Publications

This paper investigates the optimal planning of microgrids including the hydrogen energy system through mixed-integer linear programming model. A real case study is analyzed by extending the only microgrid lab facility in Austria. The case study considers the hydrogen production via electrolysis seasonal storage and fuelling station for meeting the hydrogen fuel demand of fuel cell vehicles busses and trucks. The optimization is performed relative to two different reference cases which satisfy the mobility demand by diesel fuel and utility electricity based hydrogen fuel production respectively. The key results indicate that the low emission hydrogen mobility framework is achieved by high share of renewable energy sources and seasonal hydrogen storage in the microgrid. The investment optimization scenarios provide at least 66% and at most 99% carbon emission savings at increased costs of 30% and 100% respectively relative to the costs of the diesel reference case (current situation)

Global maritime transportation is responsible for around 3% of total anthropogenic green‐ house gas emissions and significant proportions of SOx NOx and PM emissions. Considering the predicted growth in shipping volumes to 2050 greenhouse gas emissions from ships must be cut by 75–85% per ton‐mile to meet Paris Agreement goals. This study reviews the potential of a range of alternative fuels for decarbonisation in maritime. A systematic literature review and information synthesis method was applied to evaluate fuel characteristics production pathways utilization technologies energy efficiency lifecycle environmental performance economic viability and cur‐ rent applicable policies. Alternative fuels are essential to decarbonisation in international shipping. However findings suggest there is no single route to deliver the required greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Emissions reductions vary widely depending on the production pathways of the fuel. Alternative fuels utilising a carbon‐intensive production pathway will not provide decarbonisation instead shifting emissions elsewhere in the supply chain. Ultimately a system‐wide perspective to creating an effective policy framework is required in order to promote the adoption of alternative propulsion technologies.

This paper presents an analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) based on the Theory of Critical Distances (TCD). The research is based on an experimental program composed of fracture specimens with notch radius varying from 0 mm (crack-like defect) up to 1 mm and tensile specimens. A pipeline steel was used in this work (X80). It has been analysed in one hydrogen embrittlement situation. The study has been completed with Finite Elements Simulation analysis. The capacity of the TCD to analyse SCC processes has been proven.

A critical drawback of battery-powered eVTOL UAVs is their limited range and endurance and this drawback could be solved by using a combination of hydrogen fuel cells and batteries. The objective of this paper is to develop a sizing methodology for the lift+cruise-type eVTOL UAV powered by a hydrogen fuel cell and battery. This paper presents the constraints analysis method for forward flight/VTOL multi-mode UAV the regression model for electric propulsion system sizing a sizing method for an electric propulsion system and hydrogen fuel cell system and a transition analysis method. The total mass of the UAV is iteratively calculated until convergence and the optimization method is used to ensure that the sizing results satisfy the design requirements. The sizing results are the UAV’s geometry mass and power data. To verify the accuracy of the proposed sizing methodology the sizing and the conceptual design phase results of a 25 kg hydrogen fuel-cell-powered UAV are compared. All parameters had an error within 10% and satisfied the design requirements.

Hydrogen (H₂) shows great promise as zero-carbon emission fuel but there are several challenges to overcome in regards to storage and transportation to make it a more universal energy solution. Gaseous hydrogen requires high pressures and large volume tanks while storage of liquid hydrogen requires cryogenic temperatures; neither option is ideal due to cost and the hazards involved. Storage in the solid state presents an attractive alternative and can meet the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) constraints to find materials containing > 7 % H₂ (gravimetric weight) with a maximum H₂ release under 125 °C.

While there are many candidate hydrogen storage materials the vast majority are metal hydrides. Of the hydrides this review focuses solely on sodium borohydride (NaBH4) which is often not covered in other hydride reviews. However as it contains 10.6% (by weight) H₂ that can release at 133 ± 3 JK−1mol⁻¹ this inexpensive material has received renewed attention. NaBH4 should decompose to H₂g) Na(s) and B(s) and could be recycled into its original form. Unfortunately metal to ligand charge transfer in NaBH4 induces high thermodynamic stability creating a high decomposition temperature of 530 °C. In an effort make H₂ more accessible at lower temperatures researchers have incorporated additives to destabilize the structure.

