A Homogeneous Non-equilibrium Two-phase Critical Flow Model

A non-equilibrium two-phase single-component critical (choked) flow model for cryogenic fluids is developed from first principle thermodynamics. Modern equations-of-state (EOS) based upon the Helmholtz free energy concepts are incorporated into the methodology. Extensive validation of the model is provided with the NASA cryogenic data tabulated for hydrogen, methane, nitrogen, and oxygen critical flow experiments performed with four different nozzles. The model is used to develop a hydrogen critical flow map for stagnation states in the liquid and supercritical regions.