More
Effects of Alloying Elements Addition on Delayed Fracture Properties of Ultra High-Strength TRIP-Aided Martensitic Steels
Dec 2019
Publication
To develop ultra high-strength cold stamping steels for automobile frame parts the effects of alloying elements on hydrogen embrittlement properties of ultra high-strength low alloy transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided steels with a martensite matrix (TM steels) were investigated using the four-point bending test and conventional strain rate tensile test (CSRT). Hydrogen embrittlement properties of the TM steels were improved by the alloying a Read More
Effect of Ternary Transition Metal Sulfide FeNi2S4 on Hydrogen Storage Performance of MgH2
Jan 2022
Publication
Hydrogen storage is a key link in hydrogen economy where solid-state hydrogen storage is considered as the most promising approach because it can meet the requirement of high density and safety. Thereinto magnesium-based materials (MgH2) are currently deemed as an attractive candidate due to the potentially high hydrogen storage density (7.6 wt%) however the stable thermodynamics and slow kinetics limit the practical application. In this stu Read More
Hydrogen Transport and Trapping: From Quantum Effects to Alloy Design
Jun 2017
Publication
This discussion session concerned experimental and theoretical investigations of the atomistic properties underlying the energetics and kinetics of hydrogen trapping and diffusion in metallic systems.This article is a transcription of the recorded discussion of ‘Hydrogen transport and trapping: from quantum effects to alloy design.‘ at the Royal Society Scientific Discussion Meeting Challenges of Hydrogen and Metals 16–18 January 2017. The text is approved by Read More
In-situ Study of the Effect of Hydrogen on Fatigue Crack Initiation in Polycrystalline Nickel
Aug 2019
Publication
Correlating hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon with the metallic microstructural features holds the key for developing metals resistant to hydrogen-based failures. In case of fatigue failure of hydrogen charged metals in addition to the hydrogen-based failure mechanisms associated with monotonic loading such as HELP HEDE etc. microstructural features such as grain size type of grain boundary (special/random) fraction of special grain boundaries; their n Read More
Hydrogen Concentration Distribution in 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel under the Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging and Its Influence on the Mechanical Properties
May 2020
Publication
The deterioration of the mechanical properties of metal induced by hydrogen absorption threatens the safety of the equipment serviced in hydrogen environments. In this study the hydrogen concentration distribution in 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel after hydrogen charging was analyzed following the hydrogen permeation and diffusion model. The diffusible hydrogen content in the 1-mm-thick specimen and its influence on the mechanical properties of th Read More
Effect of Relative Humidity on Mechanical Degradation of Medium Mn Steels
Mar 2020
Publication
Medium Mn steels have been considered as the next-generation materials for use in the automotive industry due to their excellent strength and ductility balance. To reduce the total weight and improve the safety of vehicles medium Mn steels look forward to a highly promising future. However hydrogen-induced delayed cracking is a concern for the use of high strength steels. This work is focused on the service characteristics of two kinds of mediu Read More
Feasibility of Renewable Hydrogen Based Energy Supply for a District
Sep 2017
Publication
Renewable generation technologies (e.g. photovoltaic panels (PV)) are often installed in buildings and districts with an aim to decrease their carbon emissions and consumption of non-renewable energy. However due to a mismatch between supply and demand at an hourly but also on a seasonal timescale; a large amount of electricity is exported to the grid rather than used to offset local demand. A solution to this is local storage of electricity for subsequent Read More
Beyond Haber-Bosch: The Renaissance of the Claude Process
Apr 2021
Publication
Ammonia may be one of the energy carriers in the hydrogen economy. Although research has mostly focused on electrochemical ammonia synthesis this however remains a scientific challenge. In the current article we discuss the feasibility of single-pass thermochemical ammonia synthesis as an alternative to the high-temperature high-pressure Haber-Bosch synthesis loop. We provide an overview of recently developed low temperature ammonia synthe Read More
Comparison of Liquid Hydrogen, Methylcyclohexane and Ammonia on Energy Efficiency and Economy
Mar 2019
Publication
Among several candidates of hydrogen storage liquid hydrogen methylcyclohexane (MCH) and ammonia are considered as potential hydrogen carriers in terms of their characteristics application feasibility and economic performance. In addition as a main motor in the hydrogen introduction Japan has focused and summarized the storage methods for hydrogen into these three methods. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages compared to eac Read More
Metal Hydride Hydrogen Compressors
Feb 2014
Publication
Metal hydride (MH) thermal sorption compression is an efficient and reliable method allowing a conversion of energy from heat into a compressed hydrogen gas. The most important component of such a thermal engine – the metal hydride material itself – should possess several material features in order to achieve an efficient performance in the hydrogen compression. Apart from the hydrogen storage characteristics important for every solid H stora Read More