This review highlights metal additives that have successfully reduced the decomposition temperature of NaBH₄ with temperatures ranging from 522 °C (titanium (IV) fluoride) to 379 °C (niobium (V) fluoride). We describe synthetic methods employed chemical pathways taken and the challenges of boron derivative formation on H₂ cycling. Though no trends can be found across all additives it is our hope that compiling the data here will enable researchers to gain a better understanding of the additives’ influence and to determine how a new system might be designed to make NaBH4 a more viable H2 fuel source.

A comprehensive methodology for estimating the technological strength of welded joints are developed based on parameters reflecting the welding technology weldability hydrogen force and deformation conditions for welding and other informative parameters that correlate with the characteristics of the welded joint as well as improving existing methods for estimating the technological strength of welded joints connections through the introduction of modern equipment and non-destructive testing systems. It has been established that the proposed comprehensive estimation methodology will allow reaching a new qualitative level in assessing the technological strength of a welded joint using modern equipment and measuring instruments. According to the results of the experimental work it was found that when welding at low temperatures the increase in the probability of the formation and development of cold cracks is mainly determined by the critical content of diffusible hydrogen in the weld metal depending on the structural and force parameters of the welded joints.

The combination of catalytic decomposition of ammonia and in situ separation of hydrogen holds great promise for the use of ammonia as a clean energy carrier. However finding the optimal catalyst – membrane pair and operation conditions have proved challenging. Here we demonstrate that cobalt-based catalysts for ammonia decomposition can be efficiently 2 used together with a Pd-Au based membrane to produce high purity hydrogen at elevated pressure. Compared to a conventional packed bed reactor the membrane reactor offers several operational advantages that result in energetic and economic benefits. The robustness and durability of the combined system has been demonstrated for more than 1000 h on stream yielding a very pure hydrogen stream (>99.97 % H2) and recovery (>90 %). When considering the required hydrogen compression for storage/utilization and environmental issues the combined system offers the additional advantage of production of hydrogen at moderate pressures along with full ammonia conversion. Altogether our results demonstrate the possibility of deploying high pressure (350 bar) hydrogen generators from ammonia with H2 efficiencies of circa 75% without any external energy input and/or derived CO2 emissions.

The assessment of appropriate operational procedures to govern the injection of a hydrogen/natural gas blend into Northern Gas Networks’ (NGN) Winlaton gas distribution network was a key requirement of the HyDeploy2 project. To perform this assessment the review was broken down into two areas procedures upstream of the emergency control valve (owned by NGN) and procedures downstream of the Emergency Control Valve (procedures which would be performed by Gas Safe registered individuals). Assessment of the upstream procedures was led by NGN (own and carry out all upstream procedures on NGN’s gas network) and assessment of the downstream procedures was led by Blue Flame Associates (an industry expert on downstream gas procedures).<br/>Methodologies were adopted to be able to highlight procedures that could potentially be used on the Winlaton trial network during the hydrogen blended gas injection period and if they were impacted by the changing of the gas within the network from natural gas to hydrogen blended gas. This method determined that for downstream gas procedures a total of 56 gas procedures required expert review resulting in 80 technical questions to be assessed and for the upstream gas procedures a total of 80 gas procedures required expert review resulting in 266 technical questions to be assessed.<br/>The operational procedures assessment has led to a determination as to whether a change is or is not required for relevant operational procedures where a basis of concern existed with respect to the injection of hydrogen blended gas. Any requirements to modify an existing procedure has been given in this report referencing the source as to where the detailed analysis for the change/no change recommendation has been given.<br/>The assessment took into account the associated experimental and research carried out as part of the HyDeploy and HyDeploy2 projects such as the assessment of gas characteristics materials impact appliance survey of assets on the Winlaton network and impact of hydrogen blended gas on gas detection equipment references to these studies have been given accordingly to associated impacted operational procedures.<br/>The conclusion of the assessment is that for upstream gas procedures there are some operational procedures that are unchanged some that require an increase in the frequency as to how often they are performed and some procedures which require a technical modification. For downstream domestic gas procedures all procedures applicable to a domestic gas installation were deemed to not be detrimentally affected by the introduction of a 20 mol% hydrogen blend.<br/>For upstream gas procedures an appropriate training package will be built off the back of the results presented in this report and disseminated accordingly to all relevant Operatives that will be responsible for the safety operation and maintenance of the Winlaton network during the hydrogen blend injection period. For downstream gas procedures the Gas Safe community have been fully engaged and informed about the trial.<br/>Click on the supplements tab to view the other documents from this report

