Denmark

Any technical installation need appropriate safety barriers installed to prevent or mitigate any adverse effects concerning people property and environment. In this context a safety barrier is a series of elements each consisting of a technical system or human action that implement a planned barrier function to prevent control or mitigate the propagation of a condition or event into an undesired condition or event. This is also important for new technologie Read More

Hydrogen has the potential to be used by many countries as part of decarbonising the future energy system. Hydrogen can be used as a fuel ‘vector’ to store and transport energy produced in low-carbon ways. This could be particularly important in applications such as heating and transport where other solutions for low and zero carbon emission are difficult. To enable the safe uptake of hydrogen technologies it is important to develop the international scien Read More

This paper revisits the theoretical concepts of lock-in mechanisms to analyse transition processes in energy production and road transportation in the Nordic countries focussing on three technology platforms: advanced biofuels e-mobility and hydrogen and fuel cell electrical vehicles. The paper is based on a comparative analysis of case studies.The main lock-in mechanisms analysed are learning effects economies of scale economies of scope network Read More

Power-to-fuel systems via solid-oxide electrolysis are promising for storing excess renewable electricity by efficient electrolysis of steam (or co-electrolysis of steam and CO2) into hydrogen (or syngas) which can be further converted into synthetic fuels with plant-wise thermal integration. Electrolysis stack performance and durability determine the system design performance and long-term operating strategy; thus solid-oxide electrolyzer based powe Read More

Imbalance costs caused by forecasting errors are considerable for grid-connected wind farms. In order to reduce such costs two onsite storage technologies i.e. power-to-hydrogen-to-power and lithium battery are investigated considering 14 uncertain technological and economic parameters. Probability density distributions of wind forecasting errors and power level are first considered to quantify the imbalance and excess wind power. Then robust optimal Read More

Globally the accelerating use of renewable energy sources enabled by increased efficiencies and reduced costs and driven by the need to mitigate the effects of climate change has significantly increased research in the areas of renewable energy production storage distribution and end-use. Central to this discussion is the use of hydrogen as a clean efficient energy vector for energy storage. This review by experts of Task 32 “Hydrogen-based Energy Read More

The results of a techno-economic model of distributed wind-hydrogen systems (WHS) located at each existing wind farm on the island of Ireland are presented in this paper. Hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis from wind energy and backed up by grid electricity compressed before temporarily stored then transported to the nearest injection location on the natural gas network. The model employs a novel correlation-based approach to se Read More

Massive investments in offshore wind power generate significant challenges on how this electricity will be integrated into the incumbent energy systems. In this context green hydrogen produced by offshore wind emerges as a promising solution to remove barriers towards a carbon-free economy in Europe and beyond. Motivated by the recent developments in Denmark with the decision to construct the world’s first artificial Offshore Energy Hub this paper Read More

Chromium poisoning of the air electrode is a primary degradation mechanism for solid oxide cells (SOCs) operating under fuel cell mode. Recent experimental findings show that reversed pulse operation for SOCs operated as electrolyser cells can reverse this degradation and extend the lifetime. Here we use a multiphysics model of an SOC to investigate the effects of reversed pulse operation for alleviating chromium poisoning of the air electro Read More

As the EU energy system transitions to low carbon the technology choices should consider a broader set of criteria. The use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) prevents burden shift across life cycle stages or impact categories while the use of Energy System Models (ESM) allows evaluating alternative policies capacity evolution and covering all the sectors. This study does an ex-post LCA analysis of results from JRC-EU-TIMES and estimates the environme Read More

Currently most of the vehicles make use of fossil fuels for operations resulting in one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions. The need to cut our dependency on these fossil fuels has led to an increased use of renewable energy sources (RESs) for mobility purposes. A technical and economic analysis of a one-stop charging station for battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) is investigated in this paper. The hybrid optimiz Read More

Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) are necessary to help reduce the emissions in the transportation sector which is responsible for 40% of overall greenhouse gas emissions. There are two types of ZEVs Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) Commercial Success of BEVs has been challenging thus far also due to limited range and very long charging duration. FCEVs using H2 infrastructure with SAE J2601 and J2799 standards Read More

Evaluations of the uncertainties resulting from risk assessment tools to predict releases from the various hydrogen storage types are important to support risk informed safety management. The tools have to predict releases from a wide range of storage pressures (up to 80 MPa) and temperatures (at 20K) e.g. the cryogenic compressed gas storage covers pressures up to 35 MPa and temperatures between 33K and 338 K. Accurate calculations of high pr Read More

