Applications & Pathways

The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) has supported a range of initiatives in recent years designed to develop hydrogen fuel cell buses to a point where they can fulfil their promise as a mainstream zero emission vehicle for public transport.Within this study 90 different European cities and regions have been supported in understanding the business case of fuel cell bus deployment and across these locations. The study analyses the funding a Read More

Liquid hydrogen has been studied for use in vehicles. However during the charging process liquid hydrogen is lost as gas. Therefore it is necessary to estimate and reduce this loss and simulate the charging process. In this study the initial charging process of a vehicle liquid hydrogen tank under room temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions was numerically investigated. A transient thermal-fluid simulation with a phase-change model Read More

The bipolar plate (BPP) is a component with vast cost-reduction potential in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Apart from mechanical and heat transfer requirements the most desired BPP properties are high corrosion and low electrical contact resistance. In this study we confirm that due to ionic decoupling between BPPs and electrodes the surface potentials of the BPPs remain stable even at varying operation loads. These mild potentials i Read More

In 2016 for the first time a polymer electrolyte fuel cell free of Pt electrocatalysts was shown to deliver more than 0.5 W cm-2 of peak power density from H2 and air (CO2 free). This was achieved with a silver-based oxygen reduction (ORR) cathode and a Pd-CeO2 hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) anodic electrocatalyst. The poor kinetics of the HOR under alkaline conditions is a considerable challenge to Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (AEMFC) Read More

The work is dedicated to the possibility of using hydrogen-powered vehicles in urban transport systems. Due to the need to look for alternative solutions for vehicles with conventional drive in cities hydrogen-powered cars are one of the practical possibilities of realizing the sustainable transport assumptions and independence from oil imports - which is one of the main priorities of the European Union. This paper presents a literature analysis the analysis of Read More

The debate on low-carbon heat in Europe has become focused on a narrow range of technological options and has largely neglected hydrogen and fuel cell technologies despite these receiving strong support towards commercialisation in Asia. This review examines the potential benefits of these technologies across different markets particularly the current state of development and performance of fuel cell micro-CHP. Fuel cells offer some important be Read More

Hydrogen (H2 ) can be a promising energy carrier for decarbonizing the economy and especially the transport sector which is considered as one of the sectors with high carbon emissions due to the extensive use of fossil fuels. H2 is a nontoxic energy carrier that could replace fossil fuels. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) can decrease air pollution and reduce greenhouse gases when H2 is produced from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and at the Read More

Currently most of the vehicles make use of fossil fuels for operations resulting in one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions. The need to cut our dependency on these fossil fuels has led to an increased use of renewable energy sources (RESs) for mobility purposes. A technical and economic analysis of a one-stop charging station for battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) is investigated in this paper. The hybrid optimiz Read More

Hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethylene glycol (EG) at 300 °C was investigated over SiO2 and CeO2 supported Pt–Ni bimetallic catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation methods. It was observed that impregnation sequence of Pt and Ni can affect the performance of catalysts apparently. Catalyst with Pt first and then Ni addition showed higher EG conversion and H2 yield owing to the Ni enrichment on the surface and the Read More

Steelmaking is responsible for around 7% of the global emissions of carbon dioxide and new steelmaking processes are necessary to reach international climate targets. As a response to this steelmaking processes based on the direct reduction of iron ore by hydrogen produced via water electrolysis powered by renewable electricity have been suggested. Here we present a novel variant of hydrogen-based steelmaking incorporating methanol as a hydr Read More

Ammonia borane (AB) can be catalytically hydrolyzed to provide hydrogen at room temperature due to its high potentaial for hydrogen storage. Non-precious metal heterogeneous catalysts have broad application in the field of energy catalysis. In this article catalysts precursor is obtained from Co-Ti-resorcinol-formaldehyde resin by sol–gel method. Co/TiO2@N-C (CTC) catalyst is prepared by calcining the precursor under high temperature con Read More

The 'Hydrogen for Heat' (Hy4Heat) programme aims to support the UK Government in its ambitions to decarbonise the UK energy sector in line with the targets of the Climate Change Act 2008 by attempting to evaluate and de-risk the natural gas to hydrogen network conversion option. The impact on the commercial sector is an important factor in understanding the feasibility of utilising hydrogen to decarbonise heat in the UK. The overall objective Read More