Alloy and Composition Dependence of Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility in High-strength Steel Fasteners
Jun 2017
Publication
High-strength steel fasteners characterized by tensile strengths above 1100 MPa are often used in critical applications where a failure can have catastrophic consequences. Preventing hydrogen embrittlement (HE) failure is a fundamental concern implicating the entire fastener supply chain. Research is typically conducted under idealized conditions that cannot be translated into know-how prescribed in fastener industry standards and practices. Additionall Read More
Kinetic Model of Incipient Hydride Formation in Zr Clad under Dynamic Oxide Growth Conditions
Feb 2020
Publication
The formation of elongated zirconium hydride platelets during corrosion of nuclear fuel clad is linked to its premature failure due to embrittlement and delayed hydride cracking. Despite their importance however most existing models of hydride nucleation and growth in Zr alloys are phenomenological and lack sufficient physical detail to become predictive under the variety of conditions found in nuclear reactors during operation. Moreover most mod Read More
Hydrogen Assisted Fracture of 30MnB5 High Strength Steel: A Case Study
Nov 2020
Publication
When steel components fail in service due to the intervention of hydrogen assisted cracking discussion of the root cause arises. The failure is frequently blamed on component design working conditions the manufacturing process or the raw material. This work studies the influence of quench and tempering and hot-dip galvanizing on the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of a high strength steel. Slow strain rate tensile testing has been employed to ass Read More
Scale-up of Milling in a 100 L Device for Processing of TiFeMn Alloy for Hydrogen Storage Applications: Procedure and characterization
Feb 2019
Publication
In this work the mechanical milling of a FeTiMn alloy for hydrogen storage purposes was performed in an industrial milling device. The TiFe hydride is interesting from the technological standpoint because of the abundance and the low cost of its constituent elements Ti and Fe as well as its high volumetric hydrogen capacity. However TiFe is difficult to activate usually requiring a thermal treatment above 400 °C. A TiFeMn alloy milled for just 10 min in Read More
A Novel Emergency Gas-to-Power System Based on an Efficient and Long-Lasting Solid-State Hydride Storage System: Modeling and Experimental Validation
Jan 2022
Publication
In this paper a gas-to-power (GtoP) system for power outages is digitally modeled and experimentally developed. The design includes a solid-state hydrogen storage system composed of TiFeMn as a hydride forming alloy (6.7 kg of alloy in five tanks) and an air-cooled fuel cell (maximum power: 1.6 kW). The hydrogen storage system is charged under room temperature and 40 bar of hydrogen pressure reaching about 110 g of hydrogen capacity. In an Read More
Expert Opinion Analysis on Renewable Hydrogen Storage Systems Potential in Europe
Nov 2016
Publication
Among the several typologies of storage technologies mainly on different physical principles (mechanical electrical and chemical) hydrogen produced by power to gas (P2G) from renewable energy sources complies with chemical storage principle and is based on the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy by means of the electrolysis of water which does not produce any toxic or climate-relevant emission. This paper aims to pinpoint Read More
Impact of Chemical Inhomogeneities on Local Material Properties and Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement in AISI 304L Steels
Feb 2018
Publication
This study investigated the influence of segregations on hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) of AISI 304L type austenitic stainless steels. The microstructure of tensile specimens that were fabricated from commercially available AISI 304L steels and tested by means of small strain-rate tensile tests in air as well as hydrogen gas at room temperature was investigated by means of combined EDS and EBSD measurements. It was shown that two Read More
Analysis of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic—Marine Current Hybrid System and the Influence on Daily and Seasonal Energy Storage
Jan 2022
Publication
Stand-alone systems in remote regions require the utilization of renewable resources; however their natural intermittence requires the implementation of energy-storage systems that allow a continuous power supply. More than one renewable source is usually available at the same site. Thus the choice of a hybrid system seems viable. It is relevant to study hybrid systems as they could reduce energy storage; however sizing the hybrid system might h Read More
Flow Loop Test for Hydrogen
Jul 2020
Publication
National Grid (NG) needs to understand the implications that a hydrogen rich gas mix may have on the existing pipeline network. The primary network consists extensively of X52 steel pipe sections welded together using girth welds. Different welding specifications that have been used in the past 40 years and girth welds with different specifications may behave differently when coming into contact with hydrogen gas.The aim of the flow loop test pro Read More
Evaluation of Steels Susceptibility to Hydrogen Embrittlement: A Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy-Based Approach Coupled with Artificial Neural Network