Renewable power-to-hydrogen (P2H) technology is one of the most promising solutions for fulfilling the increasing global demand for hydrogen and to buffer large-scale fluctuating renewable energies. The high-power high-current ac/dc converter plays a crucial role in P2H facilities transforming medium-voltage (MV) ac power to a large dc current to supply hydrogen electrolyzers. This work introduces the general requirements and overviews several powe Read More

A method for determination of hazardous zones for hydrogen installations has been studied. This work has been carried out within the NoE HySafe. The method is based on the Italian Method outlined in Guide 31-30(2004) Guide 31–35(2001) Guide 31-35/A(2001) and Guide 31-35/A; V1(2003). Hazardous zones for a “generic hydrogen refuelling station”(HRS) are assessed based on this method. The method is consistent with the EU directive 1999/92/EC “S Read More

Based on the increasing need of energy for the future and the related risks to the environments due to burning of fossils fuels hydrogen is seen as an efficient and application related clean energy carrier that may be derived from renewable energy sources. A variety of applications connected with production and use of hydrogen and the related risks have been identified and a survey has been conducted among a number of experts as an int Read More

Alternative and especially renewable marine fuels are needed to reduce the environmental and climate impacts of the shipping sector. This paper investigates the business case for hydrogen as an alternative fuel in a new-built vessel utilizing fuel cells and liquefied hydrogen. A real option approach is used to model the optimal time and costs for investment as well as the value of deferring an investment as a result of uncertainty. This model is th Read More

A pseudo-homogeneous model for the methanol steam reforming process was developed based on reaction kinetics over a CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst and non-adiabatic heat and mass transfer performances in a co-current packed-bed reactor. A Thiele modulus method and an intraparticle distribution method were applied for predicting the effectiveness factors for main reactions and providing insights into the diffusion-reaction process in a cylindrical catalyst Read More

Liquid hydrogen carriers are considered to be attractive hydrogen storage options because of their ease of integration into existing chemical transportation infrastructures when compared with liquid or compressed hydrogen. The development of such carriers forms part of the work of the International Energy Agency Task 32: Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage. Here we report the state-of-the-art for ammonia-based and liquid organic hydrogen carriers wit Read More

The concerns over food security and protein scarcity driven by population increase and higher standards of living have pushed scientists toward finding new protein sources. A considerable proportion of resources and agricultural lands are currently dedicated to proteinaceous feed production to raise livestock and poultry for human consumption. The 1st generation of microbial protein (MP) came into the market as land-independent proteinaceous feed for liv Read More

This report is the very first version of the document that will present the THyGA short-term test. These tests are carried out to observe how appliances react in the short term (few minutes to few hours) on different H2NG mixtures and long-term test are observing behaviour over several weeks. The analysis is based on the test of about 20 appliances only and is not yet covering extensively all the segments of the project. However most of the aspects of t Read More

In this paper a simplified model of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) water electrolysis cell is presented and compared with experimental data at 60 ◦C and 80 ◦C. The model utilizes the same modelling approach used in previous work where the electrolyzer cell is divided in four subsections: cathode anode membrane and voltage. The model of the electrodes includes key electrochemical reactions and gas transport mechanism (i.e. H2 O2 and H2O) w Read More

This paper focuses on developing a fast-solving open-source model for dynamic power-to-X plant techno-economic analysis and analysing the method bias that occurs when using other state-of-the-art power-to-X cost calculation methods. The model is a least-cost optimisation of investments and operation-costs taking as input techno-economic data varying power profiles and hourly grid prices. The fuel analysed is ammonia synthesised from electrolytic hy Read More

Instead of storing the energy produced by photovoltaic panels in batteries for later use to power electric loads green hydrogen can also be produced and used in transportation heating and as a natural gas alternative. Green hydrogen is produced in a process called electrolysis. Generally the electrolyser can generate hydrogen from a fluctuating power supply such as renewables. However due to the startup time of the electrolyser and electrolyser deg Read More

The European Commission recently proposed requirements for the production of renewable fuels as these are required to decarbonize the hard-to-electrify parts of the industrial and heavy transport sectors. Power-to-X (P2X) energy hubs enable efficient synergies between energy infrastructures production facilities and storage options. In this study we explore the optimal operation of an energy hub by leveraging the flexibility of P2X including hydroge Read More