The CCUS Advisory Group (CAG) established in March 2019 is an industry-led group considering the critical challenges facing the development of CCUS market frameworks and providing insight into potential solutions. The CAG brings together experts from across the CCUS industry finance and legal sectors.<br/>The CAG has examined a range of business models focusing on industrial CCUS power production CO? transport and storage and hydrogen production. It has considered how the proposed business models interact in order to minimise issues such as cross-chain risk and has considered issues such as delivery capability. The conclusions of the CAG can be found in this report.

The remaining useful life (RUL) prediction for hydrogen fuel cells is an important part of its prognostics and health management (PHM). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are proven to be very effective in RUL prediction as they do not need to understand the failure mechanisms behind hydrogen fuel cells. A novel RUL prediction method for hydrogen fuel cells based on the gated recurrent unit ANN is proposed in this paper. Firstly the data were preprocessed to remove outliers and noises. Secondly the performance of different neural networks is compared including the back propagation neural network (BPNN) the long short-term memory (LSTM) network and the gated recurrent unit (GRU) network. According to our proposed method based on GRU the root mean square error was 0.0026 the mean absolute percentage error was 0.0038 and the coefficient of determination was 0.9891 for the data from the challenge datasets provided by FCLAB Research Federation when the prediction starting point was 650 h. Compared with the other RUL prediction methods based on the BPNN and the LSTM our prediction method is better in both prediction accuracy and convergence rate.

Renewable power-to-hydrogen (P2H) technology is one of the most promising solutions for fulfilling the increasing global demand for hydrogen and to buffer large-scale fluctuating renewable energies. The high-power high-current ac/dc converter plays a crucial role in P2H facilities transforming medium-voltage (MV) ac power to a large dc current to supply hydrogen electrolyzers. This work introduces the general requirements and overviews several power converter topologies for P2H systems. The performances of different topologies are evaluated and compared from multiple perspectives. Moreover the future trend of eliminating the line frequency transformer (LFT) is discussed. This work can provide guidance for future designing and implementing of power-electronics-based P2H systems.

A better understanding of chemical kinetics under volumetric expansion is important for a number of situations relevant to industrial safety including detonation diffraction and direct initiation reflected shock-ignition at obstacles ignition behind a decaying shock among others. The ignition of stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixtures was studied using 0D numerical simulations with time-dependent specific volume variations. The competition between chemical energy release and expansion-induced cooling was characterized for different cooling rates and mathematical forms describing the shock decay rate. The critical conditions for reaction quenching were systematically determined and the thermo-chemistry dynamics were analyzed near the critical conditions.