Dec 2020
Publication
A novel approach has been developed for quantitative evaluation of the susceptibility of steels and alloys to hydrogen embrittlement. The approach uses a combination of hydrogen thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) analysis with recent advances in machine learning technology to develop a regression artificial neural network (ANN) model predicting hydrogen-induced degradation of mechanical properties of steels. We describe the thermal desor Read More
Influence of Hydrogen-Based Storage Systems on Self-Consumption and Self-Sufficiency of Residential Photovoltaic Systems
Aug 2015
Publication
This paper analyzes the behavior of residential solar-powered electrical energy storage systems. For this purpose a simulation model based on MATLAB/Simulink is developed. Investigating both short-time and seasonal hydrogen-based storage systems simulations on the basis of real weather data are processed on a timescale of 15 min for a consideration period of 3 years. A sensitivity analysis is conducted in order to identify the most important Read More
Hydrogen Permeation in X65 Steel under Cyclic Loading
May 2020
Publication
This experimental work analyzes the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism in quenched and tempered low-alloyed steels. Experimental tests were performed to study hydrogen diffusion under applied cyclic loading. The permeation curves were fitted by considering literature models in order to evaluate the role of trapping—both reversible and irreversible—on the diffusion mechanism. Under loading conditions a marked shift to the right of the permeation cur Read More
Formation and Dissociation Behaviour Studies of Hydrogen Hydrate in the Presence of Tetrahydrofuran by using High Pressure DSC
Mar 2019
Publication
Significant challenges still remain in the development of suitable materials for storing hydrogen for practical applications. Clathrate hydrates as a special inclusion compounds could be tailored by changing the storage pressure and temperature to adapt ambient conditions. In this work the hydrates were adopted to encage hydrogen in tetrahydrofuran (THF) aqueous solution with concentration of 3.0 mol%. The formation and dissociation behaviour Read More
Implementation of hydrogen plasma activation of Mg powder in two steps hydrogenation
Oct 2017
Publication
Development of technologically and economically feasible solutions for hydrogen storage stimulates progress in hydrogen economy. High gravimetric and volumetric capacities of magnesium hydride makes it promising material capable to accelerate implementation of hydrogen-based technologies in our daily life. However widely discussed limitations of sorption kinetics and thermodynamic properties must be managed in MgH2. This work investigates tw Read More
Materials Towards Carbon-free, Emission-free and Oil-free Mobility: Hydrogen Fuel-cell Vehicles—Now and in the Future
Jul 2010
Publication
In the past material innovation has changed society through new material-induced technologies adding a new value to society. In the present world engineers and scientists are expected to invent new materials to solve the global problem of climate change. For the transport sector the challenge for material engineers is to change the oil-based world into a sustainable world. After witnessing the recent high oil price and its adverse impact on the global Read More
Effect of Hydrogen on Fatigue Limit of SCM435 Low-Alloy Steel
Dec 2019
Publication
The objective of this study is to gain a basic understanding of the effect of hydrogen on the fatigue limit. The material was a low-alloy steel modified to be sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement by heat treatment. A statistical fatigue test was carried out using smooth and deep-notched specimens at a loading frequency of 20 Hz. The environment was laboratory air and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas pressure was 0.1 MPa in gauge pressure. The fatigu Read More
Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steels of Different Structure in the Hydrogen Sulfide Environment Under Static Load
Dec 2018
Publication
Hydrogen sulfide corrosion is one of the main reasons of steels destruction in the oil and gas industry. Damages appear as a result of corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion cracking occurs when the load is applied. The influence of the steels structure on its stress corrosion cracking under the loads in hydrogen sulfide environment is insufficiently studied. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of the steels structure on its corrosion hy Read More
Mn-based Borohydride Synthesized by Ball-milling KBH4 and MnCl2 for Hydrogen Storage
Dec 2013
Publication
In this work a mixed-cation borohydride (K2Mn(BH4)4) with P21/n structure was successfully synthesized by mechanochemical milling of the 2KBH4–MnCl2 sample under argon. The structural and thermal decomposition properties of the borohydride compounds were investigated using XRD Raman spectroscopy FTIR TGA-MS and DSC. Apart from K2Mn(BH4)4 the KMnCl3 and unreacted KBH4 compounds were present in the milled 2KBH4–MnCl2. The two m Read More
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Gas Pipeline Steels of Different Strength
Jul 2016
Publication
With the development of the natural gas industry gas transmission pipelines have been developed rapidly in terms of safety economy and efficiency. Our recent studies have shown that an important factor of main pipelines serviceability loss under their long-term service is the in-bulk metal degradation of the pipe wall. This leads to the loss of the initial mechanical properties primarily resistance to brittle fracture which were set in engineering calculation Read More
