France

The Reactive Discrete Equation Method (RDEM) was recently introduced in [12] adapted to combustion modelling in [3] and implemented in the TONUS code [4]. The method has two major features: the combustion constant having velocity dimension is the fundamental flame speed and the combustion wave now is an integral part of the Reactive Riemann Problem. In the present report the RDEM method is applied to the simulation of the combustion Test 13H Read More

The development of hydrogen as energy carrier is promoted by the increasing in energy demand depletion of fossil resources and the global warming. However this issue relies primarily on the safety aspect which requires the knowledge in the case of gas release of the quantities such as the flammable cloud size release path and the location of the lower flammability limit of the mixture. The integral models for predicting the atmospheric dispersi Read More

As governments focus on dealing with the Covid-19 health emergency they are increasingly turning their attention to the impact of shutting down their economies and how to revive them quickly through stimulus measures. Economic recovery packages offer a unique opportunity to create jobs while supporting clean energy transitions around the world.Energy efficiency and renewable energy like wind and solar PV – the cornerstones of any cle Read More

Hydrogen technologies maintained strong momentum in 2019 awakening keen interest among policy makers. It was a record year for electrolysis capacity becoming operational and several significant announcements were made for upcoming years. The fuel cell electric vehicle market almost doubled owing to outstanding expansion in China Japan and Korea. However low-carbon production capacity remained relatively constant and is still off track with th Read More

In response to the exceptional circumstances stemming from the coronavirus pandemic the annual IEA Global Energy Review has expanded its coverage to include real-time analysis of developments to date in 2020 and possible directions for the rest of the year. In addition to reviewing 2019 energy and CO2 emissions data by fuel and country for this section of the Global Energy Review we have tracked energy use by country and fuel over the past thre Read More

Computational Fluid Dynamics codes are increasingly being considered for safety assessment demonstrations in many industrial fields as tools to model accidental phenomena and to design mitigation (risk reducing) systems. Thus they naturally complement experimental programmes which may be expensive to run or difficult to set up. However to trust numerical simulations the validity of the codes must be firmly established and a certain number of err Read More

We report the development of new tools and methods for facile integration and meaningful representation of high throughput data generated by genome-wide analyses of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 for future genetic engineering aiming at increasing its level of hydrogen photoproduction. These robust tools comprise new oligonucleotide DNA microarrays to monitor the transcriptomic responses of all 3725 genes of Read More

For safety issues related to the storage of hydrogen under high pressure it is necessary to determine how the gas is released in the case of failure. In particular there exist limited quantitative information on the near-field properties of the gas jets which are important for establishing proper decay laws in the far-field. This paper reports recent CFD results for air and helium obtained in the near-field of the highly under-expanded jets. The gas jets are rele Read More

The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier is a real perspective for Europe since a number of breakthroughs now enable to envision a deployment at the industrial scale. However some safety issues need to be further addressed but experimental data are still lacking especially about the explosion dynamics in realistic dimensions. A set of hydrogen-air vented explosions were thus performed in two medium scale chambers (1 m3 and 10 m3). Homogeneo Read More

In this paper safety considerations related to the operation of proton-exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysers (hydrogen production capacity up to 1 Nm3/h and operating pressure up to 130 bars) are presented. These results were obtained in the course of the GenHyPEM project a research program on high-pressure PEM water electrolysis supported by the European Commission. Experiments were made using a high-pressure electrolysis stack de Read More

In this document after a review of the accidents/incidents are described the different interactions between hydrogen gas and the most commonly used materials including the influence of "internal" and "external" hydrogen the phenomena occurring in all ranges of temperatures and pressures and Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) created by gaseous hydrogen. The principle of all the test methods used to investigate this phenomenon are presented and di Read More

INERIS has set up large-scale fully instrumented experiments to study the formation of flammable clouds resulting from a finite duration spillage of hydrogen in a quiescent room (80 m3 chamber). Concentration temperature and mass flow measurements were monitored during the release period and several hours after. Experiments were carried out for mass flow rates ranging from 02 g/s to 1 g/s. The instrumentation allowed the observation and quan Read More

In case of severe accidents in Pressurized Water Reactors a great amount of hydrogen can be released the resulting heterogeneous gaseous mixture (hydrogen-air-steam) can be flammable or inert and the pressure effects could alter the confinement of the reactor. Water spray systems have been designed in order to reduce overpressures in the containment but the presence of water droplets could enhance flame propagation through turbu Read More