In the present work methane carbon monoxide hydrogen and the binary mixtures 20 % CH4–80 % H2 80 % CH4–20 % H2 25 % CO–75 % H2 (by volume) were considered as fuels of a naturally aspirated port-fuel injection four-cylinder Volkswagen 1.4 L spark-ignition (SI) engine. The interest in these fuels lies in the fact that they can be obtained from renewable resources such as the fermentation or gasification of residual biomasses as well as the electrolysis of water with electricity of renewable origin in the case of hydrogen. In addition they can be used upon relatively easy modifications of the engines including the retrofitting of existing internal combustion engines. It has been found that the engine gives similar performance regardless the gaseous fuel nature if the air–fuel equivalence ratio (λ) is the same. Maximum brake torque and mean effective pressure values within 45–89 N⋅m and 4.0–8.0 bar respectively have been obtained at values of λ between 1 and 2 at full load engine speed of 2000 rpm and optimum spark-advance. In contrast the nature of the gaseous fuel had great influence upon the range of λ values at which a fuel (either pure or blend) could be used. Methane and methane-rich mixtures with hydrogen or carbon monoxide allowed operating the engine at close to stoichiometric conditions (i.e. 1 < λ < 1.5) yielding the highest brake torque and mean effective pressure values. On the contrary hydrogen and hydrogen-rich mixtures with methane or carbon monoxide could be employed only in the very fuel-lean region (i.e. 1.5 < λ < 2). The behavior of carbon monoxide was intermediate between that of methane and hydrogen. The present study extends and complements previous works in which the aforementioned fuels were compared only under stoichiometric conditions in air (λ = 1). In addition a simple zero-dimensional thermodynamic combustion model has been developed that allows describing qualitatively the trends set by the several fuels. Although the model is useful to understand the influence of the fuels properties on the engine performance its predictive capability is limited by the simplifications made.

Magnesium hydride (MgH₂) is a potential material for solid-state hydrogen storage. However the thermodynamic and kinetic properties are far from practical application in the current stage. In this work two-dimensional vanadium carbide (V₂C) MXene with layer thickness of 50−100 nm was fist synthesized by selectively HF-etching the Al layers from V₂AlC MAX phase and then introduced into MgH2 to improve the hydrogen sorption performances of MgH2. The onset hydrogen desorption temperature of MgH₂ with V2C addition is significantly reduced from 318 °C for pure MgH2 to 190 °C with a 128 °C reduction of the onset temperature. The MgH₂+ 10 wt% V₂C composite can release 6.4 wt% of H₂ within 10 min at 300 °C and does not loss any capacity for up to 10 cycles. The activation energy for the hydrogen desorption reaction of MgH₂ with V₂C addition was calculated to be 112 kJ mol−1 H₂ by Arrhenius's equation and 87.6 kJ mol−1 H₂ by Kissinger's equation. The hydrogen desorption reaction enthalpy of MgH₂ + 10 wt% V₂C was estimated by van't Hoff equation to be 73.6 kJ mol−1 H₂ which is slightly lower than that of the pure MgH₂ (77.9 kJ mol−1 H₂). Microstructure studies by XPS TEM and SEM showed that V₂C acts as an efficient catalyst for the hydrogen desorption reaction of MgH₂. The first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the bond length of Mg−H can be reduced from 1.71 Å for pure MgH₂ to 2.14 Å for MgH₂ with V₂C addition which contributes to the destabilization of MgH₂. This work provides a method to significantly and simultaneously tailor the hydrogen sorption thermodynamics and kinetics of MgH₂ by two-dimensional MXene materials.