The Potential of Gas Switching Partial Oxidation Using Advanced Oxygen Carriers for Efficient H2 Production with Inherent CO2 Capture
May 2021
Publication
The hydrogen economy has received resurging interest in recent years as more countries commit to net-zero CO2 emissions around the mid-century. “Blue” hydrogen from natural gas with CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is one promising sustainable hydrogen supply option. Although conventional CO2 capture imposes a large energy penalty advanced process concepts using the chemical looping principle can produce blue hydrogen at efficiencies even e Read More
Evaluation of the Performance Degradation of a Metal Hydride Tank in a Real Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
May 2022
Publication
In a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) powered by a metal hydride tank the performance of the tank is an indicator of the overall health status which is used to predict its behaviour and make appropriate energy management decisions. The aim of this paper is to investigate how to evaluate the effects of charge/discharge cycles on the performance of a commercial automotive metal hydride hydrogen storage system applied to a real FCEV. For this Read More
Review on the Influence of Temperature upon Hydrogen Effects in Structural Alloys
Mar 2021
Publication
It is well-documented experimentally that the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of structural alloys like austenitic stainless steels nickel superalloys and carbon steels strongly depends on temperature. A typical curve plotting any hydrogen-affected mechanical property as a function of temperature gives a temperature THEmax where the degradation of this mechanical property reaches a maximum. Above and below this temper Read More
Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in GMA Welding of High-Strength Structural Steel—A New Look into This Issue at Narrow Groove
Jun 2021
Publication
Modern arc processes such as the modified spray arc (Mod. SA) have been developed for gas metal arc welding of high-strength structural steels with which even narrow weld seams can be welded. High-strength joints are subjected to increasingly stringent requirements in terms of welding processing and the resulting component performance. In the present work this challenge is to be met by clarifying the influences on hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC Read More
Brittle Fracture Manifestation in Gas Pipeline Steels after Long-term Operation
Dec 2020
Publication
Gas pipelines are exposed to operational loads combined with corrosive environment action during their long-term service. Complicated service conditions lead to a worsening of steel properties a reduction of serviceability of the whole object therefore a risk of its premature failure rises. Aware of the importance of the existing problem the aim of this study is the analysis of various mechanical properties of steels after their long-term operation on gas pipeli Read More
Failure Analysis of Cooling Duct of Top Engine Cowl Panel of Fighter Aircraft
Jun 2019
Publication
Present work describes the failure analysis of cooling duct of a fighter aircraft. The analyzed chemical composition of cooling duct indicates that it is manufactured from Al-based alloy (AA 3003 or its equivalent). Microstructure of cooling duct displays the presence of two phases namely matrix and insoluble particles. The hardness values at different locations within damaged area of cooling duct reflect nearly same and consistent. The fractur Read More
Fractographic Features of Long Term Operated Gas Pipeline Steels Fracture Under Impact Loading
Jan 2020
Publication
Pipelines during their service life subjected to operational degradation i.e. their mechanical characteristics worsened with time. Pronounced texture of pipe steels associated with their manufacturing process revealed itself in an essential difference in impact toughness determined for specimens cut in mutually perpendicular directions with respect to the pipe axis. Higher KCV values for longitudinal specimens as compared with transverse ones were explai Read More
Graphene Oxide/metal Nanocrystal Multilaminates as the Atomic Limit for Safe and Selective Hydrogen Storage
Mar 2016
Publication
Interest in hydrogen fuel is growing for automotive applications; however safe dense solid-state hydrogen storage remains a formidable scientific challenge. Metal hydrides offer ample storage capacity and do not require cryogens or exceedingly high pressures for operation. However hydrides have largely been abandoned because of oxidative instability and sluggish kinetics. We report a new environmentally stable hydrogen storage material constructed o Read More
Is Direct Seawater Splitting Economically Meaningful?
Jun 2021
Publication
Electrocatalytic water splitting is the key process for the formation of green fuels for energy transport and storage in a sustainable energy economy. Besides electricity it requires water an aspect that seldomly has been considered until recently. As freshwater is a limited resource (<1% of earth's water) lately plentiful reports were published on direct seawater (around 96.5% of earth's water) splitting without or with additives (buffers or bases). Alternativ Read More
Proposal and Verification of Novel Fatigue Crack Propagation Simulation Method by Finite Element Method.