Hydrogen is widely recognised as an important option for future road transportation but a widespread infrastructure must be developed if the potential for hydrogen is to be achieved. This paper and related appendices which can be downloaded as Supplementary material present a mixed-integer linear programming model (called SHIPMod) that optimises a hydrogen supply chains for scenarios of hydrogen fuel demand in the UK including the spat Read More

Numerous studies have shown that a full electrification of passenger cars is needed to stay within the 1.5° C temperature rise. This article deals with the question of how the required shares of alternative vehicles can be achieved by the year 2050. In literature the preferred technology are battery electric vehicles as these are more energy efficient than hydrogen vehicles. To be able to demonstrate how alternative vehicles diffuse into the German m Read More

Jordan's energy diversification strategy is centred around renewables which are expected will provide the low-cost reliable secure and environmentally sustainable energy required to power its new engines of economic growth – manufacturing transport construction and agriculture.The National Energy Strategy 2020–2030 presents the evolution of the energy sector under its vision for stimulating demand achieving efficiency and improving electri Read More

Recent interest in biomass-based fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds has stimulated research efforts on conversion and upgrading pathways which are considered as critical commercialization drivers. Existing pre-/post-conversion pathways are energy intense (e.g. pyrolysis and hydrogenation) and economically unsustainable thus more efficient process solutions can result in supporting the renewable fuels and green chemicals industry. This s Read More

The performance of four Coriolis flow meters designed for use in hydrogen refuelling stations was evaluated with air and nitrogen by three members of the MetroHyVe JRP consortium; NEL METAS and CESAME EXADEBIT.A wide range of conditions were tested overall with gas flow rates ranging from (0.05–2) kg/min and pressures ranging from (20–86) bar. The majority of tests were conducted at nominal pressures of either 20 bar or 40 bar in order to Read More

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) have significant applications and performance and their integration into coupled and cascading energy systems can improve the overall performance of the process. Furthermore due to the constant time performance of the fuel cell the problem of fuel starvation may arise by changing the amount of load which can adversely affect the overall performance of the process. In the present study the excess heat of the SOFC is conver Read More

The increasing ambition of climate targets creates a major role for hydrogen especially in achieving carbon-neutrality in sectors presently difficult to decarbonise. This work examines to what extent the currently carbon-intensive hydrogen production in Europe could be replaced by water electrolysis using electricity from renewable energy resources (RES) such as solar photovoltaic onshore/offshore wind and hydropower (green hydrogen). The study Read More

A 100% renewable economy would give a lasting solution to the challenges raised by climate change energy security sustainability and pollution. The conversion of the present transport system appears to be one of the most difficult aspects of such renewable transition. This study reviews the technologies and systems that are being proposed or proven as alternative to fossil-fuel based transportation and their prospects for their entry into the post-c Read More

Maritime transport faces increasing pressure to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to be in accordance with the Paris Agreement. For this to happen low- and zero-carbon energy solutions need to be developed. In this paper we draw on sustainability transition literature and introduce the technological innovation system (TIS) framework to the field of maritime transportation research. The TIS approach analytically distinguishes between different i Read More

The global policy solution seeks to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and biogas (BG) represents a solutions to these problems. The use of biogas could help cope with increased amounts of waste and reduce usage of fossil fuels. Biogas could be used in compressed natural gas (CNG) engines but the engine electronic control unit (ECU) needs to be modified. In this research a spark ignition (SI) engine was tested for mi Read More

Transitioning German road transport partially to hydrogen energy is among the possibilities being discussed to help meet national climate targets. This study investigates impacts of a hypothetical complete transition from conventionally-fuelled to hydrogen-powered German transport through representative scenarios. Our results show that German emissions change between −179 and +95 MtCO2eq annually depending on the scenario with renewable- Read More

The glass industry is part of the energy-intensive industry posing a major challenge to fulfill the CO2 reduction targets of the Paris Climate Agreement. The segments of the glass industry e.g. container or flat glass are quite diverse and attribute to different glass products with different requirements to product quality and various process options. To address the challenge of decarbonizing the glass industry firstly an inventory of current glass products proc Read More

A critical drawback of battery-powered eVTOL UAVs is their limited range and endurance and this drawback could be solved by using a combination of hydrogen fuel cells and batteries. The objective of this paper is to develop a sizing methodology for the lift+cruise-type eVTOL UAV powered by a hydrogen fuel cell and battery. This paper presents the constraints analysis method for forward flight/VTOL multi-mode UAV the regression model for electri Read More