In response to the global climate emergency governments across the world are aiming to lower greenhouse gas emissions to slow the damaging effects of climate change.<br/>The Scottish Government has set a target of net zero emissions by 2045. Already a global leader in renewable energy and low-carbon technology deployment Scotland’s energy landscape is set to undergo more change as it moves toward becoming carbon-neutral. Key to that change will be the transition from natural gas to zero-carbon gases like hydrogen and biomethane.<br/>Scotland’s north-east and central belt are home to some of its largest industrial carbon emitters. The sector’s reliance on natural gas means that it emits 11.9Mt of CO2 emissions per year says NECCUS: the equivalent of 2.6 million cars or roughly all the cars in Scotland. Most homes and businesses across Scotland also use natural gas for heating.<br/>Our North-East Network and Industrial Cluster project is laying the foundations for the rapid decarbonisation of this high-emitting sector. We’ve published a report outlining the practical steps needed to rapidly decarbonise a significant part of Scotland’s homes and industry. It demonstrates how hydrogen can play a leading role in delivering the Scottish Government’s target of one million homes with low carbon heat by 2030.<br/>The research published with global consulting and engineering advisor Wood sets out a transformational and accelerated pathway to 100% hydrogen for Scotland’s gas networks which you can see on the map below. It also details the feasibility of a CO2 collection network to securely capture transport and store carbon dioxide emissions deep underground.

Hydrogen consumption and mileage are important economic indicators of fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen consumption is the fundamental reason that restricts mileage. Since there are few quantitative studies on hydrogen consumption during actual vehicle operation the high cost of hydrogen consumption in outdoor testing makes it impossible to guarantee the accuracy of the test. Therefore this study puts forward a test method based on the hydrogen consumption of fuel cell vehicles under CLTC-P operating conditions to test the hydrogen consumption of fuel cell vehicles per 100 km. Finally the experiment shows that the mileage calculated by hydrogen consumption has a higher consistency with the actual mileage. Based on this hydrogen consumption test method the hydrogen consumption can be accurately measured and the test time and cost can be effectively reduced.

The electric power industry sector has become increasingly aware of how counterproductive voltage sag affects distribution network systems (DNS). The voltage sag backfires disastrously at the demand load side and affects equipment in DNS. To settle the voltage sag issue this paper achieved its primary purpose to mitigate the voltage sag based on integrating a hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) with the DNS using a distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) system. Besides this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of D-STATCOM in DNS. In this paper using HFC is well-designed modeled and simulated to mitigate the voltage sag in DNS with a positive impact on the environment and an immediate response to the issue of the injection of voltage. Furthermore this modeling and controller are particularly suitable in terms of cost-effectiveness as well as reliability based on the adaptive network fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) fuzzy logic system (FLC) and proportional–integral (P-I). The effectiveness of the MATLAB simulation is confirmed by implementing the system and carrying out a DNS connection obtaining efficiencies over 94.5% at three-phase fault for values of injection voltage in HFC D-STATCOM using a P-I controller. Moreover the HFC D-STATCOM using FLC proved capable of supporting the network by 97.00%. The HFC D-STATCOM based ANFIS proved capable of supporting the network by 98.00% in the DNS.

In order to study the effect of halogen bond on tautomerism in β-diketones in the solid-state we have prepared a series of cocrystals derived from an asymmetric β-diketone benzoyl-4-pyridoylmethane (b4pm) as halogen bond acceptor and perfluorinated iodobenzenes: iodopentaflourobenzene (ipfb) 12- 13- and 14-diiodotetraflorobenzene (12tfib 13tfib and 14tfib) and 135-triiodo-246-trifluorobenzene (135titfb). All five cocrystals are assembled by I···N halogen bonds involving pyridyl nitrogen and iodoperfluorobenzene iodine resulting in 1:1 (four compounds) or 1:2 (one compound) cocrystal stoichiometry. Tautomer of b4pm in which hydrogen atom is adjacent to the pyridyl fragment was found to be more stable in vacuo than tautomer with a benzoyl hydroxyl group. This tautomer is also found to be dominant in the majority of crystal structures somewhat more abundantly in crystal structures of cocrystals in which additional I···O halogen bond with the benzoyl oxygen has been established. Attempts have also been made to prepare an equivalent series of cocrystals using a closely related asymmetric β-diketone benzoyl-3-pyridoylmethane (b3pm); however all attempts were unsuccessful which is attributed to more effective crystal packing of b3pm isomer compared to b4pm which reduced the probability of cocrystal formation.