Dec 2018
Publication
In this paper we propose and verify a novel method to simulate crack propagation without propagating a crack by finite element method. We propose this method for elastoplastic analysis coupled with convection-diffusion. In the previous study we succeeded in performing elastoplastic analysis coupled with convection-diffusion of hydrogen for a material with a crack under tensile loading. This research extends the successful method to fatigue crack p Read More
Toward a Non-destructive Diagnostic Analysis Tool of Exercises Pipelines: Models and Experiences
Dec 2018
Publication
Strategic networks of hydrocarbon pipelines in long time service are adversely affected by the action of aggressive chemicals transported with the fluids and dissolved in the environment. Material degradation phenomena are amplified in the presence of hydrogen and water elements that increase the material brittleness and reduce the safety margins. The risk of failure during operation of these infrastructures can be reduced if not prevented by the cont Read More
Advanced Hydrogen Storage of the Mg–Na–Al System: A Review
May 2021
Publication
A solid-state storage system is the most practical option for hydrogen because it is more convenient and safer. Metal hydrides especially MgH2 are the most promising materials that offer high gravimetric capacity and good reversibility. However the practical application of MgH2 is restricted by slow sorption kinetics and high stability of thermodynamic properties. Hydrogen storage performance of MgH2 was enhanced by introducing the Mg–Na–Al syst Read More
Combined Cooling and Power Management Strategy for a Standalone House Using Hydrogen and Solar Energy
May 2021
Publication
Tropical climate is characterized by hot temperatures throughout the year. In areas subject to this climate air conditioning represents an important share of total energy consumption. In some tropical islands there is no electric grid; in these cases electricity is often provided by diesel generators. In this study in order to decarbonize electricity and cooling production and to improve autonomy in a standalone application a microgrid producing combined coo Read More
Evaluation of Blistered and Cold Deformed ULC Steel with Melt Extraction and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy
Dec 2019
Publication
Hydrogen characterization techniques like melt extraction and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) are useful tools in order to evaluate and understand the interaction between hydrogen and metals. These two techniques are used here on cold deformed ultra-low carbon (ULC) steel with and without hydrogen induced damage. The material is charged electrochemically in order to induce varying amounts of hydrogen and variable degrees of hydrogen ind Read More
Absence of Spillover of Hydrogen Adsorbed on Small Palladium Clusters Anchored to Graphene Vacancies
May 2021
Publication
Experimental evidence exists for the enhancement of the hydrogen storage capacity of porous carbons when these materials are doped with metal nanoparticles. One of the most studied dopants is palladium. Dissociation of the hydrogen molecules and spillover of the H atoms towards the carbon substrate has been advocated as the reason for the enhancement of the storage capacity. We have investigated this mechanism by performing a Read More
Advanced Optimal Planning for Microgrid Technologies Including Hydrogen and Mobility at a Real Microgrid Testbed
Apr 2021
Publication
This paper investigates the optimal planning of microgrids including the hydrogen energy system through mixed-integer linear programming model. A real case study is analyzed by extending the only microgrid lab facility in Austria. The case study considers the hydrogen production via electrolysis seasonal storage and fuelling station for meeting the hydrogen fuel demand of fuel cell vehicles busses and trucks. The optimization is performed relative t Read More
Decrease in Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of 10B21 Screws by Bake Aging
Aug 2016
Publication
The effects of baking on the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of low-carbon boron (10B21) steel screws were investigated. Fracture torque tests and hydrogen content analysis were performed on baked screws to evaluate hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility. The diffusible hydrogen content within 10B21 steel dominated the fracture behavior of the screws. The fracture torque of 10B21 screws baked for a long duration was aff Read More
Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking in X80 Pipeline Steel: An Approach from the Theory of Critical Distances
Dec 2018
Publication
This paper presents an analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) based on the Theory of Critical Distances (TCD). The research is based on an experimental program composed of fracture specimens with notch radius varying from 0 mm (crack-like defect) up to 1 mm and tensile specimens. A pipeline steel was used in this work (X80). It has been analysed in one hydrogen embrittlement situation. The study has been completed with Finite Elements Simulat Read More
Using Additives to Control the Decomposition Temperature of Sodium Borohydride
May 2020
Publication
Hydrogen (H2) shows great promise as zero-carbon emission fuel but there are several challenges to overcome in regards to storage and transportation to make it a more universal energy solution. Gaseous hydrogen requires high pressures and large volume tanks while storage of liquid hydrogen requires cryogenic temperatures; neither option is ideal due to cost and the hazards involved. Storage in the solid state presents an attractive alternative a Read More
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