CO₂ Emissions Reduction Measures for RO-RO Vessels on Non-Profitable Coastal Liner Passenger Transport

Reducing CO₂ emissions from ships in unprofitable coastline transport using electricity and hydrogen has potential for island development to improve transport and protect biodiversity and nature. New technologies are a challenge for shipping companies and their introduction should be accompanied by a system of state aid for alternative energy sources. The energy requirements of an electric ferry for a route of up to 6 km were considered, as well as the amount of hydrogen needed to generate the electricity required to charge the ferry batteries to enable a state aid scheme. For a daily ferry operation, a specific fuel consumption of 60.6 g/kWh of liquid hydrogen is required in the system fuel cell with a total of 342.69 kg of hydrogen. Compared to marine diesel, the use of electric ferries leads to a reduction of CO₂ emissions by up to 90%, including significantly lower NOx, Sox, and particulate matter (PM) emissions, and operating costs by up to 80%.