Global climate change concerns have pushed international governmental actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by adopting cleaner technologies hoping to transition to a more sustainable society. The hydrogen economy is one potential long-term option for enabling deep decarbonization for the future energy landscape. Progress towards an operating hydrogen economy is discouragingly slow despite global efforts to accelerate it. There are major mismatches between the present situation surrounding the hydrogen economy and previous proposed milestones that are far from being reached. The overall aim of this study is to understand whether there has been significant real progress in the achievement of a hydrogen economy or whether the current interest is overly exaggerated (hype). This study uses bibliometric analysis and content analysis to historically map the hydrogen economy’s development from 1972 to 2020 by quantifying and analyzing three sets of interconnected data. Findings indicate that interest in the hydrogen economy has significantly progressed over the past five decades based on the growing numbers of academic publications media coverage and projects. However various endogenous and exogenous factors have influenced the development of the hydrogen economy and created hype at different points in time. The consolidated results explore the changing trends and how specific events or actors have influenced the development of the hydrogen economy with their agendas the emergence of hype cycles and the expectations of a future hydrogen economy.

The commercialization of eco-friendly hydrogen vehicles has elicited attempts to expand hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas; however safety measures to reduce the risk of jet fires have not been established. The RISKCURVES software was used to evaluate the individual and societal risks of hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas and the F–N (Frequency–Number of fatalities) curve was used to compare whether the safety measures satisfied international standards. From the results of the analysis it was found that there is a risk of explosion in the expansion of hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas and safety measures should be considered. To lower the risk of hydrogen refueling stations this study applied the passive and active independent protection layers (IPLs) of LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis) and confirmed that these measures significantly reduced societal risk as well as individual risk and met international standards. In particular such measures could effectively reduce the impact of jet fire in dispensers and tube trailers that had a high risk. Measures employing both IPL types were efficient in meeting international standard criteria; however passive IPLs were found to have a greater risk reduction effect than active IPLs. The combination of RISKCURVES and LOPA is an appropriate risk assessment method that can reduce work time and mitigate risks through protective measures compared to existing risk assessment methods. This method can be applied to risk assessment and risk mitigation not only for hydrogen facilities but also for hazardous materials with high fire or explosion risk.

Decarbonization in several countries is now linked to the prospect of implementing a national hydrogen economy. In countries with extensive natural gas infrastructure hydrogen may provide a real opportunity to decarbonize space heating. While this approach may prove technically and economically feasible in the longterm it is unclear whether consumers will be willing to adopt hydrogen-fueled appliances for heating and cooking should techno-economic feasibility be achieved. In response this paper develops an analytical framework for examining hydrogen acceptance which links together socio-technical barriers and social acceptance factors. Applying this framework the study synthesizes the existing knowledge on public perceptions of hydrogen and identifies critical knowledge gaps which should be addressed to support domestic hydrogen acceptance. The paper demonstrates that a future research agenda should account for the interactions between acceptance factors at the attitudinal socio-political market community and behavioral level. The analysis concludes that hydrogen is yet to permeate the public consciousness due to a lack of knowledge and awareness owing to an absence of information dissemination. In response consumer engagement in energy markets and stronger public trust in key stakeholders will help support social acceptance as the hydrogen transition unfolds. Affordability may prove the most critical barrier to the large-scale adoption of hydrogen homes while the disruptive impacts of the switchover and distributional injustice represent key concerns. As a starting point the promise of economic environmental and community benefits must be communicated and fulfilled to endorse the value of hydrogen homes.

The recent growth of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by battery vehicles or tube-trailers both in composite pressure vessels. As a transport regulation the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions and is used for national transport in the EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the behaviour of each individual pressure vessel regardless of the pressure of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from generally possible worst case scenarios such as sudden rupture. In 2012 the BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national transport requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc. to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. This results in a requirement that becomes more restrictive as the product of pressure and volume increases. In the studies presented here the safety measures for hydrogen road transport are identified and reviewed through a number of safety measures from countries including Japan the USA and China. Subsequently the failure consequences of using trailer vehicles the related risk and the chance are evaluated. A benefit-related risk criterion is suggested to add to regulations and to be defined as a safety goal in standards for hydrogen transport vehicles and for mounted pressure vessels. Finally an idea is given for generating probabilistic safety data and for highly efficient evaluation without a significant increase of effort.