The present article indicates the change of mechanical properties of X52 gas pipe steel in presence of hydrogen and its consequence on defect assessment particularly on notch like defects. The purpose of this work is to determine if the transport of a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen in the actual existing European natural gas pipe network can be done with a reasonable low failure risk (i.e. a probability of failure less than 10-6). To evaluate this risk Read More

The “SUpport to SAfety aNAlysis of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies (SUSANA)” project aims to support stakeholders using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for safety engineering design and assessment of FCH systems and infrastructure through the development of a model evaluation protocol. The protocol covers all aspects of safety assessment modelling using CFD from release through dispersion to combustion (self-ignition fires deflagratio Read More

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is an efficient and environmental friendly method that can be used for the production of molecular hydrogen of electrolytic grade using zero-carbon power sources such as renewable and nuclear. However market applications are asking for cost reduction and performances improvement. This can be achieved by increasing operating current density and lifetime of operation. Concerning performance Read More

Hydrogen has the potential to be used by many countries as part of decarbonising the future energy system. Hydrogen can be used as a fuel ‘vector’ to store and transport energy produced in low-carbon ways. This could be particularly important in applications such as heating and transport where other solutions for low and zero carbon emission are difficult. To enable the safe uptake of hydrogen technologies it is important to develop the international scien Read More

A set of original experiments is presented covering the topic of hydrogen-air mixture ignition by a hot surface. The hot surface is a 30 mm long/10 mm diameter heated coil which temperature is controlled by IR techniques. The coil is placed into the flowing stream of hydrogen air mixtures. The variable parameters are the composition of the flammable atmosphere (4 to 75% H2 v/v) the flow speed (from 0.5 m/s to 30 m/s) and its temperature (fro Read More

Hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel is commonly expected to play a major role in future energy supply e.g. as an admixture gas in natural gas grids. Which impacts on residential and commercial gas appliances can be expected due to the significantly different physical and chemical properties of hydrogen-enriched natural gas? This paper analyses and discusses blends of hydrogen and natural gas from the perspective of combustion science. The ad Read More

From 2006 to 2009 INERIS alongside with CEA PSA PEUGEOT CITROËN and IRPHE were involved in a project called DRIVE. Its objective was to provide data on the whole reaction chain leading to a hydrogen hazard onboard a vehicle. Out of the three types of leakage identified by the consortium (permeation chronic and accidental) the chronic leakage taking place within the engine was judged to be more problematic since it can feature a high probability of oc Read More

The lay-out requirements developed for hydrogen systems operated in industrial environment are not suitable for the operating conditions specific to hydrogen refuelling stations (service pressure of up to 95 MPa facility for public use). A risk informed rationale has been developed to define and substantiate separation distance requirements in ISO 20100 Gaseous hydrogen – refuelling stations [1]. In this approach priority is given to preventing escalatio Read More

This paper gives a historical and technical overview of hydrogen storage vessels and details the specific issues and constraints of hydrogen energy uses. Hydrogen as an industrial gas is stored either as a compressed or as a refrigerated liquefied gas. Since the beginning of the last century hydrogen is stored in seamless steel cylinders. At the end of the 60s tubes also made of seamless steels were used; specific attention was paid to hydrogen embrittlem Read More

The highly combustible nature of hydrogen poses a great hazard creating a number of problems with its safety and handling. As a part of safety studies related to the use of hydrogen in a confined environment it is extremely important to have a good knowledge of the dispersion mechanism.The present work investigates the concentration field and flammability envelope from a small scale leak. The hydrogen is released into a 0.47 m × 0.33 m x 0.20 m Read More

In industry handling hydrogen explosion presents a potential danger due to its effects on people and property. In the nuclear industry this explosion which is possible during severe accidents can challenge the reactor containment and it may lead to a release of radioactive materials into the environment. The Three Mile Island accident in the United States in 1979 and more recently the Fukushima accident in Japan have highlighted the importance of this Read More

This paper presents a new Fuel Cell Fuel Consumption Minimization Strategy (FCFCMS) for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) powered by a fuel cell and an energy storage system in order to minimize as much as possible the consumption of hydrogen while maintaining the State Of Charge (SOC) of the battery. Compared to existing Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) (such as the well-known State Machine Strategy (SMC) Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) Freq Read More