In the present work methane carbon monoxide hydrogen and the binary mixtures 20 % CH4–80 % H2 80 % CH4–20 % H2 25 % CO–75 % H2 (by volume) were considered as fuels of a naturally aspirated port-fuel injection four-cylinder Volkswagen 1.4 L spark-ignition (SI) engine. The interest in these fuels lies in the fact that they can be obtained from renewable resources such as the fermentation or gasification of residual biomasses as well as the electrol Read More

Hydrogen consumption and mileage are important economic indicators of fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen consumption is the fundamental reason that restricts mileage. Since there are few quantitative studies on hydrogen consumption during actual vehicle operation the high cost of hydrogen consumption in outdoor testing makes it impossible to guarantee the accuracy of the test. Therefore this study puts forward a test method based on the hydrogen consum Read More

Fuel cells and hydrogen (FCH) could bring significant environmental benefits across the energy system if deployed widely: low carbon and highly efficient energy conversions with zero air quality emissions. The socio-economic benefits to Europe could also be substantial through employment in development manufacturing installation and service sectors and through technology export. Major corporations are stressing the economic and environmental Read More

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are zero tailpipe emission vehicles. Their large-scale deployment is expected to play a major role in the de-carbonization of transportation in the European Union (EU) and is therefore an important policy element at EU and Member State level.For FCEVs to be introduced to the market a network of hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS) first has to exist. From a technological point of view FCEVs are ready for serial production Read More

This paper presents the design of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) tri-generation system that consists of an SOFC-combined heat and power subsystem an adsorption refrigeration subsystem and coupling devices between the two subsystems. Whereas typical extant designs use absorption techniques the proposed design employs adsorption refrigeration. In this paper the dynamics of adsorption refrigeration are reported in detail to evaluate the fea Read More

The maritime shipping sector is a major contributor to CO2 emissions and this figure is expected to rise in coming decades. With the intent of reducing emissions from this sector this research proposes the utilization of the jet stream to transport a combination of cargo and hydrogen using airships or balloons at altitudes of 10–20 km. The jet streams flow in the mid-latitudes predominantly in a west–east direction reaching an average wind speed of 165 Read More

Cleavage of aromatic ether bonds through hydrogenolysis is one of the most promising routes for depolymerisation and transformation of lignin into value-added chemicals. Instead of using pressurized hydrogen gas as hydrogen source some reductive organic molecules such as methanol ethanol isopropanol as well as formates and formic acid can serve as hydrogen donor is the process called catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis. This is an emerging and pro Read More

The following report is a research piece outlining the potential pathways for decarbonisation of Scottish Industries. Two main pathways are considered hydrogen and electrification with both resulting in similar costs and levels of carbon reduction.

Green ammonia has potential as a zero-emissions energy vector in applications such as energy storage transmission and distribution and zero-emissions transportation. Renewable energy such as offshore wind energy has been proposed to power its production. This paper designed and analyzed an on-land small-scale power-to-ammonia (P2A) production system with a target nominal output of 15 tonnes of ammonia per day which will use an 8 MW off Read More

Hydrogen as the International Energy Agency (IEA 2019) notes has experienced a number of ‘false dawns’ - in the 1970s 1990s and early 2000s - which subsequently faded. However this time there is reason to think that hydrogen will play a substantial role in the global energy system. The most important factor driving this renewed focus is the ability of hydrogen to support deep carbon abatement by assisting in those sectors where abatement with Read More

The iron and steel industry relies significantly on primary energy and is one of the largest energy consumers in the manufacturing sector. Simultaneously numerous waste heat is lost and discharged directly into the environment in the process of steel production. Thus considering conservation of energy energy-efficient improvement should be a holistic target for iron and steel industry. The research gap is that almost all the review studies focus on the pri Read More

As the world prepares to exit from the COVID-19 crisis the pace of the global power revolution is expected to accelerate. A new publication from the World Energy Council in collaboration with PwC underscores the imperative for electricity grid owners and operators to fundamentally transform themselves to secure a role in a more integrated flexible and smarter electricity system in the energy transition to a low carbon future.“Performing While Transf Read More