Hy4Heat’s mission is to establish if it is technically possible safe and convenient to replace natural gas (methane) with hydrogen in residential and commercial buildings and gas appliances. This will enable the government to determine whether to proceed to a community trial.



There is growing international consensus that hydrogen will be essential to successfully tackling climate change. So BEIS is working to develop hydrogen as a strategic decarbonised energy carrier for the UK which will be an essential element of the UK’s efforts to transform and decarbonise our energy system in line with our legally binding 2050 net zero commitment. Hydrogen can be used across multiple end-use sectors including industry transport heat and power. BEIS is looking to support and develop low carbon hydrogen production methods which will position hydrogen as a highly effective decarbonisation option particularly in hard-to electrify sectors and processes.



At the end of 2017 BEIS appointed Arup to be the programme manager for the Hy4Heat programme. Arup partnered with technical and industry specialists: Kiwa Gastec Progressive Energy Embers and Yo Energy and together the team oversees the programme and technical management of all the work packages. For the past three years Hy4Heat has been exploring whether replacing natural gas (methane) with hydrogen for domestic heating and cooking is feasible and could be part of a plausible potential pathway to help meet heat decarbonisation targets. To do this the programme has been seeking to provide the technical performance usability and safety evidence to demonstrate whether hydrogen can be used for heat in buildings.





This report and any attachment is freely available on the Hy4Heat website here. The report can also be downloaded directly by clicking on the pdf icon above.

The 2014 Review is the fourth review of the FCH JU project portfolio. The reviews began in 2011 following a recommendation arising from the interim evaluation of the FCH JU which identified the need to ensure that the FCH JU project portfolio as a whole fulfilled the objectives of the Multi-Annual Implementation or Work Plan.<br/><br/>An international team of leading experts in the FCH field undertakes each review based on (1) The achievements of the portfolio against the strategic objectives and content of the FCH JU’s MAIP/MAWP and the AIP/AWPs as set out for the transportation and energy innovation pillars and the cross-cutting category; (2) The extent to which the portfolio meets the FCH JU’s remit for promoting the horizontal activities of RCS PNR safety life-cycle and socio-economic analysis education and training and public awareness; (3) The portfolio’s effectiveness in promoting linkages and co-operation between projects and between FCH JU-supported projects and those supported by other European instruments the Member States and internationally. Review panels The 2014 review comprised six panels covering a total of 114 projects. Each panel covered between 10 and 24 projects as shown in Table 1 below. The objective was to assess projects within each panel as a sub-portfolio (within the FCH JU portfolio) and not as individual projects although examples of individual projects representing good practice were highlighted.

Adequate safety measures are crucial for preventing major accidents at hydrogen fuelling stations. In particular risk analysis of the domino effect at hydrogen fuelling stations is essential because knock-on accidents are likely to intensify the consequences of a relatively small incident. Several risk assessment studies have focused on hydrogen fuelling stations but none have investigated accidental scenarios related to the domino effect at such stations. Therefore the purpose of this study is to identify a domino effect scenario analyze the scenario by using simulations and propose safety measures for preventing and mitigating of the scenario. In this hazard identification study we identified the domino effect scenario of a hydrogen fuelling station with an on-site hydrogen production system involving methylcyclohexane and investigated through simulations of the scenario. The simulations revealed that a pool fire of methylcyclohexane or toluene can damage the process equipment and that thermal radiation may cause the pressurized hydrogen tanks to rupture. The rupture-type vent system can serve as a critical safety measure for preventing and mitigating the examined scenario.