The Australian transport sector is under increasing pressure to reduce carbon emissions whilst also managing a fuel supply chain that relies heavily on foreign import partners.Transport in Australia equates to a significant proportion (approximately 18%) of the country’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Due to ongoing population growth these emissions have been steadily rising with the increase of cars on our roads and freight trucks in transit. Couple Read More

The World Energy Transitions Outlook preview outlines a pathway for the world to achieve the Paris Agreement goals and halt the pace of climate change by transforming the global energy landscape. This preview presents options to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C and bring CO2 emissions closer to net zero by mid-century offering high-level insights on technology choices investment needs and the socio-economic contexts of achieving a sustainable re Read More

The Australian transport sector is under increasing pressure to reduce carbon emissions whilst also managing a fuel supply chain that relies heavily on foreign import partners.Transport in Australia equates to a significant proportion (approximately 18%) of the country’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Due to ongoing population growth these emissions have been steadily rising with the increase of cars on our roads and freight trucks in transit. Couple Read More

This paper studies the economic feasibility of installing hydrogen networks for decarbonizing heat in urban areas. The study uses the Heat Infrastructure and Technology (HIT) spatially resolved optimization model to trade-off energy supply infrastructure and end-use technology costs for the most important heat-related energy vectors: gas heat electricity and hydrogen. Two model formulations are applied to a UK urban area: one with an independent hydro Read More

This is a Network Innovation Allowance funded project overseen by a steering group comprising the UK and Ireland gas network operators (Cadent Gas Networks Ireland National Grid Northern Gas Networks SGN Wales and West). The project follows on from previous studies that modelled the role of green gases in decarbonising the GB economy. The role of this study is to understand the transition from the GB economy today to a decarbonised econ Read More

Hydrogen is expected to be a next-generation energy source that does not emit carbon dioxide but when used as a fuel the issue is the increase in the amount of NOx that is caused by the increase in flame temperature. In this study we experimentally investigated NOx emissions rate when hydrogen was burned in a hydrocarbon gas burner which is used in a wide temperature range. As a result of the experiments the amount of NOx when burning Read More

The paper presents a complete value chain for the use of green hydrogen in a port facility. The main objective was to propose the sizing of the main components that make up green hydrogen to ensure the supply of 1 MWe in replacing the diesel generator. The energy demand required for the port was determined by establishing the leading small and large-scale conventional energyconsuming equipment. Hence 60 kgH2 was required to ensure t Read More

DNV GL believes that the National Transmission System (NTS) will be central to the future of decarbonised energy in the UK. The future NTS could transmit natural gas hydrogen blends of the two and carbon dioxide. New pipelines will be built however a large cost-saving is available if the existing NTS assets can also be re-purposed. To move towards this future National Grid Gas Transmission wants to develop a project to trial injection hydrogen into the NT Read More

Synthetic fuels produced with renewable surplus electricity depict an interesting solution for the decarbonization of mobility and transportation applications which are not suited for electrification. With the objective to compare various synthetic fuels an analysis of all the energy conversion steps is conducted from the electricity source i.e. wind- solar- or hydro-power to the final application i.e. a vehicle driving a certain number of miles. The investigated fuels Read More

Many Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) applications require vertical take-off and landing and very long-range capabilities. Fixed-wing aircraft need long runways to land and electric energy is still a bottleneck for helicopters which are not range efficient. In this paper we introduce the NederDrone a hybrid lift hybrid energy hydrogen-powered UAV that can perform vertical take-off and landings using its 12 propellers while flying efficiently in forward flight thank Read More

Road transport is recognized as having a negative impact on the environment. Policy has focused on replacement of the internal combustion engine (ICE) with less polluting forms of technology including battery electric and fuel cell electric powertrains. However progress is slow and both battery and fuel cell based vehicles face considerable commercialization challenges. To understand these challenges a review of current electric battery and fuel cell e Read More

The current focus on the massive CO2 reduction highlights the need for the rapid development of technology for the production storage transportation and distribution of renewable energy. In addition to electricity we need other forms of energy carriers that are more suitable for energy storage and transportation. Hydrogen is one of the main candidates for this purpose since it can be produced from solar or wind energy and then stored; once Read More

Standalone renewable energy is widely used to power irrigation systems. However in agricultural facilities electricity from the grid and diesel are also consumed. The design and sizing of renewable generation involves difficulties derived from the different seasonal profiles of production and demand. If the generation is 100% renewable a considerable energy surplus is usually included. This paper is focused on a renewable energy system which has